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54-866: He was born at Arras , then part of the Empire, and educated in the convent school at St. Vaast . Baudouin studied law in the University of Leuven with Mudaeus . He settled as an advocate in Arras , where he continued his studies, but was banned from the town in 1545 on charges of heresy due to his Calvinist leanings. He went to the court of the Emperor Charles V at Brussels , and then travelled extensively. After brief stays in Paris, Strasbourg and Geneva – where he met and became an enemy of Calvin – he settled in 1549 in Bourges as

108-542: A forum , theatre , or basilica have been identified. One discovery has been "one of the rare sanctuaries devoted to the oriental god Attis in France". In the 4th century, Nemetacum was renowned for its arts and crafts as well as textiles trade throughout the whole empire. Between 406 and 407, the city was taken and destroyed by Germanic invaders. In 428, the Salian Franks led by Clodion le Chevelu took control of

162-571: A doctor and then professor of law, as a colleague of Baro and Duarenus . Rivalries with the latter led him to move to Strasbourg and, 1555, to Heidelberg , where his academic career reached its apogee. Leaving his chair to engage in European confessional politics, Baudouin was unsuccessful in assisting with attempts to reconcile the Roman Catholic Church and the Reformation , for instance in

216-466: A fair amount of sunshine. Some years have even witnessed some unusual long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 where temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, reaching 38 °C (100 °F) on some days and rarely even cooling down at night. Spring and Fall have rather warm days and fresh nights, but remain quite unstable. Winter days are cold but generally above freezing, at around 2 °C (36 °F); sunshine

270-497: Is 11.63 km (4.5 sq mi). The lowest point in the city is at 52 metres (171 feet) above sea level and the highest is at 99 metres (325 feet). The soil of Arras is primarily composed of chalk , a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock that formed what is called the European stratigraphic unit. That Chalk Group deposited during the Late Cretaceous period 90 million years ago. It used to be extracted to construct

324-684: Is 15-29 of age. The most recent male to female ratio is 100:109, and the female to male ratio is 100:92 (2019). There are 19,947 males (48%) for 21,747 females (52%). The Arras functional area has a population of 158,499. Arras's Basilique-Cathédrale Notre-Dame et Saint-Vaast is the cathedral , a minor basilica , episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras . Arras is part of the académie de Lille (Lille's School District). There are 11 écoles maternelles (nursery schools), 11 écoles primaires (elementary schools), 8 collèges ( junior high schools ), and 7 lycées (high schools) within

378-574: Is frequent rain in all seasons, and temperatures throughout the year are mild, as it is near the sea. Temperature variations tend to be moderate; but there are some brief cold spells as it is subject to both oceanic and continental influences. So the climate can also be referred as semi-oceanic (known as a Climat océanique dégradé in French). Summer days are usually moderately warm and agreeable, with temperatures between 13 and 23 °C (55 and 73 °F), occasionally rising above 30 °C (86 °F), with

432-619: Is in the south-east part of the Pas-de-Calais department and forms the Arras district ( arrondissement d'Arras ) in the Artois , a former province of northern France. By car, it is 182 kilometres (113 miles) north of Paris, 110 kilometres (68 miles) east of the English Channel , 152 kilometres (94 miles) south of Brussels , and 335 kilometres (208 miles) south of Amsterdam . The city's total area

486-543: Is low, as it is in the whole Pas-de-Calais department. Two rivers flow through Arras: the Scarpe and the Crinchon ; both are left tributaries of the 350 kilometres (220 miles) long Scheldt river ( L'Escaut in French). The Crinchon is a rather small river of 19 kilometres (12 miles) flowing through Arras underground, while the Scarpe is 102 kilometres (63 miles) long, of which two-thirds has been turned into canals. The source of

540-576: Is the historic centre of the former Artois province. Its local speech is characterized as a patois . The city of Arras is well known for its architecture, culture, and history. It was once part of the Spanish Netherlands , a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from 1556 to 1714. Louis XIII reconquered Arras in 1640; the town officially became part of France in 1659. Arras attracts thousands of visitors every year, who commonly explore

