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51-522: The creation of the Franc-Garde was announced on 30 January 1943 and it was deployed on 2 June of the same year in the Calabres camp near Vichy with Jean de Vaugelas serving as its commander. The group promised its volunteers were promised a salary of 3,600 francs. By 1944, the group had swelled to 131, mostly young fighting men. Once it saw action, the Franc-Garde became the most important connecting link to

102-523: A "Vippius") during the time of the Roman emperor Diocletian 's administrative reorganizations and land surveys at the end of the 3rd century AD. The name Vichy may be pronounced / ˈ v ɪ ʃ i / or / ˈ v iː ʃ i / in either American or British English ; its usual French pronunciation is [viʃi] . The pronunciation of the Occitan name Vichèi is [viˈʃe] . In French,

153-759: A year's membership in the Militia), aged 18 to 45 years old, living in barracks and paid based on the official salary of a sergeant of the Police National . The above names did not necessarily correspond to the true size of a unit. For example, the trentaine d'Annecy , which became a centaine , had only 72 men in May 1944. According to the Information Service of the French Committee of National Liberation in February 1944,

204-420: Is 1,800 m (19,000 sq ft) in area, including two plenary rooms and fifteen multi-use rooms. With 25,000 visitors yearly, the conferences must carry the economic role once held by the hydrotherapy industry, which today counts only 12,000 patients each year. The hydrotherapy business will now have to reorganise itself to take a less strict therapeutic-only role, and adapt to patients' stays shorter than

255-526: Is a city in the Allier department in central France . Located on the Allier river , it is a major spa and resort town and during World War II was the capital of Vichy France . As of 2021, Vichy has a population of 25,789. Known for its mineral springs since the Roman times, Vichy had become a major destination for the French nobility and the wealthy by the late 18th century. The town developed further under

306-449: Is an economic priority. This 9,000 m (2.2 acres) campus accommodates 600 students in the downtown area, in ten areas of study including the fields of biotechnology, international trade, multi-media and languages. The CAVILAM – Alliance Française (Centre of Live Approaches to Languages and the Media), receives students from diverse countries who want to learn French. Created in 1964, under

357-705: The SS . Some of its members were also documented serving in the 1945 battle of Berlin , taking part in the defense of the city's government district. The Milice also used the group to recruit volunteers who would serve in the Waffen SS , particularly those that would be deployed in the SS Charlemagne Division . This recruitment earned the Milice light arms that were used within France. The Franc-Garde ,was initially confined to

408-549: The Franc-Garde should be "technically trained and combat-ready in order to be at all times prepared to maintain order". The Franc-Garde had its own publication: L'assaut (The Assault). The Franc-Garde consisted of two parts: the permanent Franc-Garde , cantoned and paid, and the Franc-Garde volunteers, who were selected ordinary militiamen and could be mobilized for precise and timely action when summoned. The first two units were formed on an experimental basis in Lyon and Annecy,

459-613: The Opera House (l'Opéra), the Hall of Springs and a large bath designed in the eastern style were inaugurated. In 1900, the Parc des Sources was enclosed by a metal gallery which came from the World Fair of 1889. 700 metres (2,300 feet) long, it is decorated by a frise de chardons and was completed by the ironworker Emile Robert. Many private mansions with varied architectural styles were erected during

510-513: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " MAC 24 " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for

561-458: The 19th century, Vichy was a station à la mode , attended by many celebrities. However, it was the stays of Napoleon III between 1861 and 1866 that were to cause the most profound transformation of the city: dikes were built along the Allier, 13 hectares (32 acres) of landscaped gardens replaced the old marshes and, along the newly laid-out boulevards and streets, chalets and pavilions were built for

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612-517: The D907, Lapalisse and the N7 ). Vichy is served by the following train lines: MobiVie is the network of urban transport for six communes of Vichy Communauté intercommunality. This network is composed of eight lines as of 2022 . "Mobival" is an on-call transportation service for Vichy and its neighborhood. This service offers the local communes a reliable transportation service for areas that are not served by

663-596: The Franc-Garde numbered 1687: a cohorte in Vichy, a centaine in Lyon, Marseille and Toulouse, and a trentaine in each of forty-five departments of the south. In any case, even with the mobilization of volunteers in the spring and summer 1944, the Franc-Garde never exceeded 4,000 men. The Francs-Gardes , the only uniformed militia, adopted the 1941 dark blue Alpine dress uniform ("ski" trousers worn with gaiters and boots, jacket and belt, khaki shirt, black tie, beret tilted to

714-503: The House of Bourbon was incorporated into the French Kingdom. By the end of the 16th century, the mineral baths had obtained a reputation for having quasi-miraculous curing powers and attracted patients from the noble and wealthy classes. Government officials, such as Fouet and Chomel, began to classify the curing properties of the mineral baths. Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné

