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50-450: The ST600 was of familiar business jet configuration, with a low wing, cruciform tail, swept flying surfaces, and engines mounted on pods on the sides of the rear fuselage. The intentions of the project were to create a practical business jet small enough and light enough to take advantage of smaller airfields at a cost of around half of what full-size business jets of the day were selling for. Fuel costs were touted as being as low as nine cents

100-474: A Montreal aircraft manufacturer. The idea was to design an executive aircraft which would bring together a supercritical wing with Lycoming 's new turbofan engine. However, the concept was only a very rough outline, prepared by a consultant. Although Canadair took up its option, Lear eventually realized that the Canadians had simply been interested in using his reputation and skills at promotion to penetrate

150-462: A mobile VPN to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network . Supporting technologies include: Wireless data communications are used to span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling in point-to-point communication and point-to-multipoint communication , to provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure, to link portable or temporary workstations, to overcome situations where normal cabling

200-594: A Foxjet mockup was exhibited at the AOPA expo at Palm Springs, Florida by Millennium Aerospace , which had purchased rights to the design in May. The company announced plans to resurrect the design and market it with Pratt & Whitney Canada PW615 engines. The original prototype was eventually purchased by Lyle Anderson, of Princeton, Minnesota from a used motorcycle dealership in Minneapolis and prior to that, it stood in front of

250-513: A car dealership. In 2010 it was put in Anderson's front yard, and was a participant in the Rum River Festival parade prior to relocation to Princeton Airport. Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81 General characteristics Performance Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Bill Lear William Powell Lear (June 26, 1902 – May 14, 1978)

300-793: A carpenter, and Gertrude Elizabeth Powell Lear. His mother left his father and he stayed with his aunt, Gussie Bornhouser, in Dubuque, Iowa . Later, Otto Kirmse took him in and raised him as his stepson. The family relocated to Chicago where Lear attended Kershaw Grammar School. On Sundays, he attended the Moody Tabernacle (now Moody Church ). "From listening to Paul Rader , of the Moody Tabernacle, he learned grammar and how to speak. He found out how to meet people, how to shake hands, and what to say when he did so... He learned about hypocrisy, too", and ceased any further church affiliation. While in Chicago, Lear

350-494: A closed circuit steam turbine to power cars and buses. He built a transit bus, and converted a Chevrolet Monte Carlo sedan to use this turbine system. It used a proprietary working fluid dubbed Learium , possibly a chlorofluorocarbon similar to DuPont Freon. A prototype racing car was built to enter the 1969 Indianapolis 500 , the Lear Vapordyne. The car never entered the race and never ran at competitive speeds. Lear had

400-448: A communication format since they seemed, at the time, to be a short-range phenomenon. Marconi soon developed a system that was transmitting signals way beyond distances anyone could have predicted (due in part to the signals bouncing off the then unknown ionosphere ). Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for their contribution to this form of wireless telegraphy. Millimetre wave communication

450-640: A company specializing in aerospace instruments and electronics. Lear developed radio direction finders , autopilots , and the first fully automatic aircraft landing system. He was awarded the Collier Trophy for this contribution in 1949. Lear also developed and marketed a line of panel-mounted radios for general aviation . His "LearAvian" series of portable radios, which incorporated radio direction finder circuits as well as broadcast band coverage, were especially popular. The company earned about $ 100 million during WW II for its products. Lear changed

500-462: A mile in 1977, compared to fifty cents a mile or higher for contemporary aircraft. 73 orders for the aircraft were taken with Bill Lear ordering the first example. Three mockups were constructed and were widely displayed at aviation shows around the United States in the late 1970s by Tony Fox with slipping first flight schedules. The project got as far as Foxjet contracting Aeronca to construct

550-713: A public resource and are regulated by organizations such as the American Federal Communications Commission , Ofcom in the United Kingdom, the international ITU-R or the European ETSI . Their regulations determine which frequency ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom. In the absence of such control or alternative arrangements such as a privatized electromagnetic spectrum, chaos might result if, for example, airlines did not have specific frequencies to work under and an amateur radio operator

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600-567: A railroad electrician. Lear called the company Radio Coil and Wire Corporation. Eugene F. McDonald of Zenith Electronics ordered 50,000 coils, which were one-quarter the size of coils made with solid wire. Lear traded his Radio Coil business for one-third interest in Paul Galvin 's Galvin Manufacturing Company. At that time the radio had not yet been developed for use in automobiles. Lear worked with his friend Elmer Wavering to build

