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61-407: The central attraction is a barrel vault canopy , 90 ft (27 m) high at the peak and four blocks, or approximately 1,375 ft (419 m), in length. While Las Vegas is known for never turning the outside casino lights off, each show begins by turning off the lights on all of the buildings, including the casinos, under the canopy. Before each show, one bidirectional street that crosses

122-404: A finite element algorithm to calculate gravity induced stresses from the self weight of an arched system. In fact, for structural engineers, analysis of the barrel vault has become a benchmark test of a structural engineering computer model "because of the complex membrane and inextensional bending states of stress" involved. In terms of comparison to other vaulting techniques, the barrel vault

183-463: A span of only two metres. In these early instances, the barrel vault was chiefly used for underground structures such as drains and sewers , though several buildings of the great Late Egyptian mortuary palace - temple of Ramesseum were also vaulted in this way. Recent archaeological evidence discovered at the Morgantina site (in the province of Enna ) shows that the aboveground barrel vault

244-410: A $ 17 million upgrade was unveiled that would feature a 12.5-million LED display and more color combinations than the original display, which was composed of incandescent lighting . The initial $ 70 million investment and the continued improvements have resulted in successful and ongoing downtown redevelopment. The City of Las Vegas and the downtown casinos have benefited as more than 60% of visitors to

305-588: A $ 25,000 donation to the National Jewish Medical and Research Center, a Denver-based hospital which was giving Ralenkotter an award that year. The documents also show that Ralenkotter used tax dollars to pay for limousine services and a tuxedo. According to NPRI, the LVCVA is funded by the room tax ($ 220 million in revenue), taking in more money than the Clark County School District, and is also

366-465: A 12.5-million LED display and more color combinations than the original display. The old control system was replaced by a central control room using 10 computers. The 2019 upgrade features over 49.2 million LEDs with on-demand diagnostics through Watchfire Sign's proprietary digital signage software, which runs in sync with the Viva Vision canopy control software. Several casino/hotels are located on

427-467: A given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault : effectively a series of arches placed side by side (i.e., one after another). It is a form of barrel roof . As with all arch -based constructions, there is an outward thrust generated against the walls underneath a barrel vault. There are several mechanisms for absorbing this thrust. One

488-522: A huge barrel vault spans the 27 m (89 ft)-wide nave. With a barrel vault design the vectors of pressure result in a downward force on the crown while the lower portions of the arches realise a lateral force pushing outwards. As an outcome this form of design is subject to failure unless the sides are anchored or buttressed to very heavy building elements or substantial earthwork sidings. For example, at Muchalls Castle in Scotland , adjacent walls to

549-482: A launch tower with over-sized dice, a martini glass, a pink flamingo, simulated video reels, a giant arm and two 37-foot-tall showgirls. One of the towers also bears a "Welcome to Fabulous Downtown Las Vegas" sign . Created when Fremont Street was closed permanently to vehicular traffic in September 1994. When the light and sound shows are not being presented, music is played throughout the mall. Nightly free entertainment

610-591: A leading destination for meetings and conventions, including the approximately 150,000 rooms and more than 11,500,000 square feet (1,070,000 m ) of meeting space available and proximity to McCarran International Airport . The LVCVA submitted a master plan to the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee in 2015 that laid the groundwork for the expansion of the Las Vegas Convention Center. A special session of

671-541: A return to stone barrel vaults was seen for the first great cathedrals; their interiors were fairly dark, due to thick, heavy walls needed to support the vault. One of the largest and most famous churches enclosed from above by a vast barrel vault was the church of Cluny Abbey , built between the 11th and 12th centuries. In 13th and 14th centuries, with the advance of the new Gothic style, barrel vaulting became almost extinct in constructions of great Gothic cathedrals; groin vaults reinforced by stone ribs were mostly used in

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732-561: A state agency subject to state laws regarding employees, benefits, and travel expenses. According to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority, the problems uncovered by NPRI's reports were already documented by an internal auditor and the problems have been addressed by management. In 2018, an audit committee report disclosed, among other irregularities, board members had been using gift cards, which Southwest Airlines had been providing since 2012, for personal travel. Misuse of

793-508: A two-percent increase on room tax for most downtown hotels. The Las Vegas Redevelopment Agency also agreed to provide approximately $ 27.6 million to build a parking garage and pay for street improvements. The city wanted the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority to pay a remaining $ 6 million for the project. On September 7, 1994, a five-block section of Fremont Street was closed to automobile traffic for good, and groundbreaking

