Furnas is a civil parish in the municipality of Povoação on the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese Azores . The population in 2011 was 1,439, in an area of 34.43 km. The parish is one of the largest in the island and in the Azores. It is located east of Lagoa and Ponta Delgada , west of Povoação and southeast of Ribeira Grande .
103-564: One of the earliest references to Furnas came from the harvesting of trees in the valley of Furnas, in order to assist the construction of many of the homes destroyed by the 1522 earthquakes and landslides in Vila Franca do Campo . This includes numerous trees used to rebuild the parochial church, a project begun by Donatary-Captain Rui Gonçalves da Câmara . In 1553, his predecessor Manuel da Câmara , issued an edict to re-plant these trees after
206-527: A barrel or one-and-a-half barrels annually. Valley farmers also routinely cultivated wheat and legumes , taro , pumpkin , squash and tiger nuts during this period of settlement. In 1661, the Corregidor André Lopes Pinto e Vasconcellos ordered the landowners in Furnas to plant at least one alqueire of taro in order to stave off malnutrition, provide feed for pigs and later in order to provide
309-877: A bubonic plague . In November, the death toll were mainly in Cedros , the same in Castelo Branco and Flamengos . 1718 — Eruption in Santa Luzia do Pico which started on 1 February and ended on 15 August, with resumed activity in September which ended at the beginning of November. The localization was in the eruptive centre. 1720 — Eruption in Soldão, Lajes do Pico on 10 July. 1720 — Eruption in Banco D. João de Castro. 1730 — Earthquake caused destruction to parish of Luz in Graciosa . On 13 June
412-439: A "third of an hour" shook the land, and were followed by a bang. An interesting contemporaneous description of the eruption still exists; people in the town of Velas on São Jorge Island observed it. 1563 : Volcanic eruption at Lagoa do Fogo , São Miguel . The eruption began on 29 June, and five violent earthquakes shook the area. There was enormous destruction on the island. The violent eruption ended on 3 July. The activity
515-937: A História de São Mateus da Calheta , Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: BLU–Edições/Junta de Freguesia de São Mateus da Calheta, p. 430, ISBN 978-972-8864-26-2 ^ "Grande deslizamento de terra" na ilha das Flores" (in Portuguese). 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ "Deslizamento de terras faz três mortos nos Açores: na Freguesia de Faial da Terra (São Miguel)" (in Portuguese). Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Lusa/Record. 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ "Açores: Três pessoas morreram após deslizamento de terras" . Ponta Delgda (Azores), Portugal: diariodigital. 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_disasters_in_the_Azores&oldid=1216673197 " Categories : History of
618-497: A Strombolian eruption on 19 October destroyed areas near Calhetas as well as parts of Portões Vermelhos. The eruption lasted for 15 days. 1656 — An earthquake and several aftershocks hit the island of São Miguel at two o'clock on the afternoon of 18 October 1656, and a strong aftershock at seven in the evening of the following day damaged houses. 1656 — Epidemic of smallpox in Terceira - The epidemic affected almost all children under
721-457: A good insulator. A fine-grained version of pumice called pozzolan is used as an additive in cement and is mixed with lime to form a light-weight, smooth, plaster-like concrete. This form of concrete was used as far back as Roman times. Roman engineers utilized it to build the huge dome of the Pantheon with increasing amounts of pumice added to concrete for higher elevations of the structure. It
824-543: A good part of the buildings of the parishes and villages of northeastern Terceira. 19th century [ edit ] 1801 — Earthquake in São Sebastião, the sequence of the earthquake in the previous year, new earthquake with larger intensity reached the same parishes. Damage was mainly to São Sebastião, a beach settlement near Cabo da Praia. 1808 — Eruption in Urzelina, São Jorge 1811 — A volcanic eruption occurred at
927-487: A handle, is an effective scrubbing tool for removal of limescale, rust, hard water rings, and other stains on porcelain fixtures in households (e.g., bathrooms). It is a quick method compared to alternatives like chemicals or vinegar and baking soda or borax . Good soil requires sufficient water and nutrient loading as well as little compaction to allow easy exchange of gases. The roots of plants require continuous transportation of carbon dioxide and oxygen to and from
1030-503: A huge magnitude ruined almost all of the parishes of Agualva , Vila Nova , Lajes and Santa Cruz de Praia caused injuries. Francisco Ferreira Drummond described in the Annals of Terceira "Fallen" in the reconstruction with a great detail. 1630 — A Plinian-type Eruption of Furnas , São Miguel and occurred on 3 September. It was known as the "Year of the Ashtray", 191 people were killed in
1133-563: A larger population. New roads were constructed on orders between 1682 and 1683, donated by the Baron of Larangeiras. Even isolated in the interior, the village continued to be vulnerable to pirate attacks. In 1679, Algerian pirates (from the Barbary coast ) landed in the Portinho de Agrião , sacked the coastal village of Ribeira Quente , and proceeded to the interior, where they robbed several rams from
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#17328481288151236-491: A part of Castelo in the area now known as Ponta da Albufeira. The mudslide was associated with an eruption on Furnas in the same year. 1637 — A hurricane reached Terceira . On 2 August a major storm pounded the island and caused much damage. 1638 — An underwater eruption occurred near Candelária , São Miguel island. The Surtseyan-type eruption began on 3 July, about 2 km off the Ponta da Candelária. For 29 days it produced
