66-560: Fremantle Herald and similar names have been used for three different newspapers serving Fremantle, Western Australia : The Herald (1867–1886), Fremantle Herald (1913–1919) and a current publication, founded in 1989. James Pearce founded the original Herald in February 1867, publishing weekly. It was pitched at a more working-class audience than its counterparts in Perth at the time, and featured verse , short stories and serials . Pearce
132-566: A Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa). The regular sea breeze is known as the Fremantle Doctor , as it provides cooling relief from the summer heat when it arrives between noon and 3pm. Fremantle is generally a few degrees cooler than Perth in summer. The Fremantle state seat was continuously held by the Australian Labor Party from 1924 until 2009, when it was lost at a by-election to Greens candidate Adele Carles . The seat
198-524: A brawl between American and New Zealand servicemen at the National Hotel resulted in many injuries and the death from stab wounds of two Māori soldiers. After Australia won the 1983 America's Cup yacht race, Fremantle hosted Australia's defence of the trophy in 1987. The series was held in Gage Roads and significantly boosted the local economy and tourism. A new Fremantle marina, Challenger Harbour ,
264-421: A community theatre company, Harbour Theatre Inc., which has been performing in the city since 1963. There is also the J Shed situated on Bathers' Beach. J Shed houses four artists studios. Old Customs House , a heritage building just across from the working Fremantle Ports, is home to a not-for-profit artists agency, Artsource, and provides 23 artist studios, and houses several other arts organisations. Known as
330-499: A massive population increase and ultimately, brought great wealth to the state. Capital works, including roads and railways and in 1896, construction of the ambitious Goldfields Water Supply Scheme , came about on the back of the gold rushes. The population in Western Australia in 1891 was 49,782. By 1895 it had doubled to 100,515, and by 1901 was 184,124. The far-reaching nature of the mining excitement drew men from all over
396-524: A music hub, Fremantle has given rise to many notable musicians, including AC/DC frontman Bon Scott , who grew up in the city and whose gravesite at Fremantle Cemetery has become a cultural landmark. A statue of Scott was erected in 2009 at the Fishing Boat Harbour. Dom Mariani also grew up in Fremantle, as did James Baker , and in the mid-1970s, fellow punk rock pioneer Kim Salmon resided at
462-423: A nugget by an Aboriginal known as 'Governor'. Tom Cue travelled to Nannine to register their claim. The townsite was gazetted in 1893 and named after Tom Cue. The town's first water supply was a well in the centre of the main street; after an outbreak of typhoid fever, the well was capped with a rotunda built over the top. The water supply was replaced by another well dug near Lake Nallan and carted 20 km south to
528-699: A number of locations in Western Australia caused large influxes of prospectors from overseas and interstate, and classic gold rushes . Significant finds included: A small rush at Nundamurrah Pool, on the Greenough River , near Mullewa , east of Geraldton occurred in August 1893. The Kalgoorlie event in particular, following the June 1893 discovery of alluvial gold at the base of Mount Charlotte by Irish prospectors Paddy Hannan , Tom Flanagan and Dan O'Shea, saw
594-574: A pharmacist with a shop in High Street, was admired by all sides of politics for his civic leadership and tireless work for the city, especially during the Second World War, when he is said to have visited every ship that called at the port. He was a leading figure in many civic organisations and his stepson, Roger Dunkley, was medical officer with the 2nd/2nd Independent Company during the Timor campaign in
660-444: A result, all supplies had to be carted, either from Perth or Esperance . Carted water was sold for up to 5 shillings per gallon. Prospector Charles Hall and others found alluvial gold in the eastern Kimberly region in 1885. The find created the first gold rush in Western Australia. In terms of gold yield, the rush was not particularly successful, but was the first significant find in the northern and western parts of Australia. It
726-417: A variety and unity of historic buildings and streetscapes. These were often built in locally quarried limestone with ornate façades in a succession of architectural styles. Rapid development following the harbour works gave rise to an Edwardian precinct as merchant and shipping companies built in the west end and on reclaimed land. The Round House , the oldest remaining intact building in Western Australia,