854-556: A vault is a tunnel vault found under the Sumerian ziggurat at Nippur in Babylonia , ascribed to about 4000 BC, which was built from fired bricks amalgamated with clay mortar . The earliest tunnel vaults in Egypt are found at Requagnah and Denderah , from around 3500 BC in the predynastic era. These were built with sun-dried brick in three rings over passages descending to tombs with

915-507: Is a 12-story, slot machine-inspired zip line attraction. SlotZilla offers "flyers" two levels of lines, the lower "Zipline" (77 feet up) and upper "Zoomline" (114 feet up). The lower lines travel halfway down the Fremont Street Experience pedestrian mall. The upper lines go the entire length of the mall (1,750 feet). Guests on the upper "Zoomline" travel prone, or "superhero-style". SlotZilla cost $ 17 million to construct and features

976-582: Is also provided, on three stages throughout the mall. A parking plaza is located at the eastern end of Fremont Street, owned and operated by Fremont Street Experience. The parking structure has roughly 1,430 spaces. Neonopolis is a shopping complex which operates independently from Fremont Street Experience. It is located at the end of the FSE pedestrian mall, where Las Vegas Boulevard South meets Fremont Street. The initial display contained about 2.1 million lightbulbs controlled by 32 computers located in kiosks on

1037-458: Is inherently a weaker design compared to the more complex groin vault . The barrel vault structure must rest on long walls creating less stable lateral stress, whereas the groin vault design can direct stresses almost purely vertically on the apexes. There are numerous contemporary examples of barrel vault design in Victorian and modern architecture , including: Beyond the classical use of

1098-568: Is made up of eight elected officials appointed from each local municipality and six private-industry members appointed equally by the Nevada Resort Association and the Vegas Chamber. Funding is provided by a room tax on all hotels in the county and through building revenue from the Las Vegas Convention Center, and through issuing bonds . One of the primary tasks for the LVCVA is the promotion and branding of Las Vegas . Since 2007,

1159-422: Is the world's largest video screen. Originally, nearly 2.1 million incandescent lights were housed in the canopy. With the completion of a 2004 upgrade, more than 12 million LED lamps illuminate the overhead canopy. On December 31, 2019, a more advanced digital canopy was unveiled. Manufactured by Watchfire Signs, a Danville, Illinois-based company, the newest Viva Vision display is seven times brighter and four times

1220-413: Is to make the walls exceedingly thick and strong – this is a primitive and sometimes unacceptable method. A more elegant method is to build two or more vaults parallel to each other; the forces of their outward thrusts will thus negate each other. This method was most often used in construction of churches, where several vaulted naves ran parallel down the length of the building. However, the outer walls of

1281-491: The Cloaca Maxima with a system of underground sewers. Other early barrel vault designs occur in northern Europe , Turkey , Morocco , and other regions. In medieval Europe, the barrel vault was an important element of stone construction in monasteries , castles , tower houses and other structures. This form of design is observed in cellars , crypts , long hallways , cloisters and even great halls . Barrel vaulting

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1342-475: The Las Vegas brand is the second-most recognized brand in the U.S. following Google . The authority is also responsible for the advertising campaigns for Las Vegas and Southern Nevada. Working with the advertising company R&R Partners since 1982, they have developed advertising campaigns including: After the $ 1 sale of the " What happens here, stays here " trademark to R&R Partners on November 9, 2004,

1403-659: The Northern Club at 15 E. Fremont St, first traffic light, first elevator (the Apache Hotel in 1932), and the first high-rise (the Fremont Hotel in 1956). The Horseshoe was the first casino to install carpeting, while the Golden Nugget was the first structure designed from the ground up to be a casino. For many years, the western end of Fremont Street was the area most commonly portrayed whenever producers wanted to display

1464-771: The advertising campaigns for the Clark County, Nevada area. The LVCVA also owns the Las Vegas Convention Center Loop , the Las Vegas Monorail , and the Las Vegas News Bureau . The LVCVA previously operated the Cashman Center complex; however the City of Las Vegas took control at the end of 2017 and is evaluating possibilities for the facility's future. The fourteen-member board of directors of LVCVA

1525-439: The City of Las Vegas to create a show concept for the downtown area. Jerde's design included a floating sky parade which was to be suspended from the canopy. The concept was accepted by the Fremont Street Experience as well as the City of Las Vegas. Ultimately Jerde's sky parade concept was scrapped, but the architectural design for the canopy was carried through. The local architect of record , Mary Kozlowski Architect Inc., cited