1339-402: A ring-shaped island. During the eruption, sulfur in the sea in a radius of about eight leagues in distance killed many fish which created "To load eight vessels to India". 1641 — On 21 December a tsunami (probably the result of a marine earthquake) caused great destruction in the town of Velas , São Jorge . 1647 — Seismic crisis in Terceira and caused the worst agricultural year in all of
1442-415: A seismic crisis in the whole island. Victims of the volcano emigrated to Maranhão , Brazil . 1678 — Lack of cereals caused disputes in the municipalities in the islands of São Jorge and Pico . A worst agricultural year which made cereals scarce for the islands of São Jorge and Pico and made it necessary to prohibit cereal exports 1682 — Underwater eruption occurred in front of Ferraria, São Miguel ,
1545-400: A silky or fibrous fabric. The elongation of the microvesicles occurs due to ductile elongation in the volcanic conduit or, in the case of pumiceous lavas, during flow. The other form of vesicles are subspherical to spherical and result from high vapor pressure during an eruption. Reticulite is a type of basaltic pumice formed in very high lava fountains. It has an extremely low density and
1648-426: A source of export trade. Lupin beans were also important crops during this period, usually planted between October and November, with some variation in order to increase soil nutrients and support standard crops, such as maize , fava beans and wheat . In 2016, an EU lifting of milk quotas caused a young dairy farmer, named Paula Rego, to invent a new kind of cheese called Queijo do Vale, whose distinguishing feature
1751-810: A violent earthquake destroyed the whole parish of Luz in Graciosa. 1744 — A tropical cyclone struck the island of Picl, ruining the parishes of Praina do Galeão, Praia do Norte and São Roque and also in Água de Pau. 1755 — A tsunami reached the Azores following the 1755 Lisbon earthquake . It ruined a large number of buildings in number of parishes. Almost all of its ports in the Azores suffered great destruction and many boats were lost. The wave reached about 10 palms (about 150 m) and up to 80 palms (about 120 m). 1757 - Earthquake in São Jorge, 9 July 1757. Located nearest to Calheta and Ribeira Seca. More than 1000 people throughout
1854-431: A volcanic tremor at Cachorro, Santa Luzia on the north coast of the island of Pico. The tremor lasted from 13 to 14 December. On 15 December 15, with clear weather and good visibility, residents of Faial and Pico saw "balls of clouds of vapor" leaving from the front of Cachorro. None of these materials were collected and the phenomenon was not did not shook heavily and did not cause any damage. 1964 — An earthquake shook
1957-524: Is Krakatoa . An eruption in 1883 ejected so much pumice that kilometers of sea were covered in floating pumice and in some areas rose 1.5 meters above sea level. Europe is the largest producer of pumice with deposits in Italy, Turkey, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, and Germany. Italy is the largest producer of pumice because of its numerous eruptive volcanoes. On the Aeolian Islands of Italy, the island of Lipari
2060-538: Is a very lightweight, porous and abrasive material and it has been used for centuries in the construction and beauty industry as well as in early medicine. It is also used as an abrasive , especially in polishes , pencil erasers , and the production of stone-washed jeans . Pumice was also used in the early book-making industry to prepare parchment paper and leather bindings. There is high demand for pumice, particularly for water filtration, chemical spill containment, cement manufacturing, horticulture and increasingly for
2163-501: Is composed of a network of volcanic glass formed when the vesicles have almost completely coalesced. Pumice is an igneous rock with a foamy appearance. The name is derived from the Latin word pumex (meaning "pumice") which is related to the Latin word spuma meaning "foam". In former times, pumice was called "Spuma Maris", meaning "froth of the sea" in Latin because the frothy material was thought to be hardened sea foam. Around 80 B.C., it
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#17328481288152266-550: Is composed of highly microvesicular glass pyroclastic with very thin, translucent bubble walls of extrusive igneous rock . It is commonly but not exclusively of silicic or felsic to intermediate in composition (e.g., rhyolitic , dacitic , andesite , pantellerite , phonolite , trachyte ), but basaltic and other compositions are known. Pumice is commonly pale in color, ranging from white, cream, blue or grey, to green-brown or black. It forms when volcanic gases exsolving from viscous magma form bubbles that remain within
2369-745: Is entirely made up of volcanic rock, including pumice. Large amounts of igneous rock on Lipari are due to the numerous extended periods of volcanic activity from the Late Pleistocene ( Tyrrhenian ) to the Holocene. Pumice can be found all across North America including on the Caribbean Islands . In the United States, pumice is mined in Nevada , Oregon , Idaho , Arizona , California , New Mexico and Kansas . U.S. production of pumice and pumicite in 2011
2472-421: Is often used on roadsides and ditches and commonly used in turf and golf courses to maintain grass cover and flatness that can degrade due to large amounts of traffic and compaction. Chemically pumice is pH neutral, neither acidic nor alkaline . In 2011, 16% of pumice mined in the United States was used for horticultural purposes. Pumice contributes to soil fertility in areas where it is naturally present in
2575-503: Is the fact that it is bathed in water collected from local hot springs, giving it a high mineral content. Apart from many of the medieval-type local residences, and the modern interpretations of these historic homes, there are other distinct buildings erected within the territory of Furnas: Timeline of natural disasters in the Azores From Misplaced Pages, the 💕 (Redirected from Timeline of natural disasters in
