64-710: Spring Creek , previously called Spring Creek Basin , is a neighborhood within the East New York section of Brooklyn in New York City . It roughly comprises the southern portions of East New York between Flatlands Avenue to the north, and Jamaica Bay and the Gateway National Recreation Area to the south, with the Brooklyn neighborhood of Canarsie to the west and the Queens neighborhood of Howard Beach to
128-410: A residents' committee ; these are subdivided into residents' small groups of fifteen to forty families. In most urban areas of China, neighbourhood , community , residential community , residential unit , residential quarter have the same meaning: 社区 or 小区 or 居民区 or 居住区 , and is the direct sublevel of a subdistrict ( 街道办事处 ), which is the direct sublevel of a district ( 区 ), which
192-551: A community center. The area contains a shopping center as well. A number of parcels of undeveloped land totaling 13 acres (5.3 ha) were separated out from the residential site as part of the refinancing. The development was designed by Herman Jessor , organized in the towers in the park layout. The buildings utilize a simple " foursquare " design. The residential portion of the property has eight "sections" each including several buildings, its own field, recreational area ( jungle gym , park, handball court, basketball court) and
256-708: A five-story parking garage for residents in that section. These sections are Ardsley, Bethel, Croton, Delmar, Elmira, Freeport, Geneva, and Hornell; each named after municipalities in New York State . The community had its own newspaper, known as the Spring Creek Sun . Nehemiah Spring Creek, or Spring Creek Nehemiah, is one of two affordable housing developments built under the Gateway Estates plan (along with Gateway Elton). Located south of Flatlands Avenue and north of Gateway Center II between Elton and Erskine Streets,
320-796: A high level of regulation of social life by officials. For example, in the Tang period Chinese capital city Chang'an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation. Ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. Economic specialists, including craft producers, merchants, and others, could be concentrated in neighbourhoods, and in societies with religious pluralism neighbourhoods were often specialised by religion. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities
384-649: A high school, a community college, a shopping center, a branch library, an expansion of Spring Creek Park, and several thousand housing units including 8,000 middle-income condominium-style units. In preparation for the development, in 1968 under the city's Program for Action , it was proposed to extend the IRT New Lots Line and the BMT Canarsie Line of the New York City Subway to the Spring Creek area;
448-410: A peninsula between Betts and Spring Creeks, took its name from pirates who occupied the waters and " plundered ." In the late 19th century it hosted a small community of wooden houses housing around 50 families who fished and farmed in the area. A hotel was erected along Mill Pond, near the basin of the creeks, at what was called Forbell's Landing. Otherwise, the area remained uninhabited. Beginning in
512-420: A small area within a town or city. The label is commonly used to refer to organisations which relate to such a very local structure, such as neighbourhood policing or Neighbourhood watch schemes. In addition, government statistics for local areas are often referred to as neighbourhood statistics, although the data themselves are broken down usually into districts and wards for local purposes. In many parts of
576-514: A street grid was mapped in Spring Creek, though most of the streets had yet to be constructed. In 1930, Spring Creek Park and the Shore Parkway portion of the Belt Parkway were proposed by Robert Moses , along with several other parks and highways. Land for both projects along Jamaica Bay in the area was acquired via eminent domain in 1938, and Shore Parkway opened in 1940, with an interchange to
640-533: A third parcel to the west from the Department of Water. The park from its earliest days has been a recreational haven for residents of both Brooklyn and Queens. The park ultimately included football fields, baseball fields, tennis courts and (in the winter) a frozen pond for skating. An aquatic garden was added in 1907 and a children's farm garden in 1915. The park is home to The Dawn of Glory World War I monument by sculptor Pietro Montana (dedicated 1925). In 1991
