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56-762: The area has a long history of occupation going back to the Phrygians , Lydians , Persians and Ancient Romans . It was known as Koinon Gallicanon in antiquity. The Çatak Hamamı bathhouse dates back to the Roman times. Göynük was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire in the early 14th century. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Göynük was part of the Kastamonu Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. Göynük has over 100 early 20th century Ottoman Empire period houses, these plus

112-635: A Phrygian migration from Europe to Asia Minor c.  1200 BC, although Anatolian archaeologists have generally abandoned the idea. It has been suggested that the Phrygian migration to Asia Minor, mentioned in Greek sources to have occurred shortly after the Trojan War , happened much earlier, and in many stages. Phrygia developed an advanced Bronze Age culture. The earliest traditions of Greek music are in part connected to Phrygian music, transmitted through

168-484: A bag to allow for continuous sound (a bagpipe ) was the askaulos (ἀσκαυλός from ἀσκός askos " wineskin "). Like the Great Highland Bagpipe , the aulos has been used for martial music , but it is more frequently depicted in other social settings. A normal flute would produce insufficient volume to be of any use in military application, where a double-reed could be heard over larger distances, and over

224-463: A great many cultural tensions that the Greeks expressed in the opposition they often drew between the lyre and aulos: freedom vs. servility and tyranny, leisured amateurs vs. professionals, moderation ( sophrosyne ) vs. excess, etc. Some of this is a result of 19th century AD "classical interpretation", i.e. Apollo versus Dionysus , or "Reason" (represented by the kithara) opposed to "Madness" (represented by

280-412: A position that is supported by Brixhe , Neumann, Matzinger, Woodhouse, Ligorio, Lubotsky, and Obrador-Cursach. Furthermore, 34 out of the 36 Phrygian isoglosses that are recorded are shared with Greek, with 22 being exclusive between them. The last 50 years of Phrygian scholarship developed a hypothesis that proposes a proto-Graeco-Phrygian stage out of which Greek and Phrygian originated, and if Phrygian

336-481: A vast ethno-cultural complex located mainly in the central areas of Anatolia rather than a name of a single "tribe" or "people", and its ethno-linguistic homogeneity is debatable. Phrygians were initially dwelling in the southern Balkans  – according to Herodotus  – under the name of Bryges (Briges), changing it to Phryges after their final migration to Anatolia , via the Hellespont . Many historians support

392-575: Is Akshamsaddin ( Turkish : Ak Şemsettin ) (1389-1459), an influential Ottoman religious scholar , poet, mystic saint , and guide of Mehmed the Conqueror . Göynük was used as a location of films including Akrebin Yolculuğu by Ömer Kavur , El Yazısı and a number of Turkish TV series e.g. Aynalar and Rüzgarlı Bahçe . This geographical article about a location in Bolu Province , Turkey

448-741: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Phrygians Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Phrygians ( Greek : Φρύγες, Phruges or Phryges ) were an ancient Indo-European speaking people who inhabited central-western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey ) in antiquity. Ancient Greek authors used "Phrygian" as an umbrella term to describe

504-579: Is part of the Lost Sounds Orchestra, alongside other ancient instruments which ASTRA have recreated the sounds of, including the epigonion , the salpinx , the barbiton and the syrinx . The aulos was also featured in the 2009 movie Agora , wherein a character performs a solo in an amphitheatre. It is also visible in the 2007 movie 300 . Modern evolutions of the aulos exist in Southeastern Europe . In southern Albania , specifically,

560-592: Is represented as non-Greek by his Phrygian cap, which was also worn by Mithras and survived into modern imagery as the " Liberty cap " of the American and French revolutionaries . Phrygians spoke the Phrygian language , a member of the Indo-European linguistic family. Modern consensus regards Greek as its closest relative. A conventional date of c. 1180 BC is often used for the influx (traditionally from Thrace) of

616-545: The Cimmerians was to prove fatal to independent Phrygia. Cimmerian pressure and attacks culminated in the suicide of its last king, Midas, according to legend. Gordium fell to the Cimmerians in 696 BC and was sacked and burnt, as reported much later by Herodotus. A series of digs have opened Gordium as one of Turkey's most revealing archeological sites. Excavations confirm a violent destruction of Gordion around 675 BC. A tomb of