2678-414: Is the result of the lower viscosity of the magma that forms scoria. When larger amounts of gas are present, the result is a finer-grained variety of pumice known as pumicite . Pumicite consists of particles less than 4 mm (0.16 in) in size. Pumice is considered a volcanic glass because it has no crystal structure. Pumice varies in density according to the thickness of the solid material between
2781-448: Is typically light-colored. Scoria is another vesicular volcanic rock that differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle walls, and being dark colored and denser. Pumice is created when super-heated, highly pressurized rock is rapidly ejected from a volcano . The unusual foamy configuration of pumice happens because of simultaneous rapid cooling and rapid depressurization. The depressurization creates bubbles by lowering
2884-480: Is very important in horticulture, with the presence of pumice tillage is much easier. Pumice usage also creates ideal conditions for growing plants like cacti and succulents as it increases the water retention in sandy soils and reduces the density of clayey soils to allow more transportation of gases and water. The addition of pumice to soil improves and increases vegetative cover as the roots of plants make slopes more stable therefore it helps reduce erosion . It
2987-473: The old Church of São Mateus da Calheta . The resulting storm resulted in the abandon of the temple and, eventually its reconstruction into the interior, along with much of the settlement. 20th century [ edit ] 1907 — An underwater eruption at the Mónaco Fracture. On 1 April founded a small eruption at a radius of 400 m at the depths of Banco Mónaco SSW of S. Miguel. It spewed out ashes from
3090-602: The pedicure process to remove dry and excess skin from the bottom of the foot as well as calluses . Finely ground pumice has been added to some toothpastes as a polish, similar to Roman use, and easily removes dental plaque build-up. Such toothpaste is too abrasive for daily use. Pumice is also added to heavy-duty hand cleaners (such as lava soap ) as a mild abrasive. Some brands of chinchilla dust bath are formulated with powdered pumice. Old beauty techniques using pumice are still employed today but newer substitutes are easier to obtain. Pumice stone, sometimes attached to
3193-422: The solubility of gases (including water and CO 2 ) that are dissolved in the lava, causing the gases to rapidly exsolve (like the bubbles of CO 2 that appear when a carbonated drink is opened). The simultaneous cooling and depressurization freeze the bubbles in a matrix . Eruptions under water are rapidly cooled and the large volume of pumice created can be a shipping hazard for cargo ships. Pumice
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3296-543: The Azores Natural disasters in Portugal Hidden categories: CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) Use dmy dates from April 2024 Articles using ML magnitude scale Pumice Pumice ( / ˈ p ʌ m ɪ s / ), called pumicite in its powdered or dust form, is a volcanic rock that consists of extremely vesicular rough-textured volcanic glass , which may or may not contain crystals. It
3399-455: The Azores ) The following is a list of notable natural disasters that have affected the Azores : 15th century [ edit ] Around 1432 : First recorded famine in the Azores . 1439 – 1444 (undocumented): Volcanic eruption on São Miguel at Sete Cidades ; details of the eruption were not recorded, not even the exact date of the event. Father Gaspar Frutuoso , who referenced
3502-499: The Bishop of Angra described how the mountains of Rabaçal and Louriçal had fallen and buried 4-5 thousand people. Large mudslides also occurred in Maia , an area near Ponta Garça . The phenomena at Vila Franca inspired many writings, including one that has oral roots, entitled Novel of Vila Franca ( Romance de Vila Franca ), by Teófilo Braga , and had the effect of inspiring renewed devotion to
3605-515: The Central Group on 24 August 1857 and caused the destruction of about two thousand farmlands and a consequent famine which lasted until after 1859. 1867 — Underwater eruptions in the cay of Serreta, Terceira on the night of 1 June and on 7 June, followed by many weeks of intense aftershocks. 1893 — On 28 August an unnamed hurricane (or summer storm) influenced the southern coast of Terceira island causing destruction, including permanent damage to
3708-597: The English Consul-General at Ponta Delgada, named Vines, in 1855. There Mr. Vines constructed a summer home, with garden, which he named Grená in honour of his wife's familial relations: his spouse was the niece of Daniel O'Connell (who organized the Catholic movement in Ireland) and stayed at their Irish relatives' home, also called Grená . Upon Consul Vine's death, the home was used by a London surgeon named Hinton (who
3811-469: The age of three and reached the population as high as the age of fifteen. 1668 — A storm reached and devastated Calheta on São Jorge - On 23 November a violent storm caused an "alteration of the sea that flooded the village destroying and knocking down houses", it also obstructed the port. 1672 — A volcanic eruption occurred on the night of 13 April in Faial which was followed by five seismic waves causing
3914-410: The appearance of a small island of "one league in circumference" that shortly disappeared. The eruption caused no damage on land. 1547 : An earthquake rocked the northeastern part of Terceira Island . It happened on 17 May and damaged Raminho , (Folhadais), Altares , and Biscoitos . 1562 – 1564 : A volcanic eruption on Prainha do Norte , Pico Island . On 21 September 1562 tremors lasting for
