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59-526: Two universities were affiliated as observers in FDS, Universidad de El Salvador and Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" . After only 17 days of existence FDS merged with Coordinadora Revolucionaria de Masas to form Frente Democrático Revolucionario . This El Salvador –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Universidad de El Salvador The University of El Salvador or Universidad de El Salvador ( UES )

118-650: A couple years of internal turmoil, in which the Revolutionary Socialist Current won the majority of the internal elections in the organization, Guardado became more frustrated, publicly attacked the FMLN leaders he didn't agree with, and took actions contrary to decisions the party had made. He was expelled from the party and some of his supporters left the FMLN. Guardado tried to form the Renovadores as its own political party, but they received negligible support in

177-445: A period of recovery of the university began. Under the administration of María Isabel Rodríguez , who served from 1999 to 2007, the university reached out to the government, and campus's infrastructure was improved. Since 2013, the university faces a critical situation due to a budget deficit of $ 6.5 million until 2015. On July 6, 2005, there was a student movement against the government of President Elias Antonio Saca Gonzalez for

236-585: A plurality of the National Assembly seats. Funes is now wanted by the Salvadoran authority for corrupt actions, such as illegally laundering more than $ 700,000 in his personal bank account and was found guilty of illegal enrichment by the Supreme Court. Funes and his son fled to Nicaragua , where they were granted political asylum by Daniel Ortega and became citizens. Tensions began to build between

295-586: A potent front of social democratic governments of Europe and Latin America that opposed U.S. policy in Central America, the FMLN gradually abandoned Marxism-Leninism and embraced democratic socialism between 1988 and 1991 while maintaining its close ties to the Catholic Church. Catholic allies of the FMLN would call the moderation of the party "its own aggiornamento, its own Vatican II." The FMLN's headquarters

354-470: A prominent role within the FLMN, as apart from being considered "authentic representatives" of Salvadoran people that legitimatized and popularized FMLN in the eyes of Salvadoran peasantry, Catholic priests would also join the party directly and become guerrillas, with at least one priest becoming a commander. Because of this, FMLN was described as "the merging of the popular church and the political opposition". This

413-585: A student population of more than 50,000. The University of El Salvador was founded on February 16, 1841 by the President Juan Lindo , as an initiative of the Gral. Francisco Malespin and the priest Crisanto Salazar, with the objective of providing a centre for further education for the Salvadoran youth. Throughout much of its existence, the university has had a precarious existence, in the earlier years characterised by lack of governmental support and funding. In

472-467: Is the oldest and the most prominent university institution in El Salvador . It serves as the national university of the country. The main campus, Ciudad Universitaria, is located in the capital of San Salvador , but there are also branches of the university in other Salvadoran cities such as Santa Ana , San Miguel and San Vicente . The university counts a total of 9 faculties in its main campus and has

531-451: The 18 January 2009 legislative elections , FMLN won 42.6% of the vote and 35 seats. FMLN is the largest party in the Salvadoran legislature, though it did not have a governing majority. On 15 March 2009, the FMLN's candidate Mauricio Funes won the presidential elections. He was inaugurated in June 2009 as the first president coming from the FMLN party. The FMLN also organized support groups during

590-493: The 2024 general election , FMLN lost all seats in both the legislative and municipal branches, becoming an extra-parliamentary party for the first time since participating in elections in 1994. The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front was heavily inspired by Cuban Revolution and was based on Marxism-Leninism as well as liberation theology . The communist foundations of the party were however not aligned with Soviet communism, but with "Western Marxism" that developed from

649-532: The Chapultepec Peace Accords were signed in 1992, all armed FMLN units were demobilized and their organization became a legal left-wing political party in El Salvador. On 15 March 2009, the FMLN won the presidential elections with former journalist Mauricio Funes as its candidate. Two months earlier in municipal and legislative elections, the FMLN won the majority of the mayoralties in the country and

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708-502: The FMLN of having planned these riots, due to the fact that the author of the shots and his accomplice were affiliated to this political party. FMLN, however, publicly rejected the accusation and one detached from the violent actions committed by the same militants involved in the murder of both riot police. Later the own president Antonio Saca retracted of having done this accusation. Meanwhile, UES split from these events and considers that