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672-486: The Lydian ascendancy (7th century BC). Under kings alternately named Gordias and Midas, the independent Phrygian kingdom of the 8th and 7th centuries BC maintained close trade contacts with her neighbours in the east and the Greeks in the west. Phrygia seems to have been able to co-exist with whatever power was dominant in eastern Anatolia at the time. The invasion of Anatolia in the late 8th century BC to early 7th century BC by

728-665: The Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great and later the empire of Alexander and his successors . Later, it was taken by the Attalids of Pergamon , and eventually became part of the Roman Empire . The last mention of the Phrygian language in literature dates to the 5th century AD and it was likely extinct by the 7th century. After the collapse of the Hittite Empire at the beginning of

784-505: The Trojan war , during a time of an interregnum , Gordius (or Gordias), a Phrygian farmer, became king, fulfilling an oracular prophecy . The kingless Phrygians had turned for guidance to the oracle of Sabazios ("Zeus" to the Greeks) at Telmissus , in the part of Phrygia that later became part of Galatia . They had been instructed by the oracle to acclaim as their king the first man who rode up to

840-468: The sculptor Agoracritus , and became the image most widely adopted by Cybele's expanding following, both in the Aegean world and at Rome . It shows her humanized though still enthroned, her hand resting on an attendant lion and the other holding the tympanon , a circular frame drum, similar to a tambourine . The Phrygians also venerated Sabazios , the sky and father- god depicted on horseback. Although

896-403: The 19th and the first half of the 20th century Phrygian was mostly considered a satəm language, and thus closer to Armenian and Thracian , while today it is commonly considered to be a centum language and thus closer to Greek. The reason that in the past Phrygian had the guise of a satəm language was due to two secondary processes that affected it. Namely, Phrygian merged the old labiovelar with

952-409: The Great 's aulete Timotheus discusses fame with his pupil Harmonides. Timotheus advises him to impress the experts within his profession rather than seek popular approval in big public venues. If leading musicians admire him, popular approval will follow. However, Lucian reports that Harmonides died from excessive blowing during practicing. In myth, Marsyas the satyr was supposed to have invented

1008-450: The Greek colonies in Anatolia, especially the Phrygian mode , which was considered to be the warlike mode in ancient Greek music. Phrygian Midas , the king of the "golden touch", was tutored in music by Orpheus himself, according to the myth. Another musical invention that came from Phrygia was the aulos , a reed instrument with two pipes. In classical Greek iconography Paris , a Trojan ,

1064-539: The Greeks associated Sabazios with Zeus , representations of him, even at Roman times, show him as a horseman god. His conflicts with the indigenous Mother Goddess, whose creature was the Lunar Bull , may be surmised in the way that Sabazios' horse places a hoof on the head of a bull, in a Roman relief at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . Obrador-Cursach (2020) analysed a new Phrygian inscription from Dorylaion , that mentions

1120-550: The Lydian empire that extended east to the Halys River . There may be an echo of strife with Lydia and perhaps a veiled reference to royal hostages, in the legend of the twice-unlucky Adrastus , the son of a King Gordias with the queen, Eurynome . He accidentally killed his brother and exiled himself to Lydia, where King Croesus welcomed him. Once again, Adrastus accidentally killed Croesus' son and then committed suicide. Lydian Croesus

1176-447: The Midas period, popularly identified as the "Tomb of Midas" revealed a wooden structure deeply buried under a vast tumulus, containing grave goods, a coffin, furniture, and food offerings (Archaeological Museum, Ankara). The Gordium site contains a considerable later building program, perhaps by Alyattes, the Lydian king, in the 6th century BC. Minor Phrygian kingdoms continued to exist after

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1232-566: The Mushki, and their connection to the Phrygians, is uncertain. Some scholars have suggested that Mita was a Luwian name (it was recorded in Asia Minor in the 15th century BCE). Though the migration theory is still defended by many modern historians, most archaeologists have abandoned the migration hypothesis regarding the origin of the Phrygians due to a lack substantial archeological evidence, with

1288-734: The area that embraced the Ascanian lake and the northern flow of the Sangarius river and so was much more limited in extent than classical Phrygia. Homer's Iliad also includes a reminiscence by the Trojan king Priam , who had in his youth come to aid the Phrygians against the Amazons ( Iliad 3.189). During this episode (a generation before the Trojan War), the Phrygians were said to be led by Otreus and Mygdon . Both appear to be little more than eponyms: there