594-467: Is usually scarce. Light night frosts are common as the temperature often falls below 0 °C (32 °F). Snowfall has been rare in the past decade but happens in some winters, such as 2009–10 , with unusually cold weather: much of Europe had heavy snowfall and record-low temperatures. The most recent warmest winters recorded were in 1989–90, 1994–95, 2006–07 and 2013–14. The Arras region (and most of Northern Europe) had remarkably warm and sunny weather in

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648-625: The Abbey of Saint Vaast , which developed during the Carolingian period into an immensely wealthy Benedictine abbey. The modern town of Arras initially spread around the abbey as a grain market. During the 9th century, both town and abbey suffered from the attacks of the Vikings , who later settled to the west in Normandy . The abbey revived its strength in the 11th century and played an important role in

702-637: The Atrebates , who named it Nemetocenna in reference to a nemeton that probably existed there. In the Scarpe valley, archaeologists' excavations and data recovery revealed Late Iron Age settlements. These buildings, believed to be farms, were found near the municipalities of Arras, Hamblain-les-Prés and Saint-Pol . The town was later renamed Nemetacum / Atrebatum by the Romans , under whom it became an important garrison town. No traces of any amenities such as

756-493: The Hôtel de Guînes , a private 18th-century townhouse that attracts artists, designers and producers of intimist shows. Many of Arras's most remarkable structures, including the Musée des beaux-arts d'Arras and several government buildings, occupy the site of the old Abbey of St. Vaast . The abbey's church was demolished and rebuilt in fashionable classical style in 1833, and now serves as

810-573: The Second Battle of the Somme component of 1918's Hundred Days Offensive . On 31 August 1914, German light cavalry ( Uhlans ) arrived in Tilloy-lès-Mofflaines , and an army patrol made a foray into Arras. On 6 September 1914, 3,000 soldiers led by General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim barracked within the city and in the citadel. Shortly after, Louis Ernest de Maud'huy's soldiers partly repelled

864-510: The palingenetic method of presentation of legal sources. His works include many substantial commentaries on Roman law . He was the first to reconstruct the original legislation of Justinian and to authenticate a text (the ‘Octavius’) of the early Christian writer Minucius Felix (200-400). Baudouin had produced a monograph on the Emperor Constantine in 1556. He wrote a study of a major dispute between Catholics and Donatists (and

918-615: The prefecture of Pas-de-Calais. From September 1793 to July 1794, during the Reign of Terror , the city was under the supervision of Joseph Lebon who implemented food restrictions, ordered 400 executions and destroyed several religious monuments including the Arras Cathedral and the Abbey of St. Vaast . Arras' demography and economic activity remained the same throughout the French Revolution while Lille's grew exponentially. In 1898, under

972-587: The reorganization of 2014 it was in Nord-Pas-de-Calais . The historic centre of the Artois region, with a Baroque town square, Arras is in northern France at the confluence of the rivers Scarpe and Crinchon. The Arras plain is on a large chalk plateau bordered on the north by the Marqueffles fault , on the southwest by the Artois and Ternois hills, and on the south by the slopes of Beaufort-Blavincourt . On

1026-536: The 14th century Arras still was renowned and drew considerable wealth from the cloth and wool industry, and was particularly well known for its production of fine tapestries —so much so that in English and Italian the word Arras ( Arazzi in Italian) was adopted to refer to tapestries in general. The patronage of wealthy cloth merchants ensured that the town became an important cultural centre, with major figures such as

1080-408: The 3rd century Romans had lauded the quality of wool from Tournai and Arras. By the 11th century Arras was the leading city and trading hub of the wool industry. This prominence would eventually shift towards areas north of Arras, and cities such as Lille , Douai and Saint-Omer , followed by Ypres and eventually Bruges would become the centres of the wool industry and trade. However, by

1134-430: The Arras area. The cyclone's central pressure was 981 mb, and wind speeds reached a maximum of 121 km/h (75 mph). The city of Arras did not experience any major damage. As of 2019 , the population of Arras is 41,694 for a density of 3,585 people per square kilometre. The residents go by the name of Arrageois (male) and Arrageoise (female). The population is rather young as the highest number of residents