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#1732851035415792-473: A wide variety of dining experiences, with a strong emphasis on Italian and Asian cuisine as well as seafood. Various cafés and coffee shops are situated around Fremantle, particularly on the 'Cappuccino Strip', a section of South Terrace known for its al fresco dining culture. The Fishing Boat Harbour has become a tourist precinct, with a mixture of microbreweries , restaurants and some of Australia's largest fish and chip shops. A number of old buildings on
858-452: Is a port city in Western Australia located at the mouth of the Swan River in the metropolitan area of Perth , the state capital. Fremantle Harbour serves as the port of Perth. The Western Australian vernacular diminutive for Fremantle is Freo . Prior to British settlement, the indigenous Noongar people inhabited the area for millennia, and knew it by the name of Walyalup ("place of
924-503: Is health care and social assistance – 17.5% of the city's workers are employed in this area, reflecting the important influence of Fremantle Hospital. The transport, postal and warehousing sector employs 12.6% of the workers, followed by retail, employing 10.2%. The Local Gross Product of Fremantle was $ 3,677 million in 2011. Fremantle was served by a Community Newspaper Group paper, The Fremantle - Cockburn Gazette , until 2021 ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Newspaper_Group ) and
990-520: Is located in what is now known as Fremantle's West End: a collection of streets characterised by late Victorian and Edwardian architecture . A process of gentrification in the early 1990s was accelerated by the establishment of the University of Notre Dame Australia that occupies, and has restored, many of the buildings in the West End. When the first 75 convicts arrived from Britain in 1850 to support
1056-717: Is now a World Heritage Site . Fremantle was charted as a municipality in 1883, and the following decade its harbour was deepened for commercial shipping, transforming the port into a bustling trade centre and gateway at the height of the Western Australian gold rushes . Declared a city in 1929, Fremantle played a key role in World War II as the largest submarine base in the Southern Hemisphere. Post-war immigration from Europe, particularly Italy , helped shape Fremantle's character, and it rapidly gentrified after hosting
1122-483: The 1987 America's Cup sailing competition. Today, Fremantle is recognised for its well-preserved Victorian and Edwardian streetscapes and convict-era architecture, and is known as a bohemian enclave with a thriving arts and culinary scene. It is also the traditional home of the Fremantle Football Club , one of two Australian Football League teams based in Western Australia. The original inhabitants of
1188-636: The Fremantle Arts Centre , constructed in the 1860s from locally quarried limestone. It is a former lunatic asylum building on Ord Street, and is one of Fremantle's most significant landmarks. Today, the imposing Victorian Gothic building and its historic courtyards are used for art exhibitions and music concerts. The Fremantle Markets opened in 1897, forming a precinct providing handicrafts, specialty foods, dining halls and fish and vegetable markets. The area also hosts buskers and other street performers. The then premier , Sir John Forrest , laid
1254-696: The Fremantle Declaration , a restatement and affirmation of legal and human rights principles in Australia. In 2011, Prime Minister Julia Gillard launched the Commonwealth Youth Forum in Fremantle as part of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 , held in Perth 28–30 October. Fremantle is renowned for its well-preserved architectural heritage, including convict-built structures and hundreds of gold rush-era buildings, presenting
1320-470: The Fremantle Technical School , Fremantle Synagogue and Scots Presbyterian Church . Some key historical buildings have been lost to development, while others are only extant thanks to community activism that went against the wishes of developers. For example, the art deco Oriana Cinema on the corner of Queen and High streets was demolished in 1972, after only 34 years of operation. This
1386-531: The Round House prison stands) to Point Marquis was called Manjaree , an important meeting place where bush paths converged and a major trading place for Whadjuk and neighbouring Noongars. Today, Whadjuk and other Noongars continue to gather and meet in Walyalup and at Manjaree . The first Europeans to visit the site of modern-day Fremantle were Dutch explorers captained by Willem de Vlamingh , in 1697. They mapped
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#17328510354151452-642: The Tarantella Night Club , where he made his first public performances. John Butler of the John Butler Trio started his music career busking in Fremantle in the 1990s. Alternative rock and folk groups Little Birdy , The Waifs and Eskimo Joe all have Fremantle connections, and belong to what has been dubbed the 'Freo Sound'. Other notable Fremantle musicians include bassist Martyn P. Casey , psychedelic rock groups Tame Impala and Pond , and indie pop band San Cisco . Songs about Fremantle include