1586-692: The Experience is blocked off for safety reasons. Concerts, usually free, are also held on three stages. The venue has become a major tourist attraction for downtown Las Vegas, and is also the location of the SlotZilla zip line attraction and the city's annual New Year's Eve party, complete with fireworks on the display screen. Fremont Street had Las Vegas' first hotel (the Hotel Nevada in 1906, present day Golden Gate ), first telephone (1907), first paved street (1925), first Nevada gaming license — issued to

1647-411: The Fremont Street Experience was chosen as the project. FSE, LLC is a cooperative venture, owned and operated by a group of downtown hotel/casino companies (comprising eight hotel/casinos) as a separate corporation, responsible for financing, developing, and managing the Fremont Street Experience. It was the second Las Vegas project of architect Jon Jerde , whose firm was paid approximately $ 900,000 by

1708-495: The Fremont Street Experience: Former casinos include: 36°10′15″N 115°08′39″W  /  36.17083°N 115.14417°W  / 36.17083; -115.14417 Barrel vault A barrel vault , also known as a tunnel vault , wagon vault or wagonhead vault , is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along

1769-436: The LVCVA paid $ 321,000 in attorney's fees because of an investigation into the legality of the controversial sale. The sale was later overturned by a federal judge who claimed that the sale was made without the knowledge of the board. According to internal LVCVA documents, the advertising campaign "What happens here, stays here" has had little impact as most people, about 70%, stated to R&R (the advertising firm who created

1830-897: The LVCVA was recognized with the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Popular Financial Reporting for the fiscal year 2016 Popular Annual Financial Report (PAFR) for the 10th consecutive year by the Government Finance Officers Association of the United States and Canada (GFOA). In 2007, the LVCVA won the Psychologically Healthy Workplace Award sponsored by the American Psychological Association . The Nevada Policy Research Institute uncovered fiscal mismanagement with

1891-522: The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority, a public agency in Las Vegas which is funded by visitor-paid room tax dollars. According to NPRI's investigation the LVCVA entered into a ten-year no-bid contract with R&R, a marketing firm, where R&R overcharged the LVCVA and despite the LVCVA uncovering the over-billing management refused to seek repayment. The LVCVA also allowed R&R to approve its own expenses, and failed to question or oversee most of

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1952-536: The Las Vegas area, sometimes by providing funds to subsidize events. These events include: The authority is also a sponsor of the National Hockey League and have the naming rights to Las Vegas Ballpark in a 20-year, $ 80 million naming rights agreement. The LVCVA has an in-house research team that conducts research projects and initiates programs that help track the tourism industry in Southern Nevada,

2013-627: The Nevada Legislature was called in October 2016 where an increase in the lodging tax was approved to secure $ 1.4 billion for the expansion and renovation of the Las Vegas Convention Center and $ 750 million for a future NFL stadium. Those plans resulted in the announcement for a planned acquisition of the Riviera in February 2015 for $ 182.5 million. The Riviera was imploded in 2016 with construction work on

2074-574: The Romanesque medieval builders had to resort to techniques of small windows, large buttresses, or other forms of interior wall cross-bracing to achieve the desired lighting outcomes. In many of the monasteries, a natural solution was cloisters which could have high barrel-vaulted construction with an open courtyard to allow ample lighting. Since 1996 structural engineers have applied Newtonian mechanics to calculate numeric stress loads for ancient stonework barrel vaults. These analyses have typically used

2135-466: The United States, and across the globe. The authority is governed by a 14-member board. The members are chosen according to a specific formula set out in the Nevada Revised Statutes : Eight must be elected officials: The above eight members then select six more from business: Terms on the board are the same as an elected official's, or two years for business members. As of June 2021,

2196-481: The ad and conducted the market research) that the slogan had no impact on their decision to visit Las Vegas. A recent study by Applied Analysis shows that the advertising efforts of the LVCVA return $ 26 for every $ 1 spent. In March 2009, the LVCVA launched VegasMeansBusiness.com, a resource for the business community to keep up-to-date on the latest news and events in Las Vegas and the meetings and conventions industry. The website also promotes Las Vegas' attributes as

2257-451: The ancient and Classical predecessors, they demonstrate the pervasiveness of the barrel vault as an architectural concept in contemporary times. In the field of bone surgery the technique of a "barrel vault" shaped incision is not only a well-defined state-of-the-art surgical procedure, but the name barrel vault is given to this technique by orthopedic surgeons . The Wohlfahrt study cited documents results of this surgical procedure on