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1188-539: The Celtic word Ar , meaning 'running water', as the Scarpe river flows through Arras or simply the name of Abraham's wife Sarra spelled backwards. Arras is Pas-de-Calais ' third most populous town after Calais and Boulogne-sur-Mer . The town counted 43,693 residents in 2012, with the Arras metropolitan area having a population of 124,200. Arras is located 182 kilometres (113 miles) north of Paris and can be reached in 2 hours by car and in 50 minutes by TGV . It

1242-511: The County of Artois which became part of the Royal domain in 1191. The first mention of the name Arras appeared in the 12th century. Some hypothesize it is a contraction of Atrebates , a Belgic tribe of Gaul and Britain that used to inhabit the area. The name Atrebates could have successively evolved to become Atrades , Atradis , Aras , and finally Arras . Others believe it comes from

1296-603: The Emperor Constantine's first large-scale dealing with the Christian church), the episcopal election of Carthage in 313. Arras Arras ( / ˈ ær ə s / ARR -əs , French: [aʁɑs] ; Picard : Aros ; historical Dutch : Atrecht [ˈaːtrɛxt] ) is the prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department, which forms part of the region of Hauts-de-France ; before

1350-664: The Estates-General in 1789. Robespierre also helped draft the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . During the French Revolution, the city of Arras was first presided over by French reformer Dubois de Fosseux, erudite squire, secretary of the Arras district ( arrondissement in French) and future president of the Pas-de-Calais department. Around the same time, competing against Aire-sur-la-Lys, Calais, and Saint-Omer, Arras won

1404-643: The First World War battles in the area. In the early stages of the second World War , during the invasion of France in May 1940, the city was the focus of a major British counterattack . Arras saw an Allied counterattack against the flank of the German army. The German forces were pushing north towards the channel coast, in order to entrap the Allied Forces that were advancing east into Belgium. The counterattack at Arras

1458-542: The French. This prompted Louis XI to besiege Arras in person and, after taking it by assault, he had the town's walls razed and its inhabitants expelled, to be replaced by more loyal subjects from other parts of France. In a bid to erase the town's identity completely, Louis renamed it temporarily to Franchise . In 1482, the Peace of Arras was signed in the town to end a war between Louis XI and Maximilian I of Austria ; ten years later,

1512-574: The German army troops, and trenches were dug in the Faubourgs d'Arras . On 7 October 1914 the city hall burned. On 21 October 1914 the belfry was destroyed, and so was Arras Cathedral on 6 July 1915. In 1917, a series of medieval tunnels beneath the city, linked and greatly expanded by the New Zealand Tunnelling Company , became a decisive factor in the British forces holding

1566-524: The Scarpe is at Berles-Monchel near Aubigny-en-Artois . It flows through the cities of Arras, Douai and Saint-Amand-les-Eaux . The river ends at Mortagne-du-Nord where it flows into the Scheldt. Arras mainly has a Western European oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb) affected by the North Atlantic Current as it is close to the English Channel ( La Manche in French). There

1620-630: The Vauban Citadel, and the Nemetacum site (the ancient town founded by the Romans 2000 years ago). The Canadian National Vimy Memorial is just outside the town. Archaeologists found evidence of prehistoric human settlements in the Scarpe basin. The archaeological sites of Mont-Saint-Vaast in Arras and Biache-Saint-Vaast were Stone Age settlements of the Mousterian culture. They were evidenced by

1674-483: The city - particularly during that year's Battle of Arras. By the end of World War I (1918), the city was so heavily damaged that three-quarters had to be rebuilt. The reconstruction was extremely costly, yet it proved to be a success and allowed the city to expand. The town is located approximately 11 km (6.8 mi) south of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial built in 1936 on Hill 145,

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1728-739: The city's architecture and historic buildings. Some attractions include the Town Hall and its Belfry (listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 15 July 2005), the "Boves" (a maze 10 metres (33 feet) beneath the city), the Squares ( La Place des Héros and La Grand'Place ), the Art District (the Theatre of Arras and the Hôtel de Guînes ), the Abbey District (The Saint-Vaast Abbey and the Cathedral of Arras),

