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55-494: Gaia-X is an initiative to develop a federated secure data infrastructure for Europe , whereby data are shared, with users retaining control over their data access and usage, and according to some to ensure European digital sovereignty. It aims to develop digital governance , based on European values of transparency, openness, data protection, and security, which can be applied to cloud technologies to obtain transparency and controllability across data and services. The project name

110-483: A European data infrastructure and develop a reference implementation . According to the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy (BMWi) , openness, transparency and European connectivity are central to Gaia-X. The stated goal of this digital ecosystem is to ensure that companies and business models from Europe can be competitive, and share data within a trustworthy environment. Gaia-X's objective

165-582: A data and infrastructure perspective, including innovative cross-sector data cooperation and more transparent business models. Gaia-X Association AISBL was established in June 2020 as an international non-profit association under Belgian law (French: Association Internationale sans but lucratif , short: AISBL ) and headquartered in Brussels . The founding members on the German side included: The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft ,

220-517: A degree in electrical engineering from RWTH Aachen and is known for the Debye model and Debye relaxation . Another example, Helmut Zahn and his team of the Institute for Textile Chemistry were the first who synthesised insulin in 1963 and they were nominated for Nobel Prize. Another example is B.J. Habibie , the third president of Indonesia that contributed in many aviation advancements. Franz Josef Och

275-636: A key building block of the European Digital Strategy. Will Hutton , writing in The Guardian in October 2020, indicated Gaia‑X is part of a wider strategy to tackle the abuse of personal privacy and monopoly status by US‑based tech giants . Early in the Gaia-X project, open source software advocates warned against corporate capture of Gaia-X by large companies. They referred to Gaia-X as

330-588: A possible Trojan horse of big tech in Europe, and made comparisons to the French State-sponsored cloud project Andromeda that had been launched 10 years earlier and which resulted in public funds benefiting large non-European industry players. In November 2021, the French cloud provider Scaleway, one of the founding members of Gaia-X, announced it was leaving the association. Other participants expressed doubts about

385-626: A seven-year period. 2019 Clusters of Excellence RWTH was already awarded funding in the first and second Universities of Excellence funding lines, in 2007 and 2012 respectively. The RWTH itself has a University agreement with the Harbin Institute of Technology since 2019. In June 2024 a research by Correctiv journalists showed Chinese military involvement in several RWTH projects. From 100 RTWH professors in Mechanical- and Electrical engineering 19 had coorperated with researchers from NUDT and

440-724: A similar vision. In particular, it envisions e-Infrastructures where the principles of global collaboration and shared resources are intended to encompass the sharing needs of all research activities. In the framework of the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) e-infrastructure programme, e-Infrastructures are defined in terms of integration of networks, grids, data centers and collaborative environments , and are intended to include supporting operation centers, service registries, credential delegation services, certificate authorities , training and help desk services. The Cyberinfrastructure programme launched by

495-658: A unique position with regards to the reflection and promotion of international aspects and intensive interaction with other universities. In Asia, RWTH Aachen collaborates with Tsinghua University to offer Tsinghua-Aachen (Germany) Joint Master Program. RWTH Aachen was ranked #106 globally (#5 nationally) in the QS World University Rankings 2024, #90 globally (#5 nationally) in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024, and #201–300 globally (#10–19 nationally) in

550-556: Is a collaborative effort of 47 principal investigators from 8 academic divisions of RWTH Aachen University, as well as Max Planck Institute for Iron Research and Forschungszentrum Jülich . RWTH Aachen University has educated several notable individuals, including some Nobel laureates in physics and chemistry. The scientists and alumni of the RWTH Aachen played a major role in chemistry , medicine, electrical , and mechanical engineering. For example, Nobel laureate Peter Debye received

605-517: Is a founding member of the CESAER association of universities of science and technology in Europe, and IDEA League , a strategic alliance of five leading universities of technology in Europe, as well as its German counterpart TU9 . It is also a member of DFG and the Top Industrial Managers for Europe network. On 25 January 1858, prince Frederick William of Prussia (later German emperor ),