767-577: The Revolutionary Democratic Front led by Catholic Democrats who rebelled against the government following the murder of Enrique Álvarez Córdova . The FMLN built an extensive network of ties and connections to Salvadoran Catholic Democrats through churches and other religious organizations, with rural church-run communities known as Christian Base Communities (CEBs) becoming the main source of party's support, shelter and recruitment. Through liberation theology, Salvadoran clergy would radicalize

826-455: The 1950s, the University of El Salvador faced opposition from the authoritarian government of the country and many of the students and university professors were victims of the military repression. In the 1970s student uprisings took place. On July 19, 1972, the government of Colonel Arturo Armando Molina intervened at the university to suppress the student uprising with military action. During

885-405: The 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords , the FMLN became a legal political party. The FMLN has now participated in elections since 1994. The FMLN and the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) are the two dominant political parties in El Salvador. Since 2000, the FMLN has gone back and forth with ARENA in controlling the largest number of Legislative Assembly seats. The FMLN has controlled

944-408: The 2003 election and then ceased to exist as a party. After the Renovadores vs Revolutionary Socialist Current factionalism, the FMLN's leadership decided to stop organized internal tendencies, and none have emerged since then. In 2004 and 2005, the FMLN experienced another split. Five FMLN Legislative Assembly members and a number of their supporters left the FMLN to form a new political party,

1003-412: The 2009 election in order to secure votes as well as gaining more volunteers to help in the upcoming elections. In March 2014, Vice President of El Salvador from 2009 to 2014, Salvador Sánchez Cerén , was elected as the new President of El Salvador. Cerén's presidential win assured the FMLN would have a party member in the presidential office for another five years. At the end of the civil war in 1992,

1062-510: The CRS were the historic FMLN leaders Schafik Hándal and Salvador Sanchez Ceren . The main leader of the Renovadores was Facundo Guardado. As a charismatic former FPL commander, Guardado had a base of supporters in the FMLN. He criticized the historic leadership as being too communist and called for a renovated ideology. The CRS criticized Guardado for advocating social democratic politics and for not being clearly against neoliberalism . After

1121-458: The Catholic nature of the movement, most FMLN members and guerilla fighters were Catholics who "understood revolution in the language of religion". The FMLN has a symbiotic relationship with the Catholic Church marked by mutual support, leading political scientists to compare the party to the similarly pro-Catholic Sandinista National Liberation Front of Nicaragua. FMLN worked closely together with

1180-566: The Democratic Revolutionary Front ( Spanish : Frente Democratico Revolucionario ). Some of the principal leaders of this split were Ileana Rogel and Francisco Jovel. The people who left to form the FDR chose this name because it has a legacy in the Salvadoran movement; an organization by the same name was formed under the leadership of the FMLN during the civil war to bring together parties and individuals doing legal political work during

1239-557: The ERP) then formed the Partido Democrata (Democratic Party), which was short-lived. Many members of the ERP and RN who had left in 1994 then returned to the FMLN. After the 1994 elections and the 1994 split, momentum grew to unify the FMLN into a single organization without separate internal parties. In 1995, the five parties that had formed the FMLN dissolved themselves. It is at that point that

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1298-582: The El Salvador Supreme Court ruled that Funes would face a civil trial for charges of illegally laundering more than $ 700,000 in personal bank accounts. On 28 November 2017, El Salvador's second civil court found Funes guilty of illegal enrichment. In 2014 election Salvador Sánchez Cerén of FMLN was narrowly elected as the new President of El Salvador. FMLN lost both 2019 presidential election and 2021 legislative election dominated by new Nuevas Ideas party of President Nayib Bukele . In

1357-452: The FMLN became a legal political party. At the end of the war, the FMLN still comprised the five political parties—FPL, CP, ERP, RN, PRTC—each of which retained its own organizational structure but with a leader. During the civil war, and continuing in the post-war period, people did not directly join the FMLN per se , but joined one of the five component groups. After the end of the war, it became clear that there were serious divisions within

1416-565: The FMLN ran Facundo Guardado as its candidate. This was a contentious decision, and many in the FMLN did not support Guardado, as they believed that his politics were moving to the right. Out of this internal conflict, two organized tendencies emerged in the FMLN—the Renovadores ("Renovators" or "Renewal Movement") and the Corriente Revolucionario y Socialista (CRS—Revolutionary Socialist Current). The two main leaders of