1782-569: The city. The city centre is marked by two large squares, La Grand' Place and La Place des Héros , also called La Petite Place . The two squares are surrounded by a unique architectural ensemble of 155 Flemish-Baroque-style townhouses. These were built in the 17th and 18th century and were initially made of wood. In 1918, after the end of World War I, most of the townhouses were so severely damaged that they had to be restored to their pre-war conditions. They are now made of bricks. The Hôtel de Ville in Arras and its belfry were constructed in

1836-565: The conversion of Clovis I to Catholicism , a diocese ( évêché in French) was created in Arras, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras , and given to Saint Vaast (also known as Saint Vedast in English ), who remains the diocesan patron saint . Saint Vaast then established an episcopal see and a monastic community. It was suppressed in 580 to found the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cambrai , from which it would reemerge 5 centuries later. In 667 Saint Aubert, bishop of Cambrai , decided to found

1890-690: The declaration of the Union of Utrecht later the same month. During the War of the Spanish Succession , in 1712, Arras was bombarded by an Anglo-Dutch Army under Arnold van Keppel, the Earl of Albemarle . Maximilien de Robespierre , a French lawyer and politician from Arras and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution , was elected fifth deputy of the third estate of Artois to

1944-724: The development of medieval painting, successfully synthesizing the artistic styles of Carolingian, Ottonian and English art. In 1025, a Catholic council was held at Arras against certain Manichaean (dualistic) heretics who rejected the sacraments of the Church. In 1093, the bishopric of Arras was refounded on territory split from the Diocese of Cambrai . In 1097 two councils, presided over by Lambert of Arras , dealt with questions concerning monasteries and persons consecrated to God. In this time, Arras became an important cultural centre, especially for

1998-634: The early 16th century and had to be rebuilt in a slightly less grandiose style after World War I. The belfry is 75 metres (246 feet) high and used to serve as a watchtower. Nowadays tourists can enjoy ascending the belfry. In 2005, the belfry was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Belfries of Belgium and France site because of its architecture and historical importance in maintaining municipal power in Europe. The original cathedral

2052-547: The east it is connected to the Scarpe valley. Established during the Iron Age by the Gauls , the town of Arras was first known as Nemetocenna , which is believed to have originated from the Celtic word nemeton , meaning 'sacred space'. Saint Vedast (or St. Vaast) was the first Catholic bishop in the year 499 and tried to eliminate paganism among the Franks. By 843, Arras was seat of

2106-461: The failed Colloquy at Poissy , and in mediation efforts in the Netherlands . In 1563, he re-converted to Catholicism and in 1569, he was called again to teach law at Angers . Before he could accompany his patron, Henry of Anjou – now King of Poland – to Kraków , he died 1573 in Paris of a fever. Baudouin was a prolific writer on juridical and ecclesiastical topics. As a jurist, he established

2160-619: The finds of stone tools . These tools show signs of the Levallois technique , a name given by archaeologists to a distinctive type of stone knapping , developed by forerunners to modern humans during the Paleolithic period 170,000 years ago. Very little was found to document the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in the Arras area. Arras was founded on the hill of Baudimont by the Belgic tribe of

2214-502: The group of poets who came to be known as trouvères . One particular society of such poets was later called the Puy d'Arras . The town was granted a commercial charter by the French crown in 1180 and became an internationally important location for banking and trade. The wool industry of Arras, established in the 4th century, became of great importance during the Middle Ages. Already in

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2268-629: The highest point of the Vimy Ridge escarpment . It is dedicated to the Battle of Vimy Ridge assault (part of the 1917 Battle of Arras) and the missing First World War Canadian soldiers with no known grave; it is also the site of two WWI Canadian cemeteries. On 9 April 2017, the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge, Arras Mayor Frédéric Leturque thanked Canadians, as well as Australians and British, New Zealanders and South Africans, for their role in

2322-426: The influence of Mayor Émile Legrelle, some of Arras' ramparts were demolished to build vast boulevards, establish a new sewage system and replace the old railway station from 1846. During most of the First World War , Arras was about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) away from the front line, and a series of battles took place around the city and nearby, including the Battle of Arras (1914) , the Battle of Arras (1917) , and