1518-795: The West Coast Blues & Roots Festival , the Fremantle Winter Music Festival , and the St Jerome's Laneway Festival . The Fremantle Eisteddfod, running annually at the Fremantle Town Hall , supports young artists with prizes and concerts. Fremantle has served as the setting for several films. Windrider (1986) was shot in Fremantle and starred Nicole Kidman . In the 2004 film Thunderstruck , four devoted AC/DC fans travel across Australia from Sydney to Fremantle to bury their best friend next to Bon Scott's grave. Shooting for
1584-621: The woylie "). Visited by Dutch explorers in the 1600s, Fremantle was the first area settled by the Swan River colonists in 1829, and is named after Captain Charles Fremantle , an English naval officer who claimed the west coast of New Holland as British territory. The settlement struggled in its first decades, and in 1850, with the advent of penal transportation to the colony , Fremantle became Australia's primary destination for convicts . The convict-built Fremantle Prison operated long after transportation of convicts ended in 1868, and
1650-417: The 2006 film Last Train to Freo took place outside Fremantle railway station , while scenes in the 2010 musical film Bran Nue Dae were shot in Fremantle's West End. Other films shot and/or set in Fremantle include Wind (1992), Teesh and Trude (2003) and Two Fists, One Heart (2008). Western Australian gold rushes In the latter part of the nineteenth century, discoveries of gold at
1716-569: The Aboriginal people. The suburb of Fremantle is bounded by the Swan River to the north and north-west, the Indian Ocean to the west, South Street to the south, and the suburbs of East Fremantle and White Gum Valley to the east. The central part of the suburb extends eastwards to include Royal Fremantle Golf Club and a suburban area south of Marmion Street and west of Carrington Street. The City of Fremantle local government area also includes
1782-693: The Convict Establishment in the Catalpa rescue of 1876. During this period, notorious South Sea pirate Bully Hayes lived in Fremantle with his fiancée Miss Scott, daughter of the Fremantle Harbour Master. In 1897, Irish-born engineer C. Y. O'Connor deepened Fremantle Harbour and removed the limestone bar and sand shoals across the entrance to the Swan River, thus rendering Fremantle a serviceable port for commercial shipping. This occurred at
1848-544: The Fleet ceremony. Fremantle—along with the inner suburbs Northbridge , Leederville and Subiaco —is one of Perth's major nightlife hubs. It attracts people from all over the metropolitan region for its pubs, bars and nightclubs. There are several major annual festivals in Fremantle. First held in 1906, the Fremantle Festival is Australia's longest running community festival. International street performers converge for
1914-660: The Fremantle Street Arts Festival, held over the Easter holiday period. The Fremantle Heritage Festival celebrates local history with a variety of events, tours, concerts and workshops. Fremantle is also home to several galleries and museums. The Western Australian Museum has two branches in Fremantle: the Shipwreck Galleries , housed in convict-constructed commissariat buildings and known for its artefacts from
1980-521: The Second World War, and is often described as one of the nation's greatest political leaders. The state's largest university and a major secondary school in Fremantle are named after him, and his statue stands in Kings Square near the Fremantle Town Hall. A long-serving mayor of the town, Sir Frank Gibson (1919–1923 and 1926–1952), was also a Liberal parliamentarian from 1942 to 1956. Gibson,
2046-557: The Second World War. Carmen Lawrence , the first female premier of an Australian state, later represented Fremantle in the federal House of Representatives . Fremantle has seen many industrial conflicts , the most famous of which occurred in 1919 when rioting broke out during the Battle of the Barricades , resulting in one death and many injuries. On 10 November 2006, Australian state and territory attorneys general met in Fremantle to sign
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2112-639: The area and went up the Swan River, and Vlamingh reported that it would be an ideal place for a settlement, although no attempts were made at the time. The area was considered as a site for possible British settlement in 1827, when Captain James Stirling , in HMS ; Success , explored the coastal areas near the Swan River. His favourable report was welcomed by the British Government, who had for some time been suspicious of French colonial intentions towards
2178-499: The chief general seaport for Western Australia, though far greater tonnages are exported from the iron-ore ports of the Pilbara . Fremantle lies on a series of limestone hills known by the Nyungar people as Booyeembara ; the sandplain to the east is Gardoo . The original vegetation of the area was mainly Xanthorrhoea and eucalyptus trees, which were traditionally fired annually by
