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39-528: This is a bibliography of the comic book writer Robert Kirkman , the co-creator and writer of Invincible and The Walking Dead . Titles published by Funk-O-Tron , a company established by Kirkman early in his career, include: Titles published by Image include: Titles published under Skybound (imprint of Image as well as a multimedia company co-founded by Kirkman in 2010) include: Titles published by Marvel include: Titles published by various American publishers include: Kirkman has co-written

78-410: A book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in

117-563: A cataloging standard adopted by the Library of Congress in 2013 and by some other national libraries, differentiates between content types , media types , and carrier types of information resources. A work that has not undergone publication, and thus is not generally available to the public, or for citation in scholarly or legal contexts, is called an unpublished work . In some cases unpublished works are widely cited, or circulated via informal means. An author who has not yet published

156-432: A few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required. Bibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies , as

195-544: A group for further distribution or public display. Generally, the right to publish a work is an exclusive right of copyright owner ( 17 USC 106 ), and violating this right (e.g. by disseminating copies of the work without the copyright owner's consent) is a copyright infringement ( 17 USC 501(a) ), and the copyright owner can demand (by suing in court) that e.g. copies distributed against their will be confiscated and destroyed ( 17 USC 502, 17 USC 503 ). Exceptions and limitations are written into copyright law, however; for example,

234-473: A quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description . The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography

273-422: A reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents" (124). Descriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object: This branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of

312-439: A scholarly paper or academic term paper. Citation styles vary. An entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements: An entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains: A bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually

351-554: A series of prose The Walking Dead novels with writer Jay Bonansinga : Bibliography Bibliography (from Ancient Greek : βιβλίον , romanized :  biblion , lit.   'book' and -γραφία , -graphía , 'writing'), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from Ancient Greek : -λογία , romanized :  -logía ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as

390-536: A set of guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources, defines a publication as a "message or document offered for general distribution or sale and usually produced in multiple copies", and lists types of publications including monographs and their components and serials and their components. Common bibliographic software specifications such as BibTeX and Citation Style Language also list types of publications, as do various standards for library cataloging . For example, RDA ,

429-427: A word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography ); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography ). The word bibliographia   (βιβλιογραφία) was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean

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468-400: A work "publicly" means to perform or display it at a place open to the public or at any place where a substantial number of people outside a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered; or to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or display of the work to a place specified by clause (1) or to the public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of

507-404: A work generally is the initial owner of the copyright on the work. One of the copyrights granted to the author of a work is the exclusive right to publish the work. In Indonesia , publication is defined as: any reading, broadcasting, exhibition of works using any means, either electronically or nonelectronically, or performing in any way so that works can be read, heard, or seen by others. In

546-401: Is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer. A bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least

585-586: Is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources . Enumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function

624-631: Is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing. In addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves

663-612: Is known as bibliometrics , which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals , through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals . Carter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in

702-476: Is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing

741-526: The United States , publication is defined as: the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of people for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication. To perform or display

780-486: The publication of the description of a taxon has to comply with some rules. The definition of the "publication" is defined in nomenclature codes . Traditionally there were the following rules: Electronic publication with some restrictions is permitted for publication of scientific names of fungi since 1 January 2013. There are many material types of publication, some of which are: Electronic publishing (also referred to as e-publishing or digital publishing) includes

819-501: The 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field. The term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases . One of

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858-568: The Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived." Many countries around the world follow this definition, although some make some exceptions for particular kinds of works. In Germany, §6 of the Urheberrechtsgesetz additionally considers works of

897-409: The copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for "the intellectual activity of composing books." The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and

936-551: The cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice. Descriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in

975-404: The digital publication of websites , webpages , e-books , digital editions of periodical publications , and the development of digital libraries . It is now common to distribute books, magazines, and newspapers to consumers online . Publications may also be published on electronic media such as CD-ROMs . Types of publication can also be distinguished by content, for example: ISO 690 ,

1014-407: The end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases . A library catalog , while not referred to as a "bibliography",

1053-519: The exclusive rights of the copyright owner eventually expire, and even when in force, they do not extend to publications covered by fair use or certain types of uses by libraries and educational institutions. The definition of "publication" as "distribution of copies to the general public with the consent of the author" is also supported by the Berne Convention , which makes mention of "copies" in article 3(3), where "published works" are defined. In

1092-437: The field include W. W. Greg , Fredson Bowers , Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle . Bowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in "specific collections or libraries," in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography,

1131-598: The first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545). Julius Petzholdt and Theodore Besterman also attempted to be comprehensive. Systematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography : Publication Publication is a technical term in legal contexts and especially important in copyright legislation . An author of

1170-445: The form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding , and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining "the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text" (Bowers 498[1]). A bibliographer

1209-411: The investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers. D. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as "the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and

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1248-464: The material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected. Bibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies

1287-407: The national libraries own almost all their countries' publications. Fredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description (1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, "[providing] sufficient data so that

1326-409: The present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance. Bibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science , LIS) and documentation science . It

1365-572: The processes of their transmission, including their production and reception" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include "non-book texts" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns

1404-410: The production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites. An enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles . Bibliographies range from "works cited " lists at

1443-486: The public capable of receiving the performance or display receive it in the same place or in separate places and at the same time or at different times. The US Copyright Office provides further guidance in Circular 40, which states: When the work is reproduced in multiple copies, such as in reproductions of a painting or castings of a statue, the work is published when the reproductions are publicly distributed or offered to

1482-543: The visual arts (such as sculptures) "published" if they have been made permanently accessible by the general public (i.e., erecting a sculpture on public grounds is publication in Germany). Australia and the UK (as the U.S.) do not have this exception and generally require the distribution of copies necessary for publication. In the case of sculptures, the copies must be even three-dimensional. In biological classification ( taxonomy ),

1521-457: Was established by a Belgian , named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about "the science of bibliography." However, there have recently been voices claiming that "the bibliographical paradigm" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007). The quantitative study of bibliographies

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