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660-514: Is a reference to the Greek goddess Gaia . Gaia-X started as an initiative by the former German Minister of Economic Affairs, Peter Altmaier , and his French counterpart, Bruno Le Maire , in 2019. Originally presented at the 2019 Digital Summit in Dortmund , Germany , the initiative is under the von der Leyen Commission of European strategic autonomy and is under continuous development. The initiative

715-495: Is based in Belgium and has the legal form of an international non-profit organization ( AISBL ). It aims to develop a proposal for the next generation of data infrastructure for Europe, and promote the digital sovereignty of European users of cloud services. The reported objective of Gaia-X is to design the next generation of a federated European data infrastructure. To accomplish this, it hopes to specify common requirements for

770-516: Is divided into nine (previously ten) faculties: Faculty nine was pedagogical sciences , but it was abandoned in 1989. Teacher education , however, continued. The university cooperates with the Fraunhofer-Institutes situated in the Melaten district of Aachen . The institutes offer workshops, courses and lectures for the students of RWTH Aachen. The Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)

825-411: Is not to become a Cloud service provider or a Cloud management platform. The implementation of Gaia-X is described as not being intended to create a competing product to existing offers (e.g. hyperscalers ). Instead, its stated aim is to link different elements via open interfaces and standards, in order to connect data and make them available to a broad audience. Gaia-X also reportedly seeks to enable

880-455: Is run by the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia . Since the summer semester of 2004 the state of North Rhine-Westphalia allowed universities to request a maximum of €500 per semester as tuition fees. In the past, tuition fees applied solely for long-term students and second studies. Since the summer semester of 2007, all students enrolled at the RWTH Aachen had to pay these €500, if they were not exempt for one of several reasons put forth by

935-579: The ARWU World Rankings 2023. In the 2023 QS Subject Ranking, RWTH Aachen ranks first in Germany in mechanical engineering and materials sciences. In the 2023 THE Subject Ranking, RWTH Aachen ranks second in Germany in engineering and computer science. In the 2022 ARWU Subject Ranking, RWTH Aachen ranks first in Germany in chemical engineering. In 2009, two prominent German newspapers, Handelsblatt and Wirtschaftswoche , ranked RWTH Aachen

990-451: The Seven Sons of National Defence initiative and 45 had benefited from Chinese government funding. The money, in some cases channelled through companies privately held by RWTH professors, went, among other things, to projects with military applications, including radar technology for drones . RWTH Aachen University's 620 acres (250 ha) campus is located in the north-western part of

1045-788: The Stepstone Salary Report for Graduates 2019/2020 , graduates of RWTH Aachen are amongst the highest earners in Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics . From 2001 to 2013, national rankings regularly identified RWTH Aachen as one of the best universities in Germany in the fields of engineering (especially mechanical engineering, electrical engineering ), as well as amongst the top three in computer science , physics , chemistry , and medicine. Almost all basic lectures are held in German, but an increasing number of master programs require proficiency in English for admission. RWTH Aachen

1100-678: The University of Stuttgart , a house in Kleinwalsertal in the Austrian Alps . The university is currently expanding in the city center and Melaten district. The SuperC, the new central service building for students, was opened in 2008. The groundbreaking for the new Campus-Melaten was in 2009. Double degrees and student mobility are promoted with other technology universities through the TIME ( Top Industrial Managers for Europe ) network. Furthermore,

1155-610: The DataMarketPlace.NRW. The then German Federal Minister of Economic Affairs and Energy , Peter Altmaier , supported by the French Minister of Economy and Finance Bruno Le Maire , initiated Gaia-X as a project during the summer of 2019. They issued a common press release in October 2019, and a first Franco-German Position Paper followed on 18 February, 2020. A specific joined press conference took place, with both Altmaier and Le Maire, in June 2020 (source: programme), including