1475-555: The FMLN was composed of the following organizations at the time of the peace accords in 1992 (listed in the order of size): Youth organizations of FMLN at the time of armed struggle included: Student unions (High Schools): Student unions (Universities): After the formation of the FMLN, the group organized its first major military offensive on 10 January 1981. During this offensive, the FMLN established operational control over large sections of Morazán and Chalatenango departments, which remained largely under guerrilla control throughout

1534-414: The FMLN would moderate in the late 1980s and hold peace talks with the Salvadoran government, demanding power-sharing and transition to democratic rule. The leaders of FMLN and FDR established alliances and agreements with social-democrats figures from Latin America, Canada and Europe, which caused their political mutation as the prospect of a negotiated settlement became more and more possible. After building

1593-580: The FMLN, some of which had existed during the war but had been somewhat hidden from the general public. Particularly it became clear between 1992 and 1994 that the leaders of the ERP and the RN had a number of disagreements with the leaders of the other parties. Soon after the 1994 Legislative Assembly elections, the leaders of the ERP and the RN left the FMLN, and took many of their members with them. The leaders of this split (including FMLN commandante Joaquin Villalobos of

1652-402: The FMLN. Since the U.S. government was the major funder of the Salvadoran government and military, it exercised considerable influence over the course of events. When the U.S. began to advocate negotiations instead of a military solution, a negotiated peace accord between the FMLN and the Salvadoran government was reached in fairly short order in 1992, despite a few incidents that could have marred

1711-465: The FPL, CP, ERP, RN and PRTC ceased to exist, and what remained was a unified FMLN. Then people could join the FMLN directly instead of having to join one of its component parties. While this decision liquidated the parallel organizational structures inside the FMLN, there still remained strong loyalties along historic organizational lines, some of which can still be seen today. In the 1999 presidential election,

1770-470: The Marxist-Leninist ERP guerillas there, which would later become one of the co-founders of the FMLN. Justifying his decision, Poncel wrote: "The Bible confronts the established order. It must be seen from the point of view of the poor, and Christ was poor .... A Christian, a priest, must of necessity be a revolutionary. How can we conform what we preach with a system that oppresses and exploits?" Given

1829-653: The Sandinista government. The Sandinistas were a source of inspiration and support for the FMLN. FMLN was born through liberation theology priests who promoted the "conscientization" of the Salvadoran working class, who argued that their desperation and poverty was not "God's will or the result of their own failures" but rather the consequence of capitalism; the party would even earn the support of Archbishop Óscar Romero , who believed that oppressive conditions made some forms of violence acceptable, stating: "Christians are not afraid of combat; they know how to fight, but they prefer

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1888-406: The accord, such as the high-profile murder of the peace-seeking FPL commandante Antonio Cardenal, aka Jesus Rojas . The United Nations has estimated that the FMLN guerrillas were responsible for 5% of the murders of civilians during the civil war, while approximately 85% of all killings of civilians were committed by the Salvadoran armed forces and death squads. After the ceasefire established by

1947-502: The actions of the PNC violated their university autonomy. The main faculties of the university follows: 13°43′06″N 89°12′11″W  /  13.7183°N 89.2031°W  / 13.7183; -89.2031 FMLN The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( Spanish : Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional , abbreviated FMLN ) is a Salvadoran political party and former guerrilla rebel group . The FMLN

2006-621: The approval of an increase to the rate of passage city bus, which culminated in the outside the central campus of the UES, where there was a shootout between some protesters and police. In the gun battle, died two members of the National Civil Police (PNC, in Spanish) and several riot police were injured. This case were tried and convicted the protesters José Mario Belloso Castillo and Luis Antonio Herrador Funes, respectively, as author and accomplice of

2065-622: The capital, San Salvador . In San Salvador, the FMLN quickly took control of many of the poor neighborhoods until denied support of violence and tried to avoid being at risk and involved in the conflict as the military bombed their positions—including residential neighborhoods to drive the FMLN out. One of the most famous battles in San Salvador took place in the Sheraton Hotel, where guerrillas and army soldiers battled floor by floor. The FMLN's November 1989 offensive did not succeed in overthrowing