650-525: A reputation for being difficult. The 75-year-old Lear died of leukemia in Reno, Nevada on May 14, 1978. His remains were cremated and scattered at sea. In 1944, Harry Bruno included William P. Lear in a list of 87 "all-time greats in American aviation ... [who] gambled their necks, their brains and their money – that aviation might grow." Wireless Wireless communication (or just wireless , when

700-613: A small business jet, the SAAC 23 . During the brief existence of SAAC, King Michael I of Romania met Lear and agreed to work as a test pilot for the Swiss part of the company. This was during the king's forced exile , which lasted for 50 years until 1997. In 1962, Lear sold his interest in Lear, Incorporated to the Siegler Corporation after failing to persuade Lear Incorporated's board to go into

750-468: A social revolution, and a paradigm shift from wired to wireless technology, including the proliferation of commercial wireless technologies such as cell phones , mobile telephony , pagers , wireless computer networks , cellular networks , the wireless Internet , and laptop and handheld computers with wireless connections. The wireless revolution has been driven by advances in radio frequency (RF), microelectronics , and microwave engineering , and

800-676: Is difficult or financially impractical, or to remotely connect mobile users or networks. Peripheral devices in computing can also be connected wirelessly, as part of a Wi-Fi network or directly via an optical or radio-frequency (RF) peripheral interface. Originally these units used bulky, highly local transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard and mouse; however, more recent generations have used smaller, higher-performance devices. Radio-frequency interfaces, such as Bluetooth or Wireless USB , provide greater ranges of efficient use, usually up to 10 feet, but distance, physical obstacles, competing signals, and even human bodies can all degrade

850-542: Is known as Wireless Powered Communication. In 2015, researchers at the University of Washington demonstrated far-field energy transfer using Wi-Fi signals to power cameras. New wireless technologies, such as mobile body area networks (MBAN), have the capability to monitor blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen level, and body temperature. The MBAN works by sending low-powered wireless signals to receivers that feed into nursing stations or monitoring sites. This technology helps with

900-667: The Grigsby-Grunow-Hinds Company topped that offer when Lear fixed a problem with 60,000 B-battery eliminators that they had manufactured. He came up with an invention in 1924 when power inverters installed at Stevens Hotel failed to perform for the Radio Manufacturers' Association. Lear also built audio amplifiers and cases for Magnavox speakers. The Magnavox "majestic dynamic speakers" that he produced with Grunow were very popular. Lear pioneered an early step toward miniaturization in electronics. Tuning coils in

950-471: The LearAvia Lear Fan 2100 , a seven-passenger aircraft whose single pusher propeller was powered by two turbine engines. The fuselage of this aircraft was made of lightweight composite materials , instead of the more typical aluminum alloys. The Lear Fan was ultimately never completed; at the time of his death Lear asked his wife, Moya, to finish it. With the help of investors she attempted to do so, but

1000-537: The photophone , a telephone that sent audio over a beam of light. The photophone required sunlight to operate, and a clear line of sight between the transmitter and receiver, which greatly decreased the viability of the photophone in any practical use. It would be several decades before the photophone's principles found their first practical applications in military communications and later in fiber-optic communications . A number of wireless electrical signaling schemes including sending electric currents through water and

1050-459: The radio frequency stage of a set were rather large; Lear reduced their size by using Litz wire , braided from many fine strands to create a large surface area, giving it high conductivity at radio frequency. Lear borrowed $ 5,000 from his friend Algot Olson to build machines to wrap the strands, braid the wire, and wind the coils. The industry was set up in the basement of his mother's old house on 65th street, and run with assistance of Don Mitchell,

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1100-507: The 1960s. The term wireless was revived in the 1980s and 1990s mainly to distinguish digital devices that communicate without wires, such as the examples listed in the previous paragraph, from those that require wires or cables. This became its primary usage in the 2000s, due to the advent of technologies such as mobile broadband , Wi-Fi , and Bluetooth . Wireless operations permit services, such as mobile and interplanetary communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with

1150-520: The aircraft failed to obtain FAA certification and so was never put into production. Lear developed the 8-track tape music cartridge in 1964. Lear's invention was an improvement on the four track Muntz Stereo-Pak tape cartridge, marketed by Earl "Madman" Muntz in California in 1962, itself a version of a 3-track system, Fidelipac . The 8-track was a commercial success that provided good audio quality and

1200-552: The aircraft manufacturing business. The resulting company was thereafter known as Lear Siegler . Lear next moved to Wichita, Kansas , to manufacture the converted SAAC 23 design. In October 1963, Lear Jet started test flights on the Learjet 23 , the first mass-produced business jet . The first Lear Jet was sold in 1963; it could carry eight passengers at 560 mph and cost about $ 650,000 fully equipped (equivalent to $ 6,468,913 in 2023), about $ 400,000 less than its competitors at