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1210-518: The European values of Gaia-X, such as Openness, Transparency, Data Protection, Security and Portability. Every service offering to be provided under the umbrella of / via the Gaia-X framework must comply with these requirements. The first version was published in June 2020; they were updated in April 2021 and November 2021. The planned architecture was described in a June 2020 publication. On 12 January 2021,

1265-462: The Faculty of Architecture as a "professor of figure and landscape painting", Brandis became dean in 1929. World War I , however, proved a serious setback for the university. Many students voluntarily joined up and died in the war, and parts of the university were shortly occupied or confiscated. While the (then no more royal) TH Aachen (Technische Hochschule Aachen) flourished in the 1920s with

1320-651: The International Data Spaces Association, and the European cloud provider association CISPE were co-founders of the Gaia-X Association. On the French side, founding members included: The development of the necessary components will also be pursued. Palantir , the controversial California-based company that forms part of the US military-industrial complex , was revealed in 2020 to have been part of GAIA-X since “day one”. Gaia-X Hubs are set up at

1375-510: The Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL) of RWTH Aachen University in Germany announced the implementation of a secure, decentralized, IoT data space based on the Gaia-X model. A total of 4 locations were connected, one by Fraunhofer IPT. Senseering, WZL, Fraunhofer IPT, and Fraunhofer FIT were planning to establish a state-wide Gaia-X compliant IoT data space for the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW),

1430-534: The RWTH is member of the IDEA League , which is a strategic partnership among four of Europe's leading research universities, including TU Delft , Chalmers University of Technology , and ETH Zürich , and was the first German university starting an Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program in 2008. Compared to other German universities the RWTH Aachen received the highest amount of funds granted by third-party donors in

1485-635: The State of North Rhine-Westphalia. Since 24 February 2011 study fees were abolished by the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (Legislation for the Improvement of Equal Opportunities to University Admission) with effect from Winter Term 2011/12. Universities will receive 249 Mio Euro of national funding for measures that improve the quality of teaching (e.g., through additional teachers and tutors) as compensation. Tuition fees per semester are still being charged. The RWTH

1540-543: The US National Science Foundation (NSF) plans to develop new research environments in which advanced computational, collaborative, data acquisition and management services are made available to researchers connected through high-performance networks. More recently, the vision for “global research data infrastructures” has been drawn by identifying a number of recommendations for developers of future research infrastructures. This vision document highlighted

1595-543: The aforementioned fields of engineering and computer science. RWTH Aachen took 3rd place in 2018 based on the number of top managers in the German economy measured by the number of DAX board of management members. In 2019, RWTH Aachen took 2nd place. The top 3 universities in 2019 with the most top managers were the LMU Munich , the RWTH Aachen and the Technische Universität Darmstadt . According to

1650-613: The ambit of geospatial datasets . RWTH Aachen University RWTH Aachen University ( German: [ˌɛʁveːteːˌhaː ˈʔaːxn̩] ), in German Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen , is a German public research university located in Aachen , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . With more than 47,000 students enrolled in 144 study programs, it is the largest technical university in Germany. RWTH Aachen in 2019 emerged from

1705-717: The announcement, by the 22 Founding Members, of the Gaia-X Association AISBL. That announcement achieved broad press coverage: Reuters , AFP , Politico , El Pais , Les Echos , Business Insider , TagesSpiegel , and Europe1 . In September 2020, Ursula von der Leyen , the President of the European Commission , mentioned Gaia-X in her first State of the Union Address in front of the European Parliament , as

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1760-506: The cities of Aachen , Bonn, Cologne and Düsseldorf also applied, with Aachen and Cologne being the main competitors. Aachen finally won with a financing concept backed by the insurance company and by local banks. Groundbreaking for the new Polytechnikum took place on 15 May 1865 and lectures started during the Franco-Prussian War on 10 October 1870 with 223 students and 32 teachers. The new institution had as its primary purpose