4017-404: The area (although some seniors were removed from the area for their safety). Meanwhile, trees fell on the island of São Miguel, and two were injured as their car left the road during the storm. On Santa Maria, the bad weather resulted in the flooding of homes. 14 March 2013 — Flooding in the civil parish of Porto Judeu , when the community's principal ravine overflowed its banks, invading
4120-425: The area all night. At dawn, the mudslide intensified causing excavation of a cave named Santa Luzia. The waters flooded Rua Miragaia as well as Rus do Marquês and Rua do Palácio and also flooded Rua Direita. The flood knocked down walls at the town's harbour (the famous "Porta do Mar") and damaged or destroyed various homes and other buildings. 1613 — Year of the sterility of the grass. It killed two cows. That year
4223-425: The area was nearly deforested, and roadways were expanded under his son, Rui Gonçalves da Câmara , in order to develop the area, allowing cattle herding in the valley after 1577. Still during the tenure of Manuel da Câmara , a chapel was constructed to the invocation of Nossa Senhora da Consolação ( Our Lady of Consolation ) in 1613, and small residence built for the local priest (who was responsible for masses and
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4326-812: The beginning of July, a small underwater eruption about 300 m in depth was located in Banco Mónaco (SSW of São Miguel), it spewed gases and basaltic materials. 1997 — An underwater eruption near Banco D. João de Castro -In the spring of 1997, the intense microseismic activity rumbled throughout that area and caused numerous earthquakes and aftershocks (I to III on the Mercali scale felt in Terceira and São Miguel islands lifted and created an underwater eruption. 1997 — Mudslide in Ribeira Quente , São Miguel, on 31 October 1997. Nearly two hours of heavy rainfall on 31 October led to
4429-551: The bubbles; many samples float in water. After the explosion of Krakatoa , rafts of pumice drifted through the Indian Ocean for up to 20 years, with tree trunks floating among them. In fact, pumice rafts disperse and support several marine species. In 1979, 1984 and 2006, underwater volcanic eruptions near Tonga created large pumice rafts that floated hundreds of kilometres to Fiji . There are two main forms of vesicles. Most pumice contains tubular microvesicles that can impart
4532-521: The central group of the Azores Islands on 29 September. 1779 — A tropical storm, on the night of 30–31 October, once again caused destruction in the central group of the islands. 1779 — Epidemic in Flores. 1787 — In March a seismic crisis in Graciosa shook the island and caused considerable damage. 1800 — An earthquake in the northeastern portion of Terceira, in the afternoon of 24 June, destroyed
4635-975: The centre of the parish; 20 inhabitants were affected and 30 became homeless. A similar landslide caused by torrential rainfall in Faial da Terra on the island of São Miguel caused three deaths and damage to various homes. 11 January 2021 — A 5.4 magnitude earthquake hit the western Azores. See also [ edit ] List of Azores hurricanes References [ edit ] Notes ^ Carlos Melo Bento (2008), p.33 ^ d'Oliveira, Manuel da Sousa (1990), Escavações Arqueológicas em Vila Franca do Campo 1967-1982 (in Portuguese) ^ Carlos Melo Bento (2008), p.64 ^ Noé, Paula (2013), SIPA (ed.), Igreja Velha de São Mateus da Calheta (IPA.00034955) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico , retrieved 25 December 2013 ^ Rocha, Liduino (2008), Subsídios para
4738-577: The city of Angra do Heroísmo. town of São Sebastião and the parishes of west and north-west Terceira and including Topo and Santo Antão, in São Jorge devastated Carapacho and Luz in Graciosa. The earthquake was one of the greatest recorded earthquakes in the Azores Islands. 71 people lost their lives, 400 were injured, nearly 15,500 homes were destroyed and 15,000 (about 5% of the Azorians) were homeless. 1981 — An underwater eruption in Fractura Mónaco. At
4841-644: The creation of a mudslide over the hillsides of Outeiro das Freiras which left 114 persons from 36 families homeless. 1998 — The 1998 Azores Islands earthquake on 9 July shook Faial, Pico and São Jorge at 5.19 GMT. Measuring 5.6 on the Richter scale with an epicenter NNE of the island of Faial, it caused damage to the parishes of Riberinha , Pedro Miguel , Salão and Cedros and more damage in Castelo Branco (mainly Lombega), Flamengos and Praia do Almoxarife on Faial. It also caused damage in parts of Pico Island and
4944-401: The eruption of explosive volcanoes under certain conditions, therefore, natural sources occur in volcanically active regions. Pumice is mined and transported from these regions. In 2011, Italy and Turkey led pumice mining production at 4 and 3 million tons respectively; other large producers at or exceeding a million tonnes were Greece, Iran, Chile, and Syria. Total world pumice production in 2011
5047-518: The eruption was four leagues from Ponta da Ferraria . 1690 — A huge storm along with an earthquake caused panic on the island of Terceira . 1698 — Seismic crisis in Terceira in October created panic in the population. 18th century [ edit ] 1713 — Floods in the town of Velas on São Jorge . On 10 December in the same year, many intense mudslides in the area between Urzelina and Rosais caused large floods which destroyed 27 houses in
5150-484: The eruption. The eruption was accompanied with a volcanic explosions in sea and the stone located near Lagoa do Fogo and around Ribeira Quente . It also created large mudslides in lands of the south coast of the island of São Miguel. 1630 — Mudslide in Castelo, São Miguel , in 1630 a gigantic mudslide happened where today lies the westernmost point of the "cape" located near Ribeira Quente , São Miguel. The mudslide tore
5253-509: The eruption; it is included in the account called Fénix Angrense ("The Phoenix of Angra"). 1564 : Another volcanic eruption on Lagoa do Fogo , São Miguel. The eruption began on 13 February and lasted for a few days, causing no damage. 1571 : A "seismic crisis" caused great damage in Angra do Heroísmo during the month of June. The earthquake was centered southeast of Terceira Island , probably at Dom João de Castro Bank . It shook Terceira and