1344-526: The aulos used a tool known as the Phorbeia or the Capistrum . It was a device that consisted of two straps. One was placed on top of the head and another was placed on the back of the head and stretched from ear to ear to support the cheeks. It was used by ancient musicians to play the aulos by allowing them to create noise through circular breathing and steady the instrument. It may have also been used to prevent

1400-405: The aulos). In the temple to Apollo at Delphi, there was also a shrine to Dionysus, and his Maenads are shown on drinking cups playing the aulos, but Dionysus is sometimes shown holding a kithara or lyre. So a modern interpretation can be a little more complicated than just simple duality. This opposition is mostly an Athenian one. It might be surmised that things were different at Thebes , which

1456-404: The aulos, or else picked it up after Athena had thrown it away because it caused her cheeks to puff out and ruined her beauty. In any case, he challenged Apollo to a musical contest, where the winner would be able to "do whatever he wanted" to the loser—Marsyas's expectation, typical of a satyr, was that this would be sexual in nature. But Apollo and his lyre beat Marsyas and his aulos. And since

1512-487: The blockage; the aulete had a fundamental role in ensuring the integrity of the phalanx. In this particular scene, the phalanx approaching from the left is unprepared and momentarily outnumbered four to five. More soldiers can be seen running up to assist them from behind. Even though the front four are lacking a fifth soldier, they have the advantage because the aulete is there to bring the formation back together. An amphora from c.  540 –530 BC depicts Herakles in

1568-514: The clamour of marching whilst wearing armour. It was the standard accompaniment of the passionate elegiac poetry . It also accompanied physical activities such as wrestling matches, the broad jump, the discus throw and to mark the rowing cadence on triremes , as well as sacrifices and dramas. Plato associates it with the ecstatic cults of Dionysus and the Korybantes , banning it from his Republic but permitting it in his Laws . Players of

1624-563: The collapse of Hittite hegemony. The so-called Handmade Knobbed Ware was found by archaeologists at sites from this period in Western Anatolia. According to Greek mythographers, Midas had been king of the Phrygians, who were originally called the Bryges (Brigi) and came from the western part of archaic Thrace or Macedon . Midas has been linked to the Mushki king Mita. However, the origins of

1680-521: The end of the Phrygian empire, and the Phrygian art and culture continued to flourish. Cimmerian people stayed in Anatolia but do not appear to have created a kingdom of their own. The Lydians repulsed the Cimmerians in the 620s, and Phrygia was subsumed into a short-lived Lydian empire. The eastern part of the former Phrygian empire fell into the hands of the Medes in 585 BC. Under the proverbially rich King Croesus (reigned 560–546 BC), Phrygia remained part of

1736-413: The ensuing chaos. The famous king Midas was said to be a son of the kind Gordius mentioned above. He is said to have associated himself with Silenus and other satyrs and with Dionysus , who granted him the famous "golden touch". The mythic Midas of Thrace, accompanied by a band of his people, traveled to Asia Minor to wash away the taint of his unwelcome "golden touch" in the river Pactolus . Leaving

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1792-407: The even older mosques, tombs, fountains, and Turkish baths makes it a town of great historical interest, and an attractive location of narrow streets, with a pretty stream running through the centre. The victory tower on the hill at the top of the town and the old Ottoman mansion called "Müderrisoğlu Konağı" at the centre are important landmarks of Göynük. The most significant entombed saint of Göynük

1848-416: The first king Midas. There were seven altogether connecting him with a mythological tale concerning Attis . This shadowy figure resided at Pessinus and attempted to marry his daughter to the young Attis in spite of the opposition of his mother figure Agdestis and his lover, the goddess Cybele . When Agdestis or Cybele appear and cast madness upon the members of the wedding feast. Midas is said to have died in

1904-549: The god's temple in a cart. That man was Gordias (Gordios, Gordius), a farmer, who dedicated the ox-cart in question, tied to its shaft with the " Gordian Knot ". Gordias refounded a capital at Gordium in west central Anatolia, situated on the old trackway through the heart of Anatolia that became Darius 's Persian "Royal Road" from Pessinus to Ancyra , and not far from the River Sangarius . Later mythic kings of Phrygia were alternately named Gordias and Midas . Myths surround