765-514: The Limagne Graben collapse basin. Vichy enjoys an oceanic climate ( Cfb ). Heavy snows in the Massif Central often make roads impassable, but Vichy is low enough—about 249 metres (817 feet) above sea level—that the climate is more continental than mountain. Rainfall is moderate around Vichy, averaging about 779.5 millimetres (30.7 in) annually. The first known settlement at Vichy

816-610: The Manurhin company and the Sediver company, has reduced employment in the Vichy basin. Job creation by developing companies such as the NSE electronics company or the Satel call center company may not completely compensate for the removal of jobs, despite the internet tour operator Karavel's establishment of a new call center in May 2005. Nevertheless, the two most important employers of the city belong to

867-1245: The MobiVie network. Created in October 2004, it has ten lines. Vichy is five kilometres (3.1 mi) from Vichy — Charmeil Airport , and 55 kilometres (34 mi) from the larger Clermont-Ferrand Auvergne Airport . MAC 24 Look for MAC 24 on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for MAC 24 in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

918-507: The Vichy brand. Unlike the neighbouring communes on the Allier such as industrial Montluçon and administrative seat Moulins , Vichy's economy is centred on the tertiary sector, with companies like the Compagnie de Vichy developing the health and well-being sector to mitigate the decline of medical hydrotherapy . The local market, open on Sundays, attracts shoppers from tens of kilometres around. The closing of two important local employers,

969-510: The area is the direct cause of the many thermal springs that exist in and around Vichy. The famous mineral springs in Vichy are rich in trace elements such as lithium and fluorine , and high in sodium bicarbonate . The temperatures of the spring range from 73 degrees C at Antoine Spring to 14 degrees C at Lafayette Spring. In total, about 289 springs have been charted in Vichy and its surroundings. These springs are derived from infiltration through Oligocene -period sedimentary rocks, part of

1020-700: The attack on the wooded country of Maquis des Glières resistance group. Finally, each dizaine was equipped with two Sten submachine guns, the French MAC 24/29 machine gun and MAS 36 rifles. As a result of refusal by the Germans, the Franc-Garde was never issued with heavy weapons, artillery or armored vehicles. In 1944 also, a Franc-Garde school was set up in Poitiers. Vichy Vichy ( / ˈ v ɪ ʃ i , ˈ v iː ʃ i / , French: [viʃi] ; Occitan : Vichèi [viˈtʃɛj] )

1071-439: The banks of the river Allier . The source of the Allier is in the nearby Massif Central plateau which lies only a few miles to the south, near the region's capital, Clermont-Ferrand . The historical existence of volcanic activity in the Massif Central is somewhat visually evident. Volcanic eruptions have happened for at least 150,000 years, but all volcanoes there have been dormant for at least 112 years. Volcanic activity in

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1122-628: The cities where there was the most dissent. In principle, any intervention by the Free Guard was to be preceded by a verbal or written requisition sent by the prefect to the officer commanding the required unit, but this was not always the case in practice. In October – November 1944, faced with the advance of allied troops, several thousand militiamen (out of a total of ten- to fifteen-thousand) left France for Germany and Italy. Of those, about 2,500 franc-gardes were declared fit to fight: The Franc-Garde consisted of volunteers (typically enrolled after

1173-463: The city its current look. The war in Algeria (1950s-60s), which led to decolonization, marked once again a halt in the prosperity of Vichy, which from then on had to deal with much less favorable conditions. The need to continue to pay the debts incurred by the considerable investments that had been made in more prosperous times obligated the new mayor, Jacques Lacarin  [ fr ] (1967–1989),

1224-480: The construction of a new aquatic stadium including five basins (open since 2008), and motorway connection (opened in early 2015). A wide variety of faiths are practiced. Various Christian denominations such as diverse Orthodox , Catholic , and Protestant churches are found throughout the area along with adherents of Judaism , Islam , Buddhism , and others. Vichy is accessible from departmental road 2209, former route nationale 209  [ fr ] (from

1275-480: The creation of a 12,000 m (130,000 sq ft) mother-child centre in the hospital complex, the restoration of the spa façade (removal of the metal boarding to uncover the original style of 1862), the transformation of the spa into a multi-use center, creation of parks with fountains in place of parking lots, the demolition and the transformation of the buildings in a congested area to create an enterprise center intended to create 800 jobs (opened in early 2008),

1326-534: The emperor and his court. Recreational pursuits were not spared: in view of the park, a large casino was built by the architect Badger in 1865. The Emperor would be the catalyst of the development of a small rail station, which increased the number of inhabitants and visitors tenfold in fifty years. After the Second French Empire , the Belle Époque marked the second large construction campaign in Vichy. In 1903,