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#17328481288155356-494: The event in Saudades da Terra , noted that the inhabitants discovered that the topography of the eastern part of the island had changed radically, and that tree trunks and pumice were found floating in the ocean. Colonists from the settlement in what is now Povoação (in the eastern half of the island) heard sounds of explosions and felt many earthquakes leading to this event: "living, these discoverers, in their straw huts, they heard in
5459-475: The events. 3 December 2010 — The bad weather in the Azores during this period resulted in a "great sliding of land" on the island of Flores, which resulted in the obstruction of the road access to Fajãnzinha, impeding vehicles in this locality. Reports from the Serviço Regional de Protecção Civil ( Regional Service for Civil Protection ) indicated that there was no material damage or harm to people in
5562-468: The existence of a population of several thousand people living within and around its caldera it is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in archipelago. Throughout its history, volcanic activity at Furnas has been essentially explosive but eruptive styles have varied from mild effusive activity to at least two caldera-forming eruptions 30,000 and 12,000-10,000 years ago. It is considered very active, since ten sub- Plinian eruptions have occurred within
5665-499: The far western part of the São Jorge Island. Eight people lost their lives in the earthquake; 1,700 were made homeless. 1999–2000 — An underwater eruption shook Serreta on Terceira registering aftershocks in the area on 25 November 1998. Fishermen reported another eruption at the end of December. 21st century [ edit ] Spring 2005 — Heavy rainfall deluged the Azores, causing mudslides and flooding throughout
5768-487: The flooding began near Velas with a torrent that "took many people into the sea and flooded many homes". This event was the origin of a popular poem. 1591 : An earthquake was felt in São Miguel and on Terceira . As a consequence, the earthquake ruined many buildings, especially in Vila Franca do Campo and Água de Pau . The population lost their best homes. The king spent 150,000 reals for reconstruction. On Terceira,
5871-420: The geysers. The installations of hydrotherapy are in the park and were built in the 19th century. Furnas has an oceanic climate with warm summers and mild, wet winters. It has cooler night-time temperatures than other places at lower altitudes on the island. Historically, the principal economy in the valley was the production of honey and wax: Jesuit priests had introduced this activity originally, producing
5974-624: The igneous rock is deposited on the surface of the earth in loose aggregate form. The material is mined by open-pit methods. Soils are removed by machinery in order to obtain more pure quality pumice. Scalping screens are used to filter impure surficial pumice of organic soils and unwanted rocks. Blasting is not necessary because the material is unconsolidated, therefore only simple machinery is used such as bulldozers and power shovels. Different sizes of pumice are needed for specific uses therefore crushers are used to achieve desired grades ranging from lump, coarse, intermediate, fine, and extra fine. Pumice
6077-488: The island died. 1759–1760 — An earthquake in Faial, which began on 24 December 1759, was the greatest earthquake in the island's history and followed by many tremors. Another quake occurred on 4 January. 1761 — Eruption on Pico Gordo, Terceira which started in November 1760 and created violent tremors which continued until 14 April. Another eruption happened on 21 April in the same year. 1761 — A tropical hurricane affected
6180-480: The island of São Miguel , in the historically active Volcanic Complex of Furnas . With a complicated 100,000 year history, the central caldera of the Furnas Volcano is a naturally explosive trachyte structure composed of two main calderas, that through formation, collapse and explosion have marked the natural history of the massif. The oldest caldera has a diameter of approximately 7*5.5 km whose escarpment cuts
6283-483: The island of São Jorge in the area of Rosais and Velas , damaging 900 homes and 400 buildings, as well as causing panic on the island, leading to the evacuation of large numbers of Jorgenses to the island of Terceira and other islands. The crisis was caused by an underwater deep eruption off the coast of Rosais. 1973 — An earthquake shook the islands of Pico and Faial. On 11 October residents felt numerous aftershocks on Pico, Faial, and São Jorge, particularly affecting
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#17328481288156386-656: The islands. It lasted from the end of December up until the beginning of July causing violent tremors causing panic in Angra. 1649 — A storm wrecked four boats in Angra , earthquake in Terceira , a storm caused strong southeast winds to overturn four boats in Angra. A small earthquake shook Terceira. It was the year that celebrated good wine productions. 1652 — Eruption on Pico do Fogo, São Miguel, after one week of violent eruption, which caused great phenomena in Lagoa and parts of Ponta Delgada . An outflow of basaltic lava resulting from
6489-558: The islands. People were stranded in their houses and roads were closed; buildings, property, and some roads were damaged. 2005 — Seismic crisis in Fogo-Congro-Monte Escuro. Over 40.000 earthquakes recorded by CIVISA and 100 felt in São Miguel Island. Earthquakes occurred on 20 September ( M L 4.1) and 21 September ( M L 4.0), causing concern in the island population. None or few buildings damaged during