1250-445: The antenna until they eventually reach the antenna of a receiver, which induces an electric current in the receiving antenna. This current can be detected and demodulated to recreate the information sent by the transmitter. Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to transmit wireless data for telecommunications or computer networking . "Free space" means

1300-1053: The context allows) is the transfer of information ( telecommunication ) between two or more points without the use of an electrical conductor , optical fiber or other continuous guided medium for the transfer. The most common wireless technologies use radio waves . With radio waves, intended distances can be short, such as a few meters for Bluetooth , or as far as millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications . It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios , cellular telephones , personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking . Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers , wireless computer mouse , keyboards and headsets , headphones , radio receivers , satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones . Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications involve other electromagnetic phenomena, such as light and magnetic or electric fields, or

1350-412: The cost of running cable through the building and under the street would be prohibitive. Another widely used example is consumer IR devices such as remote controls and IrDA ( Infrared Data Association ) networking, which is used as an alternative to WiFi networking to allow laptops, PDAs, printers, and digital cameras to exchange data. Sonic, especially ultrasonic short-range communication involves

1400-454: The first car radio. Lear partnered with Howard Gates of Zenith; Lear designed the circuit and layout, Gates did the metal work, and Lear completed the assembly. Galvin initially dismissed the prototype, but later ordered a 200-unit production run. Galvin and Lear mulled over names for the product on a cross-country trip and came up with "Motorola", which was a portmanteau of "motor" and the then popular suffix "-ola" used with audio equipment of

1450-564: The fun ending with the ban on radio during World War I." One of his first ventures was with Lawrence Sorensen, selling "Loose Coupler" radios. Lear had been an "instructor in wireless" in the U.S. Navy so he confidently identified himself as a radio engineer to Clifford Reid in Quincy, Illinois . Reid was selling auto supplies and hired Lear to expand into radio. With contractor Julius Bergen, he founded Quincy Radio Labs and built speaker boxes for radios. Lear also helped develop WLAL which evolved into

1500-530: The ground using electrostatic and electromagnetic induction were investigated for telegraphy in the late 19th century before practical radio systems became available. These included a patented induction system by Thomas Edison allowing a telegraph on a running train to connect with telegraph wires running parallel to the tracks, a William Preece induction telegraph system for sending messages across bodies of water, and several operational and proposed telegraphy and voice earth conduction systems. The Edison system

1550-461: The light beams travel through the open air or outer space. This contrasts with other communication technologies that use light beams traveling through transmission lines such as optical fiber or dielectric "light pipes". The technology is useful where physical connections are impractical due to high costs or other considerations. For example, free space optical links are used in cities between office buildings that are not wired for networking, where

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1600-466: The market. Canadair's design had little relation to Lear's concept, and Lear had no role in its development. Nevertheless, the Canadair Challenger business jet was to have a long career, with several variants. Bombardier Aerospace , by that time the parent company of Canadair , acquired Lear Jet in 1990. One of Lear's most innovative projects was his last — a revolutionary aircraft called

1650-446: The math. He was at the point of wrapping up the entire four-year curriculum in one, when he was again dismissed for showing up teachers." Lear was self-taught : "He had read widely on wireless , including the works of Nikola Tesla , the scientist/inventor. He had even built a radio set, based on a twenty-five-cent Galena crystal which he sent away for, and he had learned the Morse code ,

1700-604: The name of Lear Developments to Lear Avia, Inc. in 1939. The company rebranded again in 1944 to Lear, Incorporated and in 1949 opened a manufacturing facility in Santa Monica, California . In 1960, Lear moved to Switzerland and founded the Swiss American Aviation Company (SAAC). The company's goal was to redesign the FFA P-16 jet fighter —a project that had been abandoned after two crashes during test flights—into

1750-632: The powerful station KVOO. In 1924, he moved to Chicago and built a B- battery eliminator for the Universal Battery Company with R. D. Morey. He met Waldorf Astoria Smith of the Carter Radio Company who helped him with radio theory including Ohm's law . Tom Fletcher of the QRS Company was so impressed by Lear's radio set designed around a QRS rectifier tube that he hired him, offering 60% more pay than Universal Battery. Bill Grunow of

1800-437: The prototype. The engines, however, proved a major stumbling block. The tiny Williams Research type WR44 turbofan that had made the project possible received certification for use in a passenger-carrying aircraft, but due to its selection as the powerplant for cruise missiles , the United States government blocked non-military use of the engine. Without a suitable alternative available, the project could not proceed. In 2006,