704-490: A unit of analysis. In mainland China , the term is generally used for the urban administrative division found immediately below the district level, although an intermediate, subdistrict level exists in some cities. They are also called streets (administrative terminology may vary from city to city). Neighbourhoods encompass 2,000 to 10,000 families. Within neighbourhoods, families are grouped into smaller residential units or quarters of 100 to 600 families and supervised by
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#1732845541108768-506: Is a park located in Brooklyn , New York City , on the border with Queens . Established in 1901, Highland Park borders Cypress Hills, Brooklyn —part of the East New York neighborhood—to its south, and it abuts Glendale and Ridgewood, Queens , to its north. Highland Park was created on the land immediately surrounding Ridgewood Reservoir that was purchased by the City of Brooklyn in 1891 under
832-417: Is bound by Loring Avenue to the north, Stanley Avenue and the remnants of Spring Creek to the south, Forbell Street to the west, and Emerald Street to the east. The community is gated , with the primary entrance situated at Drew Street. It was opened in 1989, developed by General Atlantic Realty Corporation, and paid for by Federal Low Income Housing Tax Credits and the city's 421a tax-abatement certificates. It
896-564: Is part of Brooklyn Community District 5 , and its primary ZIP Codes are 11207, 11208, and 11239. Spring Creek comprises the southeastern section of East New York , located to the south of New Lots . It is bounded to the north by Flatlands Avenue , to the east by Fountain Avenue (at the former drainage basin of Spring Creek and Betts Creek on the Brooklyn- Queens border), and to the west by Schenck Avenue, Gateway Drive and Hendrix Creek. To
960-577: Is the direct sublevel of a city ( 市 ). (See Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China ) The term has no general official or statistical purpose in the United Kingdom, but is often used by local boroughs for self-chosen sub-divisions of their area for the delivery of various services and functions, as for example in Kingston-upon-Thames or is used as an informal term to refer to
1024-689: Is the largest subsidized rental apartment complex in the United States. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are: Flatlands Avenue to the north, Hendrix Street to the east, Jamaica Bay to the south and the Fresh Creek Basin. Opened in 1974, the Starrett City site spanned over 153 acres (0.62 km) before being subdivided in 2009 as part of a refinancing. The housing development contains 5,881 apartment units in 46 buildings. The residential site also includes eight parking garages and
1088-446: Is well documented for historical Islamic cities. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, and social control. Administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, leading to
1152-571: The Brooklyn Public Library opened in the summer of 1977. The area was officially given the name Spring Creek in 1973 by Brooklyn borough president Sebastian Leone . Following community protests, and seepage of contaminated oil into Jamaica Bay, the Pennsylvania and Fountain landfills ceased municipal waste operations in 1979 and 1985 respectively, after which they were absorbed into the Gateway National Recreation Area . On June 25, 1996,
1216-596: The Canarsie and South Shore Campuses (also formerly high schools) are located in the adjacent Canarsie neighborhood. The B6 , B13 , B14 , B15 , B20 , B82 , B82 SBS , B83 , B84 and Q8 local buses serve the Spring Creek area, while the BM2 and BM5 provide express service to Midtown and Lower Manhattan . The B13, B83, B84 and Q8 serve the area around Gateway Mall and the Brooklyn Developmental Center;
1280-601: The New York City Council amended the original Fresh Creek Urban Renewal Plan to facilitate the Gateway Estates plan, a massive mixed-use proposal to redevelop 227 acres of landfill south of Flatlands Avenue. Expanding on the 1967 plan, it proposed to construct a 640,000-square-foot (59,000 m) retail development and 2,385 units of affordable housing. Ground broke on the Gateway Center shopping mall on November 16, 2000, and it opened on October 1, 2002. Restoration of
1344-520: The Starrett Housing Corporation for development in 1989; the project was known as Spring Creek Estates. EBC began competing with Starrett for the site in 1992. The name was changed to Gateway Estates in 1994. By the project's groundbreaking in August 2006, Starrett Housing had backed out of the plan, and the name was changed to Nehemiah Spring Creek Houses at Gateway Estates. The first phase of
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#17328455411081408-416: The 11239 ZIP Code , but some portions of Spring Creek north of Flatlands Avenue, as well as the Brooklyn Developmental Center, fall under the 11207, and 11208 ZIP Codes. Prior to European colonization, what is now Spring Creek consisted of salt marshes and several creeks, which drained into Jamaica Bay . The namesake creek itself ran north as far as Atlantic Avenue and Eldert Lane, near Highland Park (at