1377-662: The first half of the 20th century. Vichy welcomed 40,000 curistes in 1900, and that figure had risen to nearly 100,000 just before the onset of the First World War . La vie thermale had its heyday in the 1930s. The success in treating ailments that was attributed to the Vichy Baths led la Compagnie Fermière to enlarge the Baths again by creating the Callou and Lardy Baths. The Art Nouveau -style Opéra, inaugurated in 1903, accommodated all

1428-475: The former free zone, its access Was formally extended to the former occupied zone as of January 27, 1944. Its stated role was to support the national revolution undertaken by the Vichy government, predominantly through policing, but also assisting, inter alia , in the clearing of bombed cities. In the words of Secretary General of the French Militia, Joseph Darnand in his keynote address January 30, 1943,

1479-463: The great increase in patients wishing to be healed at the springs led to an expansion of the hydrotherapeutic facilities. Princess Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte expanded the Janson buildings under the plan of Rose – Beauvais (work completed in 1830). From 1844 to 1853, theatrical and poetry recitals were performed for the wealthy in the comfort of their own homes by Isaac Strauss  [ fr ] . By

1530-499: The great names on the international scene. Vichy became the summertime music capital of France, but the war of 1914 would put a brutal end to that development. Following the armistice signed on 22 June 1940, the zone which was not occupied by the Germans took the name of the French State (État Français) (as opposed to the traditional name, République Française or French Republic) and set up its capital in Vichy on 1 July, because of

1581-668: The impulse of the Universities of Clermont-Ferrand and the city of Vichy, CAVILAM – Alliance Française joined the international network of the Alliance Française in 2012. After the Covid lockdown, the center developed online courses for FLE teachers, FLE ressources pages, and foreign language courses for locals. The Palace of the Congresses is a venue primarily for the conferences of trade associations and learned societies. The structure

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1632-458: The left). The symbol of a white Greek letter gamma , on black, was used in a metal badge worn in the right buttonhole and in an embroidered badge on the beret. In combat situations, usually in the fight against the guerrillas, the Franc-Garde might wear an Adrian helmet . Due to the reluctance of the German Army, the Franc-Garde was only slowly and gradually armed. Officers had pistols from

1683-583: The main auditorium of the Opera House, the members of Parliament voted for the end of the Third Republic . The republican system was abolished, and the French State, with Philippe Pétain at its helm as head of state, replaced it. Only 80 of the 600 members of parliament voiced their opposition. Starting from this date, Vichy would be, for more than four years, the de facto capital of the French State. Paris

1734-450: The most ostentatious period for Vichy, complete with parading personalities, visits from crowned heads ( Thami El Glaoui , the Pasha of Marrakech; Prince Rainier III of Monaco ) and profits from a massive influx of North African French clients who holidayed in Vichy, spending lavishly. There were thirteen cinemas (which sometimes showed special previews), eight dance halls and three theatres. It

1785-532: The muddy surroundings and insufficient access. When they returned to Versailles , they asked their nephew Louis XVI to build roomier and more luxurious thermal baths, which were subsequently completed in 1787. In 1799, Laetitia Bonaparte , mother of Napoleon , came to be cured with her son Louis . Under the Empire, Le Parc des Sources , was created on the Emperor's orders (Decree of Gumbinen of 1812). Under Charles X,

1836-545: The name " Great Spa Towns of Europe " because of its famous baths and its architectural testimony to the popularity of spa towns in Europe from the 18th through 20th centuries. Vichy is the French form of the Occitan name of the town, Vichèi , of uncertain etymology . Dauzat & al. have proposed that it derived from an unattested Latin name ( Vippiacus ) referencing the most important regional landowner (presumably

1887-506: The outset, but it was not until autumn 1943, following the upsurge in attacks against its members, that the Franc-Garde received some pistols recovered from British drops to the Resistance. In January 1944 the Franc-Garde was authorized to draw on stockpiles of arms built up after the military armistice, and in March 1944 it was authorized to form a machine gun and mortar section to participate in

1938-433: The patronage of Napoleon III . Following the 1940 armistice , the pro-German collaborationist government headed by Philippe Pétain set up at Vichy, which remained the de facto capital of the French rump state for the next four years. After the war, the city experienced a period of great prosperity but went into decline from the 1960s. In 2021, the town became part of the transnational UNESCO World Heritage Site under

1989-406: The present-day demonym for a female resident or native of Vichy is Vichyssoise , f sg ( Vichyssoises, f pl ) and Vichyssois , m sg for a male, and Vichyssois m pl for a mixed group of both sexes. Until the 18th century, it was also common to use Vichois ( e ), which derived from the Occitan name of the town. The cold soup vichyssoise is also named after the town. Vichy lies on