6592-416: The lake. In the central part of the village, springs and geysers are prevalent; thirty springs, each of differing temperatures and chemical compositions, including warm iron-rich streams and piped examples of mineral-rich warm and cold water. The geysers are situated in several basins rich in sodium bicarbonate , boron , fluorine and traces of carbon dioxide . The local inhabitants cook stew-type dishes in
6695-436: The land shook four times and seemed to want to "subvert itself" 1593 : The worst agricultural year in memory caused a famine in the islands of Terceira and São Jorge , which was associated with the war of 1580–1593. 1599 – 1600 : Bubonic plague caused seven thousand deaths on Terceira . The year 1599 was known as the "bad year" because of the epidemic crisis. It affected much of the population, and, for two years, it
6798-616: The largest-known deep ocean volcanic eruption on Earth. The volcano erupted in July 2012 but remained unnoticed until enormous pieces of pumice were seen to be floating on the Pacific Ocean. Blankets of rock reached a thickness of 5 meters. Most of this floating pumice is deposited on the northwest coast of New Zealand and the Polynesia islands. The mining of pumice is an environmentally friendly process compared with other mining methods because
6901-462: The lava structures of the neighbouring Volcanic Complex of Povoação to the north and northeast and southeast to valley of Ribeira Quente . The second caldera (4.5*3.5 km diameter) dates back 35000 years (the youngest caldera) and is geomorphologically identifiable by the 200 metre wall to the north and northwest. Within the caldera are numerous pumice cones and maars resulting from Plinian and Phreto-plinian eruptions from 5000 years. Owing to
7004-408: The lighting of a lamp in the sacristy). More homes soon appeared in this area around 1615, and a small convent was constructed near the chapel. In 1630, as a consequence of a volcanic eruption in the valley, the area was abandoned. But, new settlers quickly returned to the Furnas valley (mostly from Ponta Garça , Povoação , Vila Franca and Maia ) as the land became fertile and better able to sustain
7107-491: The north coast of Pico and São Mateus on the south coast and further destruction in the parishes of Conceição , Matriz , and Flamengos on the island of Faial. 1980 — The 1 January earthquake devastated Terceira, São Jorge and Graciosa islands, occurring at 16.42 local time (18.42 GMT) and measuring 7 on the Richter Scale . The epicenter was located nearly 35 km SSW of Angra do Heroísmo. It caused damage to buildings in
7210-457: The parish of São Mateus and the locality of Terra do Pão and Pico island. On 23 November at 12.36 local time (14.30 GMT) a violent earthquake (measured at 7/8 on the Wood-Neumann scale ), with its epicenter near Santo Antonio on Pico, caused major damage, with many houses damaged, fallen walls and displaced streets and roads, in the parishes of Bandeiras Santa Luzia, Santo António, and São Roque on
7313-437: The parishes of Santa Cruz da Praia, Fontinhas, Lajes, São Brás, Vila Nova, Agualva, Cabo da Praia , Porto Martins and São Sebastião 1848 — An earthquake caused nine deaths in southwestern São Miguel island, the strength caused much damage to Várzea, Feteiras, Candelária and Ginetes 1852 — An earthquake rumble the island of São Miguel causing damage to the area. 1857 — Hunger reached São Jorge. A tropical cyclone reached
7416-632: The past 5,000 years, producing a total area of 0.9 kilometres square of fairly homogeneous trachytic magma. The first known historical eruption occurred in 1440, just after early settlers started populating the coasts of São Miguel. The latest eruption occurred after the settlement of the Azores archipelago in 1630 A.D., and caused the deaths of 200 people. Eruptions of the Upper Furnas Group were mainly characterised by alternating episodes of magmatic and phreatomagmatic activity producing deposits of inter-bedded volcanic ash and lapilli that overlie
7519-490: The pet industry. The mining of pumice in environmentally sensitive areas has been under more scrutiny after such an operation was stopped in the U.S. state of Oregon, at Rock Mesa in the southern part of the Three Sisters Wilderness . Pumice has been used in the medicinal industry for more than 2000 years. Ancient Chinese medicine used ground pumice along with ground mica and fossilized bones added to teas to calm
7622-584: The provincial capital of Vila Franca do Campo , on the island of São Miguel . On the night of 21 and 22 October 1522, another violent earthquake brought down a great mudslide from the hills around Vila Franca do Campo, causing damage to the majority of the town and causing the burial alive of 5000 residents and nobles, with the Donatary-Captain Rui Gonçalves da Câmara escaping the event, owing to his stay in his summer cottage in Lagoa. Later writing,
7725-451: The region. In 1882, Grená was sold by Catherine Vine's son to Jorge Hayes, following the death of Jorge Brown in the same year. It was occupied by José do Canto while his home and chapel were being constructed on the other side of the lake. In June 1840, the population of the valley of Furnas numbered 1320 inhabitants scattered in 334 homes throughout the basin. Furnas is located in the easternmost of three active trachytic volcanoes on
7828-474: The religious celebrations of the Holy Spirit . 1523 - 1530 : An epidemic plague ravaged the island of São Miguel , and the island became isolated for a few years. The plague also reached Faial Island . 1538 : A volcanic eruption centered on the cay of Ferraria , São Miguel . In that year, an underwater eruption in the proximity of Ponta da Ferraria lasted for nearly a month. The eruption resulted in
7931-534: The second-most dangerous volcanic eruption in the 20th century, Mount Pinatubo , which erupted on June 12, 1991 in the Philippines . Ash and pumice lapilli were distributed over a mile around the volcano. These ejections filled trenches that once reached 660 feet deep. So much magma was displaced from the vent that the volcano became a depression on the surface of the Earth. Another well-known volcano that produces pumice