1815-620: The city Aachen. There are two core areas – midtown and Melaten district. The Main Building, SuperC student's center and the Kármán Hall are 500 m away from the city centre with the Aachen Cathedral , the Audimax (biggest lecture hall) and the main refectory are 200 m farther. Other points of interest include the university's botanical garden ( Botanischer Garten Aachen ). A new building,

1870-462: The country level in order to animate the Gaia-X communities locally. Germany and France have set up hubs. The Netherlands , Belgium, Finland , and Italy announced, during the November 2020 Gaia-X Summit, they were in the process of doing so. The Gaia-X European Association for Data and Cloud AISBL is composed of four main bodies: Gaia-X's Policy Rules intend to identify clear controls to demonstrate

1925-443: The creation of different types of innovation platforms. According to its project statement, the project aims to combine existing central and decentralized infrastructures to form a "digital ecosystem" using secure, open technologies with clearly identifiable Gaia-X nodes. The ecosystem will have software components from a common repository, and standards based on relevant EU regulations. Gaia-X intends to offer significant benefits from

1980-642: The data economy in this case. There is an intense discussion at international level on e-infrastructures and data infrastructure serving scientific work. The European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) presented the first European roadmap for large-scale Research Infrastructures. These are modeled as layered hardware and software systems which support sharing of a wide spectrum of resources, spanning from networks, storage, computing resources, and system-level middleware software, to structured information within collections, archives, and databases. The e-Infrastructure Reflection Group (e-IRG) has proposed

2035-491: The education of engineers, especially for the mining industry in the Ruhr area ; there were schools of chemistry , electrical and mechanical engineering as well as an introductory general school that taught mathematics and natural sciences and some social sciences . The unclear position of the new Prussian polytechnika (which officially were not universities) affected the first years. Polytechnics lacked prestige in society and

2090-598: The final of the third federal and state excellence strategy. The university will be funded as a university of excellence for the next seven years. RWTH Aachen was already part of the federal and state excellence initiative in 2007 and 2012. Since 2007, RWTH Aachen has been continuously funded by the DFG and the German Council of Science and Humanities as one of eleven (previously nine) German Universities of Excellence for its future concept RWTH 2020: Meeting Global Challenges and

2145-493: The first courses. In 2007, RWTH Aachen was chosen as one of nine German Universities of Excellence for its future concept RWTH 2020: Meeting Global Challenges , earning it the connotation of being a "University of Excellence". However, although the list of universities honored for their future concepts mostly consists of large and already respected institutions, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research claimed that

2200-417: The first place in Germany in the fields of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, and computer science. In 2012, Handelsblatt ranked The RWTH School of Business and Economics amongst top 10 within Germany. In the 2015 ranking published by DAAD together with Centre for Higher Education Development and Die Zeit , RWTH Aachen also stands on top among other German universities in

2255-421: The follow-up concept The Integrated Interdisciplinary University of Science and Technology: Knowledge, Impact, Networks , also receiving grants for associated graduate schools and clusters of excellence . The university regularly accounts for the highest amount of third-party funds among all German universities, placing first per faculty member and second overall in the most recent survey from 2018. RWTH Aachen

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2310-458: The foundation of philosophical and medical faculties in 1965 and 1966, respectively, the university became more "universal". The newly founded faculties in particular began attracting new students, and the number of students almost doubled twice from 1970 (10,000) to 1980 (more than 25,000) and from 1980 to 1990 (more than 37,000). Now, the average number of students is around 42,000, with about one third of all students being women. By relative terms,

2365-675: The initiative aimed at promoting universities with a dedicated future concept so they could continue researching on an international level. Having won funds in all three lines of funding, the process brought RWTH Aachen University an additional total funding of €180 million from 2007 to 2011. The other two lines of funding were graduate schools , where the Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science received funding and so-called "clusters of excellence", where RWTH Aachen managed to win funding for

2420-426: The initiative's net benefits. Gaia-X has registered delays in its implementation due to infighting between its corporate members. Participants from companies and government have expressed disappointment with the project. Data infrastructure Similarly to other infrastructures , it is a structure needed for the operation of a society as well as the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function,