2318-402: The barrel vault in macro-architectural design (e.g. as a major structural roofing element), there are a variety of derivative applications clearly based on the original concept and shape of the barrel vault. These applications arise in the fields of surgery , skylight design, children's toys and microstructure design (such as bus shelters). While none of these applications rival the majesty of

2379-425: The barrel vaulted chambers are up to 4.6 m (15 ft) thick, adding the buttressing strength needed to secure the curved design. The inherent difficulty of adequately lighting barrel vaulted structures has been widely acknowledged. The intrinsic engineering issue is the need to avoid fenestration punctures in stonework barrel vaults. Such openings could compromise the integrity of the entire arch system. Thus

2440-504: The beauty and practicality of the concept. Jerde, FSE and the City of Las Vegas embraced the show concept. Kozlowski's concept was to use a combination of four colored light bulbs per "light" which allowed a full spectrum of colors. The Young Electric Sign Company assisted in creating the test panels and in the final installation. After the Fremont Street Experience opened, the light bulbs were checked nightly to ensure that all were functioning properly. To accomplish this massive undertaking,

2501-712: The beginning, and later on various types of spectacular, ornate and complex medieval vaults were developed. However, with the coming of the Renaissance and the Baroque style, and revived interest in art and architecture of antiquity, barrel vaulting was re-introduced on a truly grandiose scale, and employed in the construction of many famous buildings and churches, such as Basilica di Sant'Andrea di Mantova by Leone Battista Alberti , San Giorgio Maggiore by Andrea Palladio , and perhaps most glorious of all, St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, where

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2562-493: The board is composed of: In 2020, the Las Vegas Convention Center was awarded the Global Biorisk Advisory Council (GBAC) STAR facility accreditation to control the risks associated with infectious agents, including the virus responsible for COVID-19. In 2020, Las Vegas was named the country’s No. 1 trade show destination for the 26th consecutive year according to Trade Show News Network. In 2017, Las Vegas

2623-560: The downtown area are lured by the overhead light show and stage shows and stay to enjoy the attractions of the nearby casinos. A $ 32 million renovation of the video screen began in May 2019 and was scheduled to conclude six months later. New LED lights would make the screen four times the resolution and seven times brighter than before. The upgrade was designed and constructed by the Illinois-based Watchfire Signs. Also in development

2684-606: The expansion officially beginning in September 2018. Substantial construction of the new West Hall was completed in December 2020 at a final cost of $ 1 billion. The expansion added 1.4 million square feet of space to the LVCC campus and includes a 600,000-square-foot exhibit hall. World of Concrete was the first show to make use of the West Hall in June 2021. The authority works to bring events to

2745-405: The expenses being billed to them. The contract with R&R is worth $ 87 million, including a $ 40 million advertising contract, which includes a commission for R&R, where the LVCVA cannot identify R&R's expenses. Public records show that Rossi Ralenkotter approved approximately $ 30,000 in spending that included multiple dinners with bottles of wine, veal, fillets, chocolate mousse dessert and

2806-494: The following as problems with Jerde's sky parade concept: A new concept for the show was necessary quickly as funds were already available and the overall schedule was set. The concept for the show as it now exists was conceived by architect Mary Kozlowski who had grown up in Las Vegas and knew and loved Fremont Street. It was a light show on the underside of the canopy — the world's largest and most spectacular. Peter Smith, executive vice-president of Atlandia Design, recognized

2867-536: The human tibia in 91 such operations. Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority ( LVCVA ) is a quasi government agency and the official destination marketing organization for Southern Nevada . It was founded by the Nevada Legislature in 1955. The LVCVA owns and operates the Las Vegas Convention Center (LVCC) and is responsible for

2928-400: The length of the canopy was divided into panels. Each panel was checked by separately turning on each of the four colored light bulbs. A maintenance worker on a lift would then replace any bulbs that were out. The most expensive bulb cost nearly $ 15 to replace. The canopy was expected to cost $ 63 million. Downtown casino owners pledged $ 18 million to help pay for the project, and they supported

2989-488: The lights of Las Vegas. The large number of neon signs earned the area the nickname "Glitter Gulch". By 1992, 80 percent of the Las Vegas casino market was on the Las Vegas Strip . Downtown Las Vegas hotels and casinos sought to build an attraction that would lure more visitors to their businesses. After Paramount Pictures head Stanley Jaffe refused to approve a proposal to build a life-sized Starship Enterprise ,