2124-404: The civil war. As opposed to previous splits from the FMLN which openly proclaimed that they were ideologically 'center' or 'center-left' or were no longer self-declared "revolutionaries", the people who split to form the FDR claimed to still be part of the leftist legacy of the FMLN. In the 2006 elections, no FDR candidates won office, except for the incumbent mayor of Nejapa , Rene Canjura. Canjura

2183-484: The election of San Salvador's mayor. Schafik's death also boosted several FMLN political candidates running for positions in El Salvador's Legislative Assembly. The FMLN mayor of Santa Tecla was Oscar Ortiz , who served in that position since 2000. In the legislative elections , held on 16 March 2003, the FMLN won 34% of the popular vote and 31 out of 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador , becoming

2242-570: The farmers and the elite class in the time leading up to the Salvadoran Civil War including political assassinations by the Salvadoran government on outspoken critics starting in the early 1970s. In 1979, farmers went on strike for higher wages and better working conditions on Hacienda California, a large farm in Tierra Blanca. Due to this strike, National Guard troops responded to the growing violence in Tierra Blanca using military force. As

2301-452: The government. Many analysts pointed to the FMLN's show of strength in the 1989 offensive as the turning point in the war, where it became clear that the government would not be able to defeat the FMLN militarily. Soon after the November 1989 offensive, the U.S. government started to support negotiations to end the civil war, whereas up to that point they had pursued a policy of military defeat of

2360-569: The group's efforts and equipped forces. On 10 October 1980, the four organizations formed the Frente Farabundo Martí de Liberación Nacional (FMLN), taking the name of Farabundo Martí , the peasant leader during the 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre . In December 1980, the Salvadoran branch of the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos broke away from its central organization and affiliated itself to FMLN. Thus

2419-563: The groups during the 1970s. On 22 May 1980, the success of negotiations led to the union of the major guerrilla forces under one flag. The Unified Revolutionary Directorate ( Dirección Revolucionaria Unificada  [ es ] ) was created by the FPL, RN, ERP and PCS. DRU consisted of three Political Commission members from each of these four organizations. The DRU manifesto declared, "There will be only one leadership, only one military plan and only one command, only one political line." Despite continued infighting, DRU succeeded in coordinating

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2478-649: The groups in Havana in December 1979. However, neither the Cuban nor Soviet government were significantly responsible for forming FMLN, although it received some of its arms and supplies from the Soviet Union and Cuba. While all five groups called themselves revolutionaries and socialists , they had serious ideological and practical differences, and there had been serious conflicts, even including in some cases bloodshed, between some of

2537-419: The homicide of both police officers. During these events, PNC snipers were injuring a university employee and fired at the buildings of the UES. As a result of these events, the UES was closed for the next six days while the PNC raided their premises for evidence against those responsible for the death of the two riot police. By an attack armed police officers, the government of Antonio Saca directly blamed

2596-425: The ideology of Ernest Mandel , Trường Chinh and most importantly Ché Guevara ; Marxist-Leninist thought was infused with the concepts of revolutionary nationalism and national liberation, and lack of national autonomy was considered an expression of landowning elite's interests. Liberation theology, which in case of FMLN represents a strand of Catholic socialism , was developed by radicalized priests connecting to

2655-488: The language of peace. However, when a dictatorship seriously violates human rights and attacks the common good of the nation, when it becomes unbearable and closes all channels of dialogue, when this happens, the Church speaks of the legitimate right of insurrectional violence." The clergy was further radicalized after Romero was murdered by a right-wing death squad, with priests such as Rogelio Poncel fleeing to mountains and joining

2714-440: The local peasantry into joining and aiding the FMLN; in 1977, one Jesuit remarked: "Slowly the peasants began to abandon their fatalism, slowly they began to understand that their hunger, their disease, their infant mortality, their unemployment, their unpaid wages, were not the will of God but the result of the greed of a few Salvadorans and of their own passivism." Being initially a mix of Marxism-Leninism and liberation theology,

2773-439: The mayor's offices in many of the large cities of El Salvador since 1997, including the capital, San Salvador, and the neighboring city Santa Tecla. The FMLN mayor of San Salvador, was Violeta Menjívar , the first female mayor of San Salvador, who was elected in a narrow victory in 2006. The death of the FMLN's long standing leader, Jorge Schafik, boosted Violeta Menjivar's political campaign which ultimately led her to narrow win in