1472-559: The 1900s, Clarence Perry described the idea of a neighbourhood unit as a self-contained residential area within a city. The concept is still influential in New Urbanism . Practitioners seek to revive traditional sociability in planned suburban housing based on a set of principles. At the same time, the neighbourhood is a site of interventions to create Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (AFCC) as many older adults tend to have narrower life space. Urban design studies thus use neighbourhood as
1536-542: The 1920s, the city planned to develop a large ship and rail terminal along Jamaica Bay, particularly along the Paerdegat Basin in nearby Canarsie, to relieve port operations in the greater New York Harbor . The project would have included construction of new rail facilities to connect with the Long Island Rail Road , New York Connecting Railroad , and a proposed rail tunnel to Staten Island . Around this time,
1600-587: The 1980s. Other structures in this area include: Other structures in the rest of Spring Creek include: Moe Finklestein Athletic Complex (also known as the Thomas Jefferson High School Field), located on Flatlands Avenue between Essex Street and Erskine Street, is used by the schools of Thomas Jefferson Educational Campus and other schools in PSAL competition. The complex was created as part of
1664-998: The 297-acre (120 ha) Fountain Avenue Landfill was opened in 1961 respectively. The Fountain Avenue Landfill (also simply called the Spring Creek Landfill) served as one of five major city facilities for regular refuse during its operation, along with the Fresh Kills and Brookefield Landfills in Staten Island ; a facility in Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx ; and another one in Edgemere, Queens . The landfills closed around 1985. The two sites have since undergone restoration and are now part of Shirley Chisholm State Park and Spring Creek Park. Most of Spring Creek and Starrett City fall under
1728-593: The B13, B83 and Q8 were extended to the area following the opening of Gateway in 2002, while the B84 was created in 2013 to serve as a connector to local subway service. The B82, B82 SBS, B83, BM2, and BM5 serve the Starrett City neighborhood along Pennsylvania Avenue, while the B13, B14, B15, B20, and BM5 serve the area around Spring Creek Gardens and the Brooklyn Postal Facility. The closest New York City Subway stations to
1792-528: The Fresh Creek Renewal Plan. Berriman Playground, a .96-acre (0.39 ha) park on Berriman Street between Vandalia Avenue and Schroeders Avenue, opened in 2019. Its design allows rain water from the playground to collect in a rain garden . Spring Creek Park is operated by both the city and the federal government. It consists of man-made parkland, marshland along the Jamaica Bay Shore, and
1856-660: The New Lots Line would have been extended to Flatlands Avenue near Elton and Linwood Streets. These extensions were canceled in the mid-1970s, largely due to the city's fiscal crisis at the time. Under the 1967 FCURA plan, the mental health facility (called the Brooklyn Developmental Center) was opened in 1973, the rental complex (the Starrett City apartment complex) opened in 1974, and the Spring Creek branch of
1920-485: The New York School of Career and Applied Studies, part of Touro College , is located in Starrett City. There are four elementary schools located in the neighborhood: Other schools in the area include:. The William H. Maxwell Vocational High School and Thomas Jefferson Educational Campus (formerly Thomas Jefferson High School) are located on Pennsylvania Avenue in the northern portions of East New York. Additionally,
1984-546: The Parks Commissioner Adrian Benepe quietly unveiled a contract to breach one of the reservoir basins and clear 20 acres (81,000 m ) for ball fields. However, on June 26, 2008, New York City Comptroller William C. Thompson, Jr. rejected that contract for the new development, citing concerns about the environmental impact, increased truck traffic, and the vendor selection process. Finally, in October 2013
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2048-694: The Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills meanwhile began in March 2002. In early 2007, the second phase of the Gateway Estates project (Gateway Estates II) was proposed, which included a 605,000 square feet (56,200 m) expansion of the Gateway Center, 2,385 additional affordable housing units, and a new public school facility. The school facility, Spring Creek Educational Campus , opened in fall 2012. Gateway Center II opened in stages beginning in late 2014. Starrett City (also known as Spring Creek Towers)