1960-471: The gods Miθrapata , Mas Tembrogios and the Pontic Bas . Other attested deities in the Phrygian corpus are Ti- ' Zeus ' , βας ' the shining one ' ; and borrowed deities artimitos ' Artemis ' , mas ' Men ' (possibly a moon god) and διουνσιν ' Dionysos ' . The name of the earliest known mythical king was Nannacus (aka Annacus). This king resided at Iconium,

2016-533: The gold in the river's sands, Midas found himself in Phrygia, where he was adopted by the childless king Gordias and taken under the protection of Cybele. Acting as the visible representative of Cybele, and under her authority, it would seem, a Phrygian king could designate his successor. According to the Iliad , the Phrygians were Trojan allies during the Trojan War . The Phrygia of Homer 's Iliad appears to be located in

2072-533: The hand of the Trojan princess Cassandra in marriage. King Priam's wife Hecabe is usually said to be of Phrygian birth, as a daughter of King Dymas . The Phrygian Sibyl was the priestess presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Phrygia. Aulos An aulos (plural auloi ; Ancient Greek : αὐλός , plural αὐλοί ) or tibia ( Latin ) was a wind instrument in ancient Greece , often depicted in art and also attested by archaeology . Though

2128-402: The idea due to lack of western (European) ceramic ware, and the continuation of the pre-Bronze Age collapse pottery styles in central Asia Minor. It has been suggested that the Phrygian migration to Asia Minor, mentioned in Greek sources to have occurred shortly after the Trojan War , happened much earlier, and in many stages. The Phrygians worshipped the goddess Cybele . In their language it

2184-501: The kings was Tantalus who ruled over the north western region of Phrygia around Mount Sipylus . Tantalus was endlessly punished in Tartarus , because he allegedly killed his son Pelops and sacrificially offered him to the Olympians, a reference to the suppression of human sacrifice . Tantalus was also falsely accused of stealing from the lotteries he had invented. In the mythic age before

2240-426: The migration theory resting only on the accounts of Herodotus and Xanthus . Assyrian sources from the 8th century BC speak of a king Mita of the Mushki , identified with king Midas of Phrygia. An Assyrian inscription records Mita as an ally of Sargon of Assyria in 709 BC. A distinctive Phrygian pottery called Polished Ware appears in the 8th century BC. The Phrygians founded a powerful kingdom which lasted until

2296-466: The most eastern city of the kingdom of Phrygia at that time, and after his death, at the age of 300 years, a great flood overwhelmed the country, as had been foretold by an ancient oracle. The next king mentioned in extant classical sources was called Manis or Masdes. According to Plutarch, because of his splendid exploits, great things were called "manic" in Phrygia. Thereafter the kingdom of Phrygia seems to have become fragmented among various kings. One of

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2352-409: The plain velar, and secondly, when in contact with palatal vowels /e/ and /i/, especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalized. Furthermore, Kortlandt (1988) presented common sound changes of Thracian and Armenian and their separation from Phrygian and the rest of the palaeo-Balkan languages from an early stage. Modern consensus regards Greek as the closest relative of Phrygian,

2408-477: The pre-Phrygian Bryges or Mushki , corresponding to the very end of the Hittite Empire . Following this date, Phrygia retained a separate cultural identity. From tribal and village beginnings, the state of Phrygia arose in the 8th century BC with its capital at Gordium . Around 690 BC, it was invaded by the Cimmerians . Phrygia was briefly conquered by its neighbour Lydia , before it passed successively into

2464-656: The process of completing his tenth labor . Auletes can be seen playing in a procession going around on the neck of the amphora. The sounds of the aulos are being digitally recreated by the Ancient Instruments Sound/Timbre Reconstruction Application (ASTRA) project which uses physical modeling synthesis to simulate the aulos sounds. Due to the complexity of this process the ASTRA project uses grid computing to model sounds on hundreds of computers throughout Europe simultaneously. The aulos

2520-409: The province of Greater Phrygia. The Phrygian language is a member of the Indo-European linguistic family with its exact position within it having been debated due to the fragmentary nature of its evidence. Though from what is available it is evident that Phrygian shares important features with Greek and Armenian . Phrygian is part of the centum group of Indo-European languages. However, between

2576-489: The pure lord of Delphi 's mind worked in different ways from Marsyas's, he celebrated his victory by stringing his opponent up from a tree and flaying him alive. Marsyas's blood and the tears of the Muses formed the river Marsyas in Asia Minor. This tale was a warning against committing the sin of " hubris ", or overweening pride, in that Marsyas thought he might win against a god. Strange and brutal as it is, this myth reflects