2244-538: The colony in 1895 was 101,235, made up of 69,727 males and 31,508 females. The immigration in December was greater than that of any preceding month, and totalled 4,540. Most of these people came from the Eastern colonies, which were still greatly depressed. These previously unexplored eastern districts were hot and barren and had limited natural water supplies or pre-existing infrastructure to support sudden influxes of people. As
2310-454: The colony on 25 August after providing much assistance to Stirling in setting up the colony. It was then that Stirling decided to name the port settlement "Fremantle". In early September 1829, the merchant vessel Anglesea grounded at Gage Roads , at the mouth of the Swan River . She did not break up, as had been expected, but instead survived to become Western Australia's first prison hulk . Lotus , which arrived on 10 October 1829, became
2376-568: The colony's dwindling population, it became apparent that the Round House was inadequate to house them. The convicts built a new jail, Fremantle Prison , which was completed in the 1850s and continued to be used as Fremantle's prison until 1991. Fremantle Prison was once one of the most notorious prisons in the British Empire . It housed British convicts, local prisoners, military prisoners, enemy aliens and prisoners of war. In 2010, Fremantle Prison
2442-586: The construction of many pubs, hotels, banks, warehouses, import-export businesses and shipping companies throughout Fremantle, and in 1905, the Fremantle tram network opened. In 1919, a deadly clash between striking waterside workers and police took place at Fremantle Harbour. During the Second World War , Fremantle was the home of the largest base for Allied submarines in the Southern Hemisphere , and
2508-508: The digitisation of the entire extant collection of the Herald of 1867–1886. The digitisation was carried out by the National Library of Australia , and the scanned archives made available via their Trove search engine. In 1913 a new workers' weekly was established, with William Carpenter serving as editor. He lasted less than a year, and subsequently the newspaper became "less friendly" to
2574-522: The first US submarines to arrive in Fremantle, the USS Sargo (SS-188) , was bombed by an Australian Lockheed Hudson , which mistook it for a Japanese vessel. The movements and presence of USS Sturgeon (SS-187) is a good example of such activity. Fremantle was considered a "veritable Shangri-la " among submariners during the war, however tensions between transient American and non-American soldiers often led to alcohol-fuelled violence. On 11 April 1944,
2640-679: The foundation stone for the markets on Saturday 6 November 1897. Over 150 stalls are housed in the Victorian-era building, which was listed by the National Trust of Australia and the state's Heritage Council in 1980. The Fremantle Markets are adjacent to several other historic buildings, including the Sail and Anchor Hotel (which contains a microbrewery ), the Norfolk Hotel , the Warders Cottages,
2706-497: The harbour have been renovated, including Little Creatures Brewery , which occupies a former boat shed and crocodile farm , and contains a café and art gallery. The harbour's annual Fremantle Sardine Festival on Esplanade Park attracts thousands of seafood lovers every year. Other annual events held at the harbour include Araluen's Fremantle Chilli Festival , the Fremantle Boat Show, and the traditional Italian Blessing of
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2772-437: The height of the late 19th-century Western Australian gold rush , transforming Fremantle into a capital of trade and gateway for thousands of gold miners to the inland boom towns of Coolgardie , Kalgoorlie and Southern Cross . Camels and their Afghan drivers were familiar sights, and by-laws regulating the driving of camels through the streets of Fremantle were enacted. The wealth generated during this period resulted in
2838-642: The labour movement. This newspaper lasted until 1919, and in May 1921 it was incorporated (along with the Fremantle Times ) into the Fremantle Advertiser . In 1989, local resident Andrew Smith launched a new Fremantle Herald from a weatherboard house, employing an editor and small team of journalists, production and advertising staff based in East Fremantle , on the corner of King and George Streets. In 1992
2904-512: The land on which the city is built are the Whadjuk Noongar people, who called the area Walyalup ("place of the woylie "). To the local Noongar people, Fremantle is a place of ceremonies, significant cultural practices and trading. For millennia the Noongar people met there in spring and autumn to feast on fish and game. Anglesea Point and the limestone hill area at Arthur Head (where