2112-553: The UK wards are roughly equivalent to neighbourhoods or a combination of them. In the United States and Canada , neighbourhoods are often given official or semi-official status through neighbourhood associations , neighbourhood watches or block watches. These may regulate such matters as lawn care and fence height, and they may provide such services as block parties , neighbourhood parks and community security . In some other places
2176-625: The area are New Lots Avenue in East New York, served by the 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 trains (connected to Spring Creek by the B6 and B84 buses), and Rockaway Parkway in Canarsie, served by the L train (connected by the B6 and B82/B82 SBS). Residents also use the Euclid Avenue station served by the A and C trains on Pitkin Avenue at
2240-535: The area south of Flatlands Avenue between Schenck and Fountain Avenues (on the peninsula between Hendrix and Spring Creeks) was designated as the Fresh Creek Urban Renewal Area (FCURA). During this time, the remaining 19th-century buildings in this vicinity were demolished. That year, a major development project was proposed, which would include a state mental health facility, several intermediate schools,
2304-496: The area was designated as the Fresh Creek Urban Renewal Area in 1967. The area has since seen several major development and restoration projects, including the Starrett City apartment complex, the Gateway Center shopping complex, several affordable housing communities, and Spring Creek Park . Spring Creek had the largest net gain in population in Brooklyn between 1940 and 2010, an increase of 330%. Spring Creek
2368-415: The city announced the completion of a substantial renovation project that added handicapped-accessible and bicycle-friendly pathways (including one around the reservoir) to the park, as well as new fencing, pathways, lighting, and plantings. However the reservoir itself remains fenced off as a wildlife area, and no new ball fields were constructed. The $ 6.92 million cost was far less than the $ 50 million that
2432-476: The city's focal points (such as Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn ), its distance away from the nearest rapid transit lines, the presence of the landfills, incinerator, and water treatment plant in the area, and noise from the nearby Idlewild Airport (since renamed as John F. Kennedy International Airport ). A 1943 city profile called the area "Brooklyn's least populated district", with many paper streets remaining as mapped but not constructed. Smoke and odor from
2496-476: The development was completed in 2008. Residents of the community apply for housing via a lottery; some applied during the project's planning in the 1990s. Gateway Elton Street sits at the west end of Nehemiah Spring Creek, on Elton Street between Flatlands Avenue and the Gateway Center. The three-phase affordable-housing project features six-story apartment buildings with retail space on the ground level. The buildings utilize electricity from solar panels affixed to
2560-435: The early 2000s, Community Development Corporations, Rehabilitation Networks, Neighbourhood Development Corporations, and Economic Development organisations would work together to address the housing stock and the infrastructures of communities and neighbourhoods (e.g., community centres). Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve "faith-based" groups and congregations in cities. In
2624-408: The east. It is named after Spring Creek, one of several creeks that formerly ran through the area and drained into Jamaica Bay. For most of its history, the neighborhood of Spring Creek was considered the place where "the city came to an end", consisting of undeveloped marshland used as illegal dumping grounds, and hosting several large landfills and an incinerator during the 20th century. Much of
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2688-538: The equivalent organization is the parish , though a parish may have several neighbourhoods within it depending on the area. In localities where neighbourhoods do not have an official status, questions can arise as to where one neighbourhood begins and another ends. Many cities use districts and wards as official divisions of the city, rather than traditional neighbourhood boundaries. ZIP Code boundaries and post office names also sometimes reflect neighbourhood identities. Highland Park (Brooklyn) Highland Park