2040-479: The public sector: the hospital (1,120 employees), and the town hall (500 ). Since 1989, Vichy has been one of the seven sites of the European Total Quality Institute ( Institut Européen de la Qualité Totale ). The Pôle Universitaire de Vichy (previously called Pôle Universitaire et Technologique Lardy), born from a project of thermal waste land rehabilitation and launched during the mid-1990s,

2091-492: The successor of Pierre Coulon, to adopt a much more careful policy of management. Claude Malhuret , former Minister of Human Rights, born in Strasbourg in 1950, was mayor from 1989 to 2017. He and Bernard Kouchner are the co-founders of Doctors Without Borders ( Médecins Sans Frontières ). The city and its economic partners have concluded an important program of restoration and modernization. These projects include: The city

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2142-532: The thermal springs. On 2 September 1344, John II of France ceded the noble fiefdom of Vichy to Peter I, Duke of Bourbon . On 6 December 1374, the last part of Vichy was acquired by Louis II, Duke of Bourbon . At that point Vichy was incorporated into the House of Bourbon . In 1410, a Celestinian monastery was founded with twelve monks. A building located above the Celestinian Spring is still visible. In 1527,

2193-493: The town's relative proximity to Paris (4.5 hours by train) and because it was the city with the second largest hotel capacity at the time. Moreover, the existence of a modern telephone exchange made it possible to reach the whole world via phone. On 1 July, the government took possession of many hotels. Six hundred appointed members of the French Parliament came to Vichy for the meeting of the chambers. On 9 and 10 July, in

2244-841: The towns of Gannat or Varennes-sur-Allier ), the D906e, former D906  [ fr ] from Thiers , the D1093  [ fr ] from Randan or the D6 from Charmeil . The city is situated 20 km (12 mi) from the A719 autoroute  [ fr ] and 35 km (22 mi) from the A89 autoroute . The A719 autoroute, connecting Vichy to the A71 to Clermont-Ferrand, opened in January 2015. In 2014, only regional two-lane highways ( routes départementales ) pass through

2295-632: The traditional three weeks. Under the authority of the local communities, much work is being done on building sites and projects, which will deeply modify Vichy in the years to come. The construction by the Hotel of the Community of Agglomeration in September 2005 on the old site of the "Commercial City" may precede the total restoration of the market hall " Le Grand Marché " (which would cost €5.9 million) which would be delivered in September 2006. Other projects include

2346-399: The urban ring of Vichy. The D2209 is the principal axis of circulation for heavily loaded trucks, from the west (via Gannat ) or the north (via Varennes-sur-Allier or Saint-Germain-des-Fossés ) ; other important routes are the following (listed in the clockwise order): The D67 is a loop to the north of the city created to limit traffic jams (access to Creuzier-le-Neuf , afterwards by

2397-445: Was a patient in 1676 and 1677 and would popularize Vichy's Thermal Baths through the written descriptions in her letters. The Vichy waters were said to have cured the paralysis in her hands, thus enabling her to take up letter-writing. In 1761 and 1762, Adélaïde and Victoire of France , the daughters of Louis XV , came to Vichy for the first time and returned in 1785. The bath facilities seemed extremely uncomfortable to them because of

2448-484: Was at this period that the station would take the title of " Reine des villes d'eaux " (Queen of the Spa Towns). From June to September, so many French-Algerian tourists were arriving that it almost seemed like there was an airlift set up between Vichy-Charmeil and the airports of Algeria. Mayor Pierre Coulon  [ fr ] (1950–1967) decided to create Lake Allier (10 June 1963) and Omnisports Park (1963–68), giving

2499-571: Was established by Roman legionaries in 52   BC. Returning south from their defeat at the Battle of Gergovia by the Gauls under Vercingetorix , they found the hot mineral springs beside the Flumen Elaver ("River Allier") and established the township of Aquae Calidae (Latin for "Hot Waters"). During the first two centuries AD, Vichy became fairly prosperous because of the supposed medicinal value of

2550-512: Was first noted for its thermal cures in Roman times. Its waters come from springs such as the Vichy Celestins and Vichy Saint-Yorre. Vichy Pastilles (made in Vichy) are octagon-shaped candies made from soda contained in the spring waters. The health and beauty business, with the laboratories of the L'Oréal company, also make it possible to publicize the city's name to a worldwide audience under

2601-522: Was still the official capital, although the Vichy France government never operated from there. This government is often called the Vichy Regime. The term "Vichyste", which designates partisans of this regime, should not be confused with "Vichyssois" which designates the inhabitants of the city. The latter term is sometimes used erroneously to designate Pétain's supporters. The 1950s and 1960s would become

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