2970-866: The operation was moved to the corner of Cliff and Croke Streets, Fremantle. It now also publishes three titles in other parts of the Perth metropolitan area : the Melville City Herald , the Cockburn City Herald , and the Perth Voice , all of which are letterbox-distributed weeklies. A two-year trial of a paid-for version of the Fremantle Herald failed to gain support from readers and was abandoned in 2005. Historical publications: Modern newspaper: Fremantle, Western Australia Fremantle ( / ˈ f r iː m æ n t əl / ) ( Nyungar : Walyalup )
3036-494: The population had no religion, 19.7% of the population was Catholic , 8.1% Anglican and 7.5% not stated. Fremantle's tertiary education institutions are: The city centre is also home to a major teaching hospital, Fremantle Hospital . Fremantle has a diverse economy, with over 2,000 registered businesses operating across a wide range of sectors. Many of the city's enterprises are small businesses, with 75% employing fewer than five people. Fremantle's biggest employment sector
3102-470: The population, and the largest overseas-born groups come from England (8.5%), Italy (2.3%), New Zealand (2.1%), Scotland (1.2%) and Ireland (1.0%). After English, the most common language spoken at home is Italian (3.2%), followed by French (1.1%), German (1.1%), Spanish (1.0%) and Portuguese (0.8%). As of the 2021 census, Fremantle had an unemployment rate of 5.8%. The city has an above-average proportion of rented dwellings (31.7%, vs 30.6% nationally). 54% of
3168-566: The second largest in the Pacific War after Pearl Harbor . In the lead-up to and during the war, the port's existing batteries were upgraded and new ones were constructed, forming a coastal defence system referred to as Fremantle Fortress . There were up to 125 US, 31 British and 11 Free Dutch submarines operating out of Fremantle , until the Americans moved forward to the Philippines . One of
3234-518: The second vessel to land immigrants at Fremantle. On 1 June 1850, the first convicts arrived at Fremantle aboard Scindian . The thirty-seventh and last convict ship to dock at Fremantle was Hougoumont on 10 January 1868, signalling the end of penal transportation to Australia. Among the 280 convicts on board were 62 Fenian military and political prisoners—members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood —six of whom managed to escape
3300-567: The suburbs of Beaconsfield , Hilton , North Fremantle , O'Connor , Samson , South Fremantle , and White Gum Valley . East Fremantle has its own town council and is not governed by the City of Fremantle. Fremantle is the end of the Fremantle railway line which runs from Perth to Fremantle, run by the Western Australia's Public Transport Authority . Major highways including Stirling Highway , Canning Highway and Leach Highway have Fremantle as their start point and/or terminus. Fremantle has
3366-585: The title track of Paul Kelly 's 1987 album Under the Sun , The Waifs' 2004 single " Bridal Train ", and much of Eskimo Joe's 2004 album A Song is a City . Fremantle is home to a number of independent labels, including Redline Records , co-run by Jebediah frontman and Fremantle-native Kevin Mitchell , and Jarrah Records , co-founded by the John Butler Trio and The Waifs. Music festivals held in Fremantle include
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#17328510354153432-416: The townsite. The town of Day Dawn , 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south, was established within a year; by 1900 a hospital and cemetery were established between the two towns and they had three newspapers operating. The rivalry between the towns fuelled a diverse sporting culture in the area. Cycling and horse-racing groups held regular events attracting competitors from as far away as Perth and Kalgoorlie. Gold
3498-458: The western portion of Australia. As a result of Stirling's report, Captain Charles Fremantle of HMS Challenger , a 603-ton, 28-gun frigate, was instructed to sail to the west coast of Australia to establish a settlement there. On 2 May 1829, Fremantle hoisted the Union Flag in a bay near what is now known as Arthur Head, and in accordance with his instructions, took formal possession "of
3564-616: The whole of the West Coast of New Holland " in the name of Britain's King George IV . Western Australia Day (formerly Foundation Day) is observed on the first Monday in June, although it was actually on 2 June 1829 that Captain James Stirling on Parmelia arrived with Surveyor-General Roe and the first contingent of immigrants to set up the Swan River Colony. The settlement of Perth began on 12 August 1829. Captain Fremantle left
3630-549: The world in 1895. People immigrated from Africa and America, Great Britain and Europe, China and India, New Zealand and the South Sea Islands, and from mining centres in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and South Australia. There was a total of 29,523 immigrants (24,173 males and 5,350 females) in 1895, while the emigration amounted to 11,129, leaving Western Australia the gainer by 18,394 persons. The population of