2752-408: The following may serve as a starting point: "Neighbourhood is generally defined spatially as a specific geographic area and functionally as a set of social networks. Neighbourhoods, then, are the spatial units in which face-to-face social interactions occur—the personal settings and situations where residents seek to realise common values, socialise youth, and maintain effective social control." In
2816-564: The former Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills. Shirley Chisholm State Park , a 407-acre (165 ha) state park , is located atop the Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills south of the Belt Parkway. The Pennsylvania Avenue section opened in July 2019, and the Fountain Avenue expansion is expected to open in 2021. There are two major shopping malls in the area: A branch of
2880-556: The incinerator and landfills, meanwhile, were reported to extend to the Queens neighborhoods of Howard Beach and Ozone Park . The remoteness of the area led it to be used as an illegal dumping ground for waste. The territory, particularly the landfills, is also said to have been used for dumping corpses, most notably by Murder, Inc. and the Gambino crime family ; human remains from modern incidents have been unearthed as recently as 2013. In 1967,
2944-416: The incinerator was used as additional fill for the marshes. A sewage treatment plant adjacent to Hendrix Creek was also opened around this time, while refuse was used to landfill the future Spring Creek Park. In spite of the new highway, Spring Creek Basin, as the area was then called, continued to remain undeveloped while other local areas were extensively built up. This was in part due to its remoteness from
3008-702: The jurisdiction of the Highland Park Society. Initially known as Ridgewood Park, between 1901 and 1905 the Brooklyn Department of Parks began improving the area with several structures, a rustic bridge, roads, footpaths, a flower garden and a new lake and fountain. In 1905, the City expanded the park by purchasing the Schenck estate just to the south of the Reservoir. The final expansion occurred in 1906 with purchase of
3072-464: The neighborhood consists of modular prefabricated one-to-three family rowhouses assembled at the Brooklyn Navy Yard . The houses were designed by Soho -based architect Alexander Gorlin. Nehemiah, operated by East Brooklyn Congregations (EBC), previously constructed other developments in the East New York and Brownsville areas in the 1980s. The land was originally assigned by the city to
3136-431: The neighbourhood as a small-scale democracy , regulated primarily by ideas of reciprocity among neighbours. Neighbourhoods have been the site of service delivery or "service interventions" in part as efforts to provide local, quality services, and to increase the degree of local control and ownership. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the "experience, theory and fads" of neighbourhood service delivery over
3200-517: The north end of Brooklyn) and Forest Park , forming the border of Brooklyn and Queens. The northern shores of Jamaica Bay were inhabited by the Jameco, Canarsee, and Rockaway Native American groups (for whom the Jamaica , Canarsie , and Rockaway areas would be named). In the 1650s, Dutch colonists began settling in the eastern sections of Brooklyn, forming the towns of Flatbush and New Lots (the latter
3264-497: The north end of East New York (connected by the B13 and Q8). Neighborhood A neighbourhood (Commonwealth English) or neighborhood (American English) is a geographically localized community within a larger city , town , suburb or rural area , sometimes consisting of a single street and the buildings lining it. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. Researchers have not agreed on an exact definition, but
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#17328455411083328-544: The predecessor to East New York). The area, along with the rest of Brooklyn and modern New York City, was ceded to the British Empire in 1664. The first development in the Spring Creek area took place in the 1890s, a 30-acre (12 ha) farm built by the Cozine family, the likely namesake of Cozine Avenue. This farm included a house and stable at the modern-day intersection of Elton Street and Vandalia Avenue. Plunders Neck, then
3392-613: The presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on neighbourhood life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another. In this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under the control of city or state officials. In some preindustrial urban traditions, basic municipal functions such as protection, social regulation of births and marriages, cleaning and upkeep are handled informally by neighbourhoods and not by urban governments; this pattern