2632-559: The reeds of the instrument from falling down the throat of the player. Another potential use for the phrobeia was holding the lips in place, taking some strain off of the lip muscles. Although aristocrats with sufficient leisure sometimes practiced aulos-playing as they did the lyre , after the later fifth century the aulos became chiefly associated with professional musicians, often slaves. Nevertheless, such musicians could achieve fame. The Romano-Greek writer Lucian discusses aulos playing in his dialogue Harmonides , in which Alexander

2688-458: The twelfth century BC, the political vacuum in central-western Anatolia was filled by a wave of Indo-European migrants and " Sea Peoples ", including the Phrygians, who established their kingdom with a capital eventually at Gordium . It is presently unknown whether the Phrygians were actively involved in the collapse of the Hittite capital Hattusa or whether they simply moved into the vacuum left by

2744-422: The word aulos is often translated as "flute" or as " double flute ", the instrument was usually double-reeded, and its sound—described as "penetrating, insisting and exciting"—was more akin to that of modern woodwind instruments such as oboes or bagpipes with a chanter and (modulated) drone . An aulete ( αὐλητής , aulētēs ) was the musician who performed on an aulos . The ancient Roman equivalent

2800-450: Was a center of aulos-playing. At Sparta —which had no Bacchic or Korybantic cults to serve as contrast—the aulos was actually associated with Apollo, and accompanied the hoplites into battle. The battle scene on the Chigi vase shows an aulos player setting a lyrical rhythm for the hoplite phalanx to advance to. This accompaniment reduced the possibility of an opening in the formation of

2856-774: Was a place named Otrea on the Ascanian Lake, in the vicinity of the later Nicaea ; and the Mygdones were a people of Asia Minor, who resided near Lake Dascylitis (there was also a Mygdonia in Macedonia). During the Trojan War, the Phrygians sent forces to aid Troy , led by Ascanius and Phorcys , the sons of Aretaon . Asius , son of Dymas and brother of Hecabe, is another Phrygian noble who fought before Troy. Quintus Smyrnaeus mentions another Phrygian prince, named Coroebus , son of Mygdon , who fought and died at Troy; he had sued for

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2912-437: Was a reed instrument. Archeological finds, surviving iconography and other evidence indicate that it was double-reeded , like the modern oboe , but with a larger mouthpiece, like the surviving Armenian duduk . A single pipe without a reed was called the monaulos ( μόναυλος , from μόνος "single"). A single pipe held horizontally, as the modern flute, was the plagiaulos (πλαγίαυλος, from πλάγιος "sideways"). A pipe with

2968-518: Was conquered by Cyrus in 546 BC, and Phrygia passed under Persian dominion. After Darius became Persian Emperor in 521 BC, he remade the ancient trade route into the Persian " Royal Road " and instituted administrative reforms that included setting up satrapies (provinces). In the 5th century, Phrygia was made into two administrative provinces, that of Hellespontine Phrygia (or Lesser Phrygia), with its provincial capital established at Dascylium , and

3024-519: Was known as Matar ' Mother ' , and was also referred to as Matar Kubileya ' Mother of the mountain ' (from which the Greek Kybele and Latin Cybele derive) or Matar areyastin . In her typical Phrygian form, she wears a long belted dress, a polos (a high cylindrical headdress), and a veil covering the whole body. The later version of Cybele was established by a pupil of Phidias ,

3080-598: Was more sufficiently attested, that stage could perhaps be reconstructed. Based on an extremely slight archaeological record, some scholars such as Nicholas Hammond and Eugene N. Borza suggested that the Phrygians were members of the Lusatian culture that migrated into the southern Balkans during the Late Bronze Age . Many historians support a Phrygian migration from Europe to Asia Minor c.  1200 BC; though, Anatolian archaeologists have generally abandoned

3136-490: Was the tibicen (plural tibicines ), from the Latin tibia, "pipe, aulos ." The neologism aulode is sometimes used by analogy with rhapsode and citharode ( citharede ) to refer to an aulos -player, who may also be called an aulist ; however, aulode more commonly refers to a singer who sang the accompaniment to a piece played on the aulos. There were several kinds of aulos , single or double. The most common variety

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