3696-402: The wrecked Dutch East India Company ship Batavia and other 17th-century Dutch ships; and the Maritime Museum on Victoria Quay , which contains exhibits related to maritime trade and the Indian Ocean. The Army Museum of Western Australia is housed in an historic Fremantle artillery barracks. The city has a large arts community, with a number of small art galleries and musical venues and
3762-451: Was almost destroyed by fire on the night of Sunday, 11 March 2007. Though the interior was gutted, the façade was saved and the building has since been fully restored with an additional rooftop bar. In the 2021 Australian census , the local government area of City of Fremantle had a population of 31,930 people. 64.9% of the population was born in Australia, compared with the national average of 67%. Indigenous Australians make up 1.7% of
3828-466: Was built alongside the existing Fishing Boat Harbour. The City of Fremantle introduced several urban renewal projects in 2012, encouraging mixed-use development by increasing the maximum building height on key sites in the CBD, including Kings Square and the inner East End. In January 2013, the City of Fremantle became the first council in Australia to outlaw the use of non-degradable plastic bags within their local area. Fremantle still serves as
3894-402: Was built as a jail between 1830 and 1831. The Round House had eight cells and a jailer's residence, which all opened up into a central courtyard. In the 1800s, bay whaling was carried out from Bathers Beach below the Round House. As part of the whaling operations, a tunnel was constructed under the Round House to provide whalers with access to the town from the jetty and beach. The Round House
3960-469: Was discovered by Arthur Bailey in 1892. The Bailey's Reward gold mine would become one of the richest mines in the state. Prospectors Paddy Hannan , Tom Flanagan and Dan Shea found 100 ounces of alluvial gold at Mount Charlotte in 1894. After Hannan registered the reward claim, 750 men were prospecting in the area within three days. A town quickly sprang up which was initially called Hannans and later Kalgoorlie . Whilst new prospectors were arriving in
4026-407: Was done to make way for the widening of High Street, but that project was stopped thanks to the campaigning of the Fremantle Society and other community members, and the buildings along the southern side of High Street were retained. The Fremantle Markets nearly suffered a similar fate in the late 1970s due to another road-widening proposal. The National Hotel, one of the city's historic buildings,
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#17328510354154092-400: Was joined by two co-proprietors, William Beresford and James Elphinstone Roe , both of whom, like Pearce, were ex-convicts . The Herald supported social reform and opposed the convict system. Beresford wrote a weekly column, "Chips by a Sandalwood Cutter", which used a fictional character to challenge the morality of the social elite. In 2013, the Fremantle Local History Collection funded
4158-460: Was nearly 40 years after the Victorian rushes . The "Yilgarn gold rush" refers to a rush which commenced in 1888 after the November 1887 discovery of gold in the Yilgarn Hills area , north of Southern Cross. Yilgarn is an Aboriginal word for white quartz, a common indicator of gold. Gold was discovered in 1892 though there is uncertainty as to who made the first find. Michael Fitzgerald and Edward Heffernan collected 260 ounces after being given
4224-421: Was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the " Australian Convict Sites ", making it the first built environment in Western Australia to be bestowed this honour. It continues to be accessible to the public for guided tours and as a venue for artistic and cultural activities. Other convict-built buildings in Fremantle include the 1850s Fremantle School building and Commissariat Buildings , and
4290-472: Was replaced by PerthNow - Fremantle . The independent local newspaper, the Fremantle Herald , also serves the region. Fremantle also has two radio stations: Radio Fremantle on 107.9FM and 91.3 SportFM . Online reporting and reviews of events and places within Fremantle are comprehensively covered by a group of local designers on their popular blog, known as 'Love Freo', and by a local photographer with his daily updated blog Freo's View. Fremantle offers
4356-528: Was returned to Labor ( Simone McGurk ) in the 2013 state election . The federal electorate has returned Labor members continuously since 1934, including former Prime Minister John Curtin , and is represented by Josh Wilson . The local government of the City of Fremantle consists of a mayor and council. Hannah Fitzhardinge has been the mayor since the 2021 local government elections. Fremantle has been represented by some significant Australian political figures. John Curtin served as Prime Minister during
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