1850-529: The range of the mobile telephone site used to house the equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments. Wireless data communications allow wireless networking between desktop computers , laptops, tablet computers , cell phones, and other related devices. The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range, and performance, and in some circumstances, users employ multiple connection types and switch between them using connection manager software or

1900-764: The signal quality. Concerns about the security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007 when it was revealed that Microsoft's implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models were highly insecure. Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting wires. There are two different fundamental methods for wireless energy transfer. Energy can be transferred using either far-field methods that involve beaming power/lasers, radio or microwave transmissions, or near-field using electromagnetic induction. Wireless energy transfer may be combined with wireless information transmission in what

1950-483: The time (for example " Victrola "). The product was such a success that Galvin changed the name of his entire company to Motorola . In 1931, Lear bought his first aircraft, a Fleet biplane for $ 2,500 from a woman in Dearborn, Michigan (equivalent to $ 50,088 in 2023). The challenges of aerial navigation led Lear into the development of radio direction finders and avionics products. Lear founded Lear Developments,

2000-662: The time. Although the Lear Jet was quite successful and remains in production, Bill Lear was eventually forced to sell Lear Jet Corporation to the Gates Rubber Company in 1967 due to other financial losses. In the early 1970s, Lear backed the Foxjet ST600 with its first order. The Very Light Jet project failed, but the VLJ concept became popular again 30 years later. In 1976, Lear sold an option to his LearStar concept to Canadair ,

2050-547: The transition from analog to digital RF technology, which enabled a substantial increase in voice traffic along with the delivery of digital data such as text messaging, images and streaming media . Wireless communications can be via: Radio and microwave communication carry information by modulating properties of electromagnetic waves transmitted through space. Specifically, the transmitter generates artificial electromagnetic waves by applying time-varying electric currents to its antenna . The waves travel away from

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2100-476: The transmission and reception of sound. Electromagnetic induction only allows short-range communication and power transmission. It has been used in biomedical situations such as pacemakers, as well as for short-range RFID tags. Common examples of wireless equipment include: AM and FM radios and other electronic devices make use of the electromagnetic spectrum . The frequencies of the radio spectrum that are available for use for communication are treated as

2150-531: The use of sound. The term wireless has been used twice in communications history, with slightly different meanings. It was initially used from about 1890 for the first radio transmitting and receiving technology, as in wireless telegraphy , until the new word radio replaced it around 1920. Radio sets in the UK and the English-speaking world that were not portable continued to be referred to as wireless sets into

2200-513: The use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, etc.) that use some form of energy (e.g. radio waves and acoustic energy) to transfer information without the use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances. The first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880 when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented

2250-461: Was an American inventor and businessman. He is best known for founding Learjet , a manufacturer of business jets . He also invented the battery eliminator for the B battery , and developed the car radio and the 8-track cartridge , an audio tape system. Throughout his career of 46 years, Lear received over 140 patents. Lear was born on June 26, 1902, in Hannibal, Missouri to Rueben Marion Lear,

2300-470: Was easily adapted to vehicle and home use. The Lear Jet Stereo 8 Division offered home, auto, and portable versions. A popular theory is that Learjets also included 8-track players. In 1965, a partnership between Ford , RCA , and Lear offered the first pre-recorded 8-track music cartridges. RCA released the first Stereo 8 Tape Cartridges in September 1965, issuing 175 titles. In 1968, Lear started work on

2350-571: Was employed briefly at a local airfield. He spent one summer with his father in Tulsa , re-building a Model-T car. Too independent to move back with his mother in Chicago, Lear struck out cross country. He joined the U.S. Navy and was sent to Great Lakes Naval Training Station . After discharge, and with a young family, "he decided to complete his high school education. Starting a radio repair shop in his home, which he could tend nights, Lear enrolled at Tulsa Central High School , taking eight solids, heavy on

2400-403: Was first investigated by Jagadish Chandra Bose during 1894–1896, when he reached an extremely high frequency of up to 60   GHz in his experiments. He also introduced the use of semiconductor junctions to detect radio waves, when he patented the radio crystal detector in 1901. The wireless revolution began in the 1990s, with the advent of digital wireless networks leading to

2450-507: Was interfering with a pilot's ability to land an aircraft. Wireless communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz. One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a cellular phone, with more than 6.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end of 2010. These wireless phones use radio waves from signal-transmission towers to enable their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide. They can be used within

2500-460: Was used by stranded trains during the Great Blizzard of 1888 and earth conductive systems found limited use between trenches during World War I but these systems were never successful economically. In 1894, Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless telegraph system using radio waves , which had been known about since proof of their existence in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz , but discounted as

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