2376-412: The most prestigious buildings and houses of Arras. As a result, residents once nicknamed the city La ville blanche (the White Town). The Arras area soil is also composed of clay , which was used to produce bricks, build less noble buildings, and embellish façades. Clay is mostly found in the lieu-dit of La Terre Potier in the western part of the city. The level of earthquake hazard in the Arras area

2430-443: The poet Jean Bodel and the trouvère Adam de la Halle making their homes in Arras. The ownership of the town was repeatedly disputed along with the rest of Artois. During the Middle Ages, possession of Arras passed to a variety of feudal rulers and fiefs, including the County of Flanders , the Duchy of Burgundy , the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and the French crown. In 1430, Joan of Arc ( Jeanne d'Arc in French),

2484-399: The region including the current Somme department. Roman General Aetius then chose to negotiate for peace and concluded a treaty ( fœdus ) with Clodion that gave the Franks the status of « foederati » fighting for Rome. The town's people were converted to Christianity in the late 4th century by Saint Innocent, who was killed in 410 during a barbarian attack on the town. In 499, after

2538-478: The town was ceded to Maximilian. It was eventually bequeathed to the Spanish Habsburgs as part of the Spanish Netherlands . Arras remained under Habsburg rule from 1493 until 1640 when it was captured by the French. The Spanish ceded it by the peace treaty in 1659 and it has since remained French. The Union of Arras was signed here in January 1579 by the Catholic principalities of the Low Countries that remained loyal to King Philip II of Habsburg ; it provoked

2592-403: The town's cathedral. The design was chosen by the one-time Abbot of St Vaast, the Cardinal de Rohan , and is stark in its simplicity, employing a vast number of perpendicular angles. There is a fine collection of statuary within the church and it houses a number of religious relics. Nemeton Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

2646-474: The winter of 2013–14. Rain falls throughout the year. Average annual precipitation is 742.5 millimetres (29.23 in) with light rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year. The highest recorded temperature was 36.6 °C (97.9 °F), and the lowest was −19.5 °C (−3.1 °F). On 28 October 2013, Cyclone Christian (also known as the St. Jude storm ), one of the strongest extra-tropical cyclones ever recorded, hit Northern Europe including

2700-399: Was an Allied attempt to cut through the German spearhead and frustrate the German advance. Although the Allies initially made gains, they were repulsed by German forces and forced to withdraw to avoid encirclement. Arras was then occupied by the Germans and over the years 1941-44 218 French Resistance members were executed in ditches around the Arras citadel. On 3 September 1944, the city

2754-405: Was constructed between 1030 and 1396. This Gothic structure was destroyed during the French Revolution and rebuilt in the 19th century. The present Basilique-Cathédrale Notre-Dame et Saint-Vaast is a minor basilica . The Boves, a well-preserved underground network of tunnels, 10 metres (33 feet) beneath the city, was built in the 10th century and can now be visited by tourists. The idea

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2808-430: Was entered and liberated by the British Guards Armoured Division . In September 1993, Ipswich , England and Arras became twin towns , and a square in the new Ipswich Buttermarket development was named Arras Square to mark the relationship. Arras is located in northern France in the Hauts-de-France region. Hauts-de-France is divided into five departments : Nord , Pas-de-Calais , Somme , Oise , and Aisne . Arras

2862-408: Was imprisoned in the region of Arras. The town was the site of the Congress of Arras in 1435, an unsuccessful attempt to end the Hundred Years' War that resulted in the Burgundians breaking their alliance with the English. After the death of Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy in 1477, King Louis XI of France took control of Arras but the town's inhabitants, still loyal to the Burgundians, expelled

2916-425: Was to set up a vast underground network to make all inhabitants' cellars interconnect by means of tunnels. Excavation material (chalk) was not wasted but rather used to construct houses. During World War I and World War II, the Boves was utilized as an underground bunker to hide and protect residents and valued objects from falling bombs. The Art District is renowned for its Italian-style theatre hall built in 1785 and

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