8034-749: The shore of Ferraria, São Miguel creating the short-lived Sabrina Island named after the British frigate HMS Sabrina , whose captain, Commander James Tillard, first identified the island and claimed it for the United Kingdom. The eruption caused destruction to many homes. The islet itself disappeared in the following years. 1817 — Seismic crisis in the island of Graciosa causing much damage to most buildings and properties. 1841 — A second "Caída da Praia" ("Falling of Praia") earthquakes on 15 June in Praia da Vitória and Fontinhas on Terceira - Houses were destroyed in
8137-434: The skin and cornea. Concoctions such as these were also used to help wounds scar in a supposedly healthier manner. In approximately 1680 it was noted by an English naturalist that pumice powder was used to promote sneezing. Pumice has been used as a material in personal care for thousands of years. It is an abrasive material that can be used in powdered form or as a stone to remove unwanted hair or skin. In ancient Egypt , it
8240-576: The soil due to volcanic activity. For example, in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, the Ancestral Puebloans settled on "pumice patches" of the El Cajete Pumice which likely retained a greater amount of moisture and was ideal for farming. Pumice is widely used to make lightweight concrete and insulative low-density cinder blocks . The air-filled vesicles in this porous rock serve as
8343-477: The space of a year such great grinding, rattling and explosion of the earth with great tremors proceeding the subversion and fire of the peak..." 1460 ?: Another volcanic eruption at Sete Cidades, São Miguel. No specific information was recorded at the time. 16th century [ edit ] 1522 : Considered the seminal disaster of the Azores, the 1522 Vila Franca earthquake and landslides occurred on 21–22 October 1522, that inundated and destroyed much of
8446-443: The spirit. This tea was used to treat dizziness, nausea, insomnia, and anxiety disorders. Ingestion of these pulverized rocks was believed to be able to soften nodules and was later used with other herbal ingredients to treat gallbladder cancer and urinary difficulties. In Western medicine, beginning in the early 18th century, pumice ground into a sugar consistency mixed with other ingredients was used to attempt to treat ulcers mostly on
8549-624: The submerged cape São Miguel - Faial 1911 — Underwater eruption in the Mónaco Fracture, in March, it caused a minor eruption located about 200 to 300 m in depth SSW in 1907, the eruption lasted several hours. 1926 — A major earthquake shook the city of Horta. In early April, the island saw the first of a series of intensive earthquakes. On 5 April damage was reported in Flamengos, Ribeirinha, and Conceição. An earthquake on 31 August at 8.42 local time (10.42 GMT) caused eight deaths and further destruction in
8652-400: The surface. Pumice improves the quality of soil because of its porous properties; water and gases can be transported easily through the pores and nutrients can be stored in the microscopic holes. Pumice rock fragments are inorganic therefore no decomposition and little compaction occur. Another benefit of this inorganic rock is that it does not attract or host fungi or insects . As drainage
8755-403: The swarms, but several landslides on Fogo volcano flanks. 15 December 2009 — Heavy rainfall deluged the Azores, causing flooding throughout the islands; in the parish of Agualva , in the municipality of Praia da Vitória , flooding resulted in landslides, destruction of homes and automobiles, where the waters escaped the ravines. Oone person died, and dozens of inhabitants were affected by
8858-582: The town of Velas . The Ribeira da Almeida overflowed by its beach which allowed the passage by foot between the town and Queimage 1713 — Volcanic eruption and gases at Pico das Camarinhas on São Miguel Island. In various weeks continued and in late December, created fumes and gases throughout the area. The eruption created volcanic explosions. The seismic crisis destroyed many houses in Ginetes , Mosteiros and Candelária . 1717–1718 — Epidemic in Faial which lasted from November 1717 to February 1718 which caused
8961-685: The towns of Horta and the parishes of Conceição, Praia do Almoxarife (ruining 220 homes), Flamengos, Feteira and Castelo Branco and most of Lomba do Pilar e o Salão. 4,138 homes and buildings were damaged or destroyed. 1957–1958 — An eruption at Capelinhos , Faial, between 16 and 27 September 16, 1957, finally ending on 25 October 1958, ruined buildings and extended the land by an underwater eruption 1 km from Ponta dos Capelinhos. Many people emigrated to North America . 1963 — An earthquake and an underwater eruption affected Santa Luzia in Pico between 12 and 15 December. It made seismographs from Faial registered
9064-481: The valley before returning to the coast. José Pereira Sodré, a resident near Agrião petitioned the governor of São Miguel for one of the cannons that existed at the city hall in Vila Franca; he intended that the armament would be used to defend the area from future attacks: it was rejected. In 1832, an unknown English settler purchased a large parcel around the crater lake to build a home, but abandoned it and sold it to
9167-460: The viscous magma as it cools to glass. Pumice is a common product of explosive eruptions ( plinian and ignimbrite -forming) and commonly forms zones in upper parts of silicic lavas . Pumice has a porosity of 64–85% by volume and it floats on water, possibly for years, until it eventually becomes waterlogged and sinks. Scoria differs from pumice in being denser. With larger vesicles and thicker vesicle walls, scoria sinks rapidly. The difference