2832-464: The most depressed areas of El Salvador, founding Christian-based communities and worker associations and supporting rural communities through charity work and literacy campaigns. Middle-class youth of Catholic universities became exposed to the misery of the Salvadoran working class, and the teaching of liberation theology provided them with justification of violence and armed struggle in name of improving working and living conditions. Catholic clergy had

2891-484: The period of occupation, that extended until the end of 1973, the university campus was occupied by troops. When the university reopened, a campaign against the university community began, accusing it to be a center of Marxist indoctrination. In the following years, hundreds of students, university professors, and university authorities faced government repression, and in October 1980, the university's chancellor, Felix Ulloa,

2950-505: The political party with the most assembly members. The FMLN's candidate in the 21 March 2004 presidential election , Schafik Hándal , won 35.6% of the vote, but was defeated by Antonio Saca of ARENA. In the 2006 legislative election , held on 12 March 2006, the FMLN won 39.7% of the popular vote and 32 out of 84 legislative assembly seats. The FMLN also retained the mayor's seats in the largest cities of El Salvador, San Salvador and Santa Tecla , and hundreds of other municipalities. This

3009-417: The possibility of allowing an increase in fare of public transport. The youth protest ended in a pitched battle between riot police and protesters outside the main entrance of the UES that left several people injured and property damage. Almost exactly a year later, on July 5, 2006, a new student march was carried out against the government of Antonio Saca, but this time as a sign of dissatisfaction when knowing

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3068-407: The rest of the civil war. Insurgents ranged from children to the elderly, both male and female, and most were trained in FMLN camps in the mountains and forests of El Salvador to learn military techniques. Another large FMLN offensive was in November 1989. In that offensive, the FMLN caught the Salvadoran government and military off guard by taking control of large sections of the country and entering

3127-518: The violence spread into the residential areas of El Salvador, animosity heightened between the campesinos and the elite class. The previously politically withdrawn campesinos began to join the FMLN and other left-wing guerrilla groups. On 17 December 1979, in a period of national crisis, the three dominant organizations (FPL, RN and PCS) of the Salvadoran left formed the Coordinadora Político-Militar (CPM). The CPM's first manifesto

3186-446: Was a popular FMLN mayor of the municipality of Nejapa for three consecutive periods, and therefore under FMLN statutes, would not have been eligible to run for a fourth consecutive period. So he left the FMLN and successfully ran in 2006 as the FDR candidate. No other FDR candidates won any electoral victories in 2006. On Sunday, 15 March 2009, an FMLN candidate, Mauricio Funes , was elected President of El Salvador. On 10 February 2016,

3245-455: Was assassinated. On June 26, 1980, the university was once again occupied by the Armed Forces, having begun a period of four years in exile. The earthquake of 10 October 1986, seriously damaged the infrastructure of the University in San Salvador. Until the end of Civil War of El Salvador (1980–1992), the UES underwent a period of decay. In 1991, with the election of Dr. Fabio Castillo,

3304-637: Was augmented with Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) overthrowing the Nicaraguan government in the 1979 Nicaraguan Revolution . In response to the growing radicalization and opposition to Somoza amongst the Church, FSLN incorporated a Catholic message into its program; this was augmented by left-wing Catholic organizations such as the Movimiento Cristiano Revolucionario joining the FSLN, whose members would assume high responsibilities within

3363-752: Was formed as an umbrella group on 10 October 1980, from five leftist guerrilla organizations; the Farabundo Martí Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), the National Resistance (RN), the Partido Comunista Salvadoreño (PCS) and the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos (PRTC). The FMLN was one of the main participants in the Salvadoran Civil War . After

3422-477: Was possible because one of the largest progressive coalitions in El Salvador called The Popular Social Bloc formed a pact with FMLN to help the political party win more seats in the Legislative Assembly. However, most other coalitions and groups dedicated to social change have kept away from the political party. Two months before the elections of 2009, however, the FMLN lost the mayoralty of San Salvador. At

3481-729: Was released on 10 January 1980, and the day after, the Coordinadora Revolucionaria de Masas was formed as a union of revolutionary mass organizations. CRM later merged with the Frente Democrático Salvadoreño to form the Frente Democrático Revolucionario . It is alleged by the United States that some credit for the unity of the five organizations that formed the FMLN may belong to Cuba's Fidel Castro , who facilitated negotiation between

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