3456-571: The prior decade, including discussion of income transfers and poverty. Neighbourhoods, as a core aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities and coordinated approaches to low-income populations. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, these organisations often are non-profit, sometimes grassroots or even core funded community development centres or branches. Community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. In
3520-497: The roofing. The first phase of the project, featuring 197 rental units, was completed in 2012. The second phase broke ground on May 2, 2013. Construction on the third phase started on January 15, 2015. and a housing lottery for the project was held upon its completion in July 2016. Spring Creek Gardens is a third low-income housing complex in the northeast corner of Spring Creek near the border with Lindenwood, Queens , one block south of Linden Boulevard . Located at 902 Drew Street, it
3584-470: The south end of Pennsylvania Avenue . This put an end to the proposed Jamaica Bay seaport. Later plans by Robert Moses in the 1950s called for Spring Creek Park to extend to Cross Bay Boulevard in Howard Beach, Queens and include a new beach and boat basin. The Milford Street Landfill began operations in the 1930s, occupying much of the area where the Gateway Center now sits. The Milford Street Landfill
3648-507: The south is the Shore Parkway portion of the Belt Parkway , the Gateway National Recreation Area , and Jamaica Bay . Including Starrett City (which is physically separated by Hendrix Creek), the neighborhood extends west to Louisiana Avenue and Fresh Creek at the boundary with Canarsie . Several areas north to Linden Boulevard , between Fountain Avenue to the west and 78th Street to the east, are also considered part of Spring Creek; this area
3712-576: The western section of the park was renamed the Vito P. Battista Playground in memory of Vito Piranesi Battista, a local educator and member of the New York State Assembly . Ridgewood Reservoir was made obsolete by expansion of the city's Catskill and Delaware water systems although it remained in service until 1959. The third basin was used as a backup reservoir with water from the Catskill system until it
3776-426: The words of the urban scholar Lewis Mumford , "Neighborhoods, in some annoying, inchoate fashion exist wherever human beings congregate, in permanent family dwellings; and many of the functions of the city tend to be distributed naturally—that is, without any theoretical preoccupation or political direction—into neighborhoods." Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for
3840-529: Was closed in 1950. This area later became known as the Vandalia Dunes due to its sandy landscape, and became a habitat for the Henslow's sparrow and other bird species. The South Shore Incinerator at Forbell Street and Wortman Avenue was dedicated on June 30, 1954, and the Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills were opened in 1956 and 1961 respectively, on land previously earmarked for Spring Creek Park. Ash from
3904-474: Was finally decommissioned and drained in 1989. The fenced-in basins returned to a natural state, becoming home to a birch forest and grassy marsh and hosting a wide variety of flora and fauna. New York Road Runners hosts a weekly 2.9-mile Open Run. In 2004, the reservoir was turned over to the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation for integration into Highland Park. In October 2007,
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#17328455411083968-478: Was formerly known as Plunders Neck . Linden Boulevard was previously considered the northern boundary of Spring Creek. To the south of the Belt Parkway are the Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue Landfills (PAL/FAL). The two landfills were 130-foot (40 m) high man-made peninsulas created from former marshland and open water. The 110-acre (45 ha) Pennsylvania Avenue Landfill opened in 1956 while
4032-657: Was sold to the Domain Companies and the Arker Companies in 2006. Several industrial and commercial structures are located in the northeastern portion of the area east of Fountain Avenue and south of Linden Boulevard, the former Plunders Neck area. At 803 Forbell Street in this part of the neighborhood, the South Shore Incinerator, also known as the Forbell Street Incinerator, was active from 1954 to
4096-482: Was the role of rural to urban migration. This was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhood sociology is a subfield of urban sociology which studies local communities Neighbourhoods are also used in research studies from postal codes and health disparities , to correlations with school drop out rates or use of drugs. Some attention has also been devoted to viewing
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