9270-530: The volcano. The lava flows began near Ribeira do Almeida . The eruption lasted four months, with large lava flows and volcanic ashes spread as far as Terceira . 1588 : Large floods in São Bento and Porto de Pipas , Terceira on 26 February. The waters flowed through the valley approaching Porto de Pipas, where they caused destruction to ships and boats. 1588 : Large floods in Velas , São Jorge . On 8 November,
9373-405: The widespread main deposits from the adjacent Fogo volcano. At least three of these eruptions were accompanied by trachyte dome extrusions in the final phases of the eruption. The western of the two calderas is partially filled by a crater lake , Lagoa das Furnas , at an elevation of 359 metres (1,178 ft) and populated by several fumaroles and mud pools are located at the northern part of
9476-411: Was a Plinian eruption . 1563 : A volcanic eruption on São Miguel , almost simultaneous with the eruption on Lagoa do Fogo, caused a strombolian eruption in Pico do Sapateiro parish of Ribeira Seca . The peak was a dome located near the graben of Ribeira Grande where a lagoon used to exist. The volcano spewed large amounts of very fluid basaltic lava. An historian wrote in full detail about
9579-504: Was a combination of drought and gale-force winds in the winter and spring leaving in one dramatic situation. It killed many animals. It would have been the year of La Niña ? 1614 — The first "Caída da Praia" ("Falling of Praia"): earthquakes on 9 April in Fontinhas and 24 May in Praia , Terceira . On 9 April, an earthquake destroyed almost all of the parish of Fontinhas and severely damaged other parishes. On 24 May, an earthquake with
9682-448: Was a publisher of many works on hygiene and hearing), since Catherine Vine did not wish to return to Furnas. After Hinton's death in 1875, the home was used by Jorge Brown, who exploited the home as a hotel for summer tourists for several years. During this period many travellers stayed at the hotel, including Alice Baker (who wrote "A Summer in the Azores with a Glimpse of Madeira") and others who produced literary and scientific reviews of
9785-416: Was also commonly used as a construction material for many aqueducts . One of the main uses of pumice currently in the United States is manufacturing concrete. This rock has been used in concrete mixtures for thousands of years and continues to be used in producing concrete, especially in regions close to where this volcanic material is deposited. New studies prove a broader application of pumice powder in
9888-408: Was called "lapis spongiae" in Latin for its vesicular properties. Many Greek scholars decided there were different sources of pumice, one of which was in the sea coral category. Pumice can be found all around the globe deriving from continental volcanic occurrences and submarine volcanic occurrences. Floating stones can also be distributed by ocean currents. As described earlier pumice is produced by
9991-407: Was common to remove all hair on the body to control lice and as a form of ritual purification, using creams, razors, and pumice stones. Pumice in powdered form was an ingredient in toothpastes in ancient Rome. Nail care was very important in ancient China; nails were kept groomed with pumice stones, and pumice stones were also used to remove calluses. It was discovered in a Roman poem that pumice
10094-563: Was erupted caused the structure to collapse, forming a caldera now known as Crater Lake . Chile is one of the leading producers of pumice in the world. The Puyehue-Cordón Caulle are two coalesced volcanoes in the Andes mountains that ejected ash and pumice across Chile and Argentina . A recent eruption in 2011 wreaked havoc on the region by covering all surfaces and lakes in ash and pumice. Kenya , Ethiopia and Tanzania have some deposits of pumice. The Havre Seamount volcano produced
10197-558: Was estimated at 17 million tonnes. There are large reserves of pumice in Asian countries including Afghanistan, Indonesia, Japan, Syria, Iran, and eastern Russia. Considerable amounts of pumice can be found at the Kamchatka Peninsula on the eastern flank of Russia. This area contains 19 active volcanoes and it lies in close proximity with the Pacific volcanic belt . Asia is also the site of
10300-465: Was estimated at 380,000 tonnes, valued at $ 7.7 million with approximately 46% coming from Nevada and Oregon. Idaho is also known as a large producer of pumice because of the quality and brightness of the rock found in local reserves. One of the most famous volcanoes was Mount Mazama that erupted 7,700 years ago in Oregon and deposited 300 feet of pumice and ash around the vent. The large amount of magma that
10403-504: Was felt in São Miguel too. Someone noted that a ship was sailing in the area at the time of the onset of the earthquakes. 1580 : An eruption of the volcano of Queimada , São Jorge . On the night of 28 April, the land trembled thirty times and fifty times more the next day. On 1 May, there were tremors and an explosion on the top of the volcano. Another explosion happened in front of the upper part of Ribeira do Nabo, two kilometres east of
10506-490: Was the worst disaster in Terceira's history. Plague revisited, off and on, for nearly two decades. 17th century [ edit ] 1606 — Flooding in Velas , São Jorge , in February caused much damage to the town of Velas, many roads were "the way that no one could walk a foot". 1608 — Large flooding in Angra, Terceira - On 11 February at about 9 at night, and created a huge intense mudslide in Angra , situated during
10609-486: Was used to remove dead skin as far back as 100 BC, and likely before then. It has been used throughout many eras since then, including the Victorian Era . Today, many of these techniques are still used; pumice is widely used as a skin exfoliant . Even though hair removal techniques have evolved over the centuries, abrasive material like pumice stones is also still used. "Pumice stones" are often used in beauty salons during
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