2475-584: The introduction of more independent faculties , of several new institutes and of the general students' committee , the first signs of nationalist radicalization also became visible within the university. Nazi Germany 's Gleichschaltung of the TH in 1933 met with relatively low resistance from both students and faculty. Beginning in September 1933, Jewish and (alleged) Communist professors (and from 1937 on also students) were systematically persecuted and excluded from

2530-485: The last years. More than 7,000 international students are currently enrolled within the undergraduate, graduate or PhD programme. Compared to other German universities the portion of international students at the RWTH Aachen is higher-than-average. The proximity of Aachen to the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg combined with the subsequent exposure to a variety of cultural heritages has placed RWTH Aachen University in

2585-519: The most popular study-programs are engineering (57%), natural science (23%), economics and humanities (13%) and medicine (7%). In December 2006, RWTH Aachen and the Sultanate of Oman signed an agreement to establish a private German University of Technology in Muscat . Professors from Aachen aided in developing the curricula for the currently five study-programs and scientific staff took over some of

2640-515: The number of students decreased. This began to change in 1880 when the early RWTH, amongst others, was reorganized as a Royal Technical University , gained a seat in the Prussian House of Lords and finally won the right to bestow Dr.-Ing. (1899) degrees and Dipl.-Ing. titles (introduced in 1902). In the same year, over 800 male students enrolled. In 1909 the first women were admitted and the artist August von Brandis succeeded Alexander Frenz at

2695-469: The open issues affecting data infrastructures development – both technical and organizational – and identified future research directions. Besides these initiatives targeting “generic” infrastructures there are others oriented to specific domains, e.g. the European Commission promotes the INSPIRE initiative for an e-Infrastructure oriented to the sharing of content and service resources of European countries in

2750-492: The so-called Central Auditorium for Research and Learning (CARL) was opened in 2017. It offers space for 4000 students and replaces Audimax as the largest lecture hall building. The name of the new central auditorium, which is going to contain different lecture halls, is a reference to Charlemagne , who reigned his empire from Aachen in the middle-ages. The RWTH has external facilities in Jülich and Essen and owns, together with

2805-502: The three clusters: Ultra High-Speed Mobile Information and Communication (UMIC) , Integrative Production Technology for High-wage Countries and Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass (TMFB) . RWTH was selected to receive funding from the German federal and state governments for the third Universities of Excellence funding line starting 2019. RWTH's proposal was called "The Integrated Interdisciplinary University of Science and Technology – Knowledge. Impact. Networks." and has secured funding for

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2860-473: The university were destroyed or heavily damaged. After World War II ended in 1945 the university recovered and expanded quickly. In the 1950s, many professors who had been removed because of their alleged affiliation with the Nazi party were allowed to return and a multitude of new institutes were founded. By the late 1960s, the TH had 10,000 students, making it the foremost of all German technical universities. With

2915-450: The university. Vacant Chairs were increasingly given to NSDAP party-members or sympathizers. The freedom of research and teaching became severely limited, and institutes important for the regime's plans were systematically established, and existing chairs promoted. Briefly closed in 1939, the TH continued courses in 1940, although with a low number of students. On 21 October 1944, when Aachen capitulated , more than 70% of all buildings of

2970-794: Was founded by the RWTH Aachen and Forschungszentrum Jülich in 2007. Five sections are coordinated by the research facilities: The Aachen Institute for advanced study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES) is a graduate school established in 2006 under the German Universities Excellence Initiative at the RWTH Aachen University. Research at AICES is broadly in the area of Computational engineering , solving inverse problems that find applications in mathematics, computer science and engineering , mechanical engineering and natural sciences . AICES

3025-576: Was given a donation of 5,000 talers from the Aachener und Münchener Feuer-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft , the precursor of the AachenMünchener insurance company , for charity. In March, the prince chose to use the donation to found the first Prussian institute of technology somewhere in the Rhine province . The seat of the institution remained undecided over years; while the prince initially favored Koblenz ,

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