3050-441: The mall. The sound system, using speakers suspended over the mall, was rated at 350,000 watts . Displaying images that looked "real" took some innovation. New techniques were developed to make these curved, low-resolution images viewable from the ground. One adjustment was to move images slowly across the display to prevent blurring. The 2001 upgrade to the sound system raised the power to 555,000 watts. The 2004 upgrade features

3111-550: The outermost vault would still have to be quite strong or reinforced by buttressing . The third and most elegant mechanism to resist the lateral thrust was to create an intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles, thus forming a groin vault . Barrel vaults are known from the Ancient Iran ( Elam ), Indian Indus Valley civilization and Ancient Egypt , and were used extensively in Roman architecture . They were also used to replace

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3172-418: The resolution of the previous LED version. With over 49 million energy-efficient LEDs and a brightness of 5,000 Nits, the new canopy can operate shows during daylight hours. Within the canopy itself are 220 speakers powered by 550,000 watts of amplification. Light and sound shows are presented daily beginning at 6:00 p.m. through 2:00 a.m. on the Viva Vision video screen. SlotZilla at Fremont Street Experience

3233-570: The roof of the metal working furnace, the discovery was made by Vats in 1940 during excavation at Harappa . Ancient Romans most probably inherited their knowledge of barrel vaulting from Etruscans and the Near East. Persians and Romans were the first to use this building method extensively on large-scale projects and were probably the first to use scaffolding to aid them in construction of vaults spanning over widths greater than anything seen before. However, Roman builders gradually began to prefer

3294-424: The use of groin vault ; though more complex to erect, this type of vault did not require heavy, thick walls for support (see below), and thus allowed for more spacious buildings with greater openings and much more light inside, such as thermae . After the fall of the Roman empire , few buildings large enough to require much in the way of vaulting were built for several centuries. In the early Romanesque period,

3355-481: Was a smartphone app that would allow visitors to choose the next song to be played on Fremont Street, and would also allow them to watch the canopy show on their phone. In November 2019, plans were announced for a new LED sign, 27 feet by 14 feet, that would show images of Fremont Street throughout its history. The sign, part of the $ 32 million renovation, would be built on the east side of Main Street and Fremont Street, and

3416-512: Was expected to be operational the following month. Work on the canopy video display was concluded as of December 2019, with the official unveiling scheduled for New Year's Eve. The LED display "canopy" that encompasses the Viva Vision show runs along the Fremont Street Experience promenade from Main Street to Fourth Street. Holding the canopy aloft are 16 columns, each weighing 26,000 pounds and can hold up 400,000 pounds, and 43,000 struts. The canopy, comprising 130,000 square feet of display space

3477-525: Was held on December 31, 1995. In 1996, a horse-and-rider neon sign from the Hacienda hotel-casino was placed at the FSE's east entrance, at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Fremont Street. It was added by the Neon Museum . Permanent stages were added in the early 2000s, eliminating the need to bring in temporary stages for every event. The sound system was upgraded in June 2001. On June 14, 2004,

3538-526: Was held on September 16. After that, the digging up of the street and the installation of the support poles continued into December. On February 15, 1995, the space frames were brought in and the roof began to take shape. The last piece was installed in July 1995. The official public preview was held in conjunction with the Nevada Symphony . The light show was opened on December 14, 1995. The first New Year's party

3599-526: Was known and used in Hellenistic Sicily in 3rd century BC, indicating that the technique was also known to ancient Greeks . The vaulted roof of an early Harappan burial chamber has been noted from Rakhigarhi . S.R Rao reports vaulted roof of a small chamber in a house from Lothal . Barrel vaults were also used in the Late Harappan Cemetery H culture dated 1900 BC-1300 BC which formed

3660-530: Was known and utilized by early civilizations, including ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia . However, it apparently was not a very popular or common method of construction within these civilizations. The Persians and the Romans were the first to make significant architectural use of them. The technique probably evolved out of necessity to roof buildings with masonry elements such as bricks or stone blocks in areas where timber and wood were scarce. The earliest known example of

3721-607: Was named the World’s Leading Meetings & Conference Destination for the fifth consecutive year according to the World Travel Awards. In 2017 the LVCVA was awarded Certificate of Achievement for Excellence in Financial Reporting for its Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) for the 33rd consecutive year by the Government Finance Officers Association of the United States and Canada (GFOA). In 2017,

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