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34-578: The Representation of the People Act 1918 ( 7 & 8 Geo. 5 . c. 64) was an act of Parliament passed to reform the electoral system in Great Britain and Ireland. It is sometimes known as the Fourth Reform Act . The Act extended the franchise in parliamentary elections, also known as the right to vote, to men aged over 21, whether or not they owned property, and to women aged over 30 who resided in

68-538: A university constituency (this Act increased the university vote by creating the Combined English Universities seats) or by occupying business premises in other constituencies. 7 %26 8 Geo. 5 Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland ). For acts passed up until 1707, see

102-579: A common ground—or "new center"—that already existed in U.S. politics, emerging periodically into public view in the form of "unusual coalitions" of progressives and conservatives around issues ranging from war and the military budget to corporate power and the surveillance state . The movement builds on methods of facilitated dialogue, deliberation and conflict resolution . Current examples of transpartisan initiatives include Transpartisan Center, TheSolution.org, Reuniting America, Transpartisan Alliance, and Liberty Coalition. Transpartisanship

136-408: A developmental context, viewing democracy and prosperity not as static attainments, but rather emergent properties along a continuum of adult development . In 2016, Emmanuel Macron created a new French political party, En Marche . The party sought to transcend traditional political boundaries to be a transpartisan organisation. Macron has described the party as being a progressive party uniting

170-704: A specific constituency the basis of the right to vote, institutionalising the first-past-the-post method of election, and rejecting proportional representation, although this failed by only seven votes in the Commons during the Act's progress. It was not until the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 that women gained electoral equality. The 1928 Act gave the vote to all women aged over 21, regardless of any property qualification, which added another five million women to

204-457: A vote than a woman of thirty-five. In addition to the suffrage changes, the Act also instituted the present system of holding all voting in a general election on one day, as opposed to being staggered over a period of weeks (although the polling itself would only take place on a single day in each constituency), and brought in the annual electoral register . The bill for the Representation of

238-413: Is an emerging field that advocates pragmatic and effective solutions to social and political problems, transcending and including preexisting political ideologies. Transpartisanship encompasses the idea that all systems are inextricably interconnected, and that successful outcomes can best be reached through inclusive, genuine, and respectful cooperation. Transpartisan democracy, in part, seeks to reintegrate

272-453: Is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of

306-778: The Sinn Féin candidate for Dublin St. Patrick's , Constance Markievicz , was elected; however she followed her party's abstentionist policy and did not take her seat at Westminster and instead sat in the Dáil Éireann (the First Dáil ) in Dublin . The first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons was Nancy Astor on 1 December 1919, who was elected as a Coalition Conservative MP for Plymouth Sutton on 28 November 1919. As Members of Parliament, women also gained

340-466: The list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland . For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain . See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland . For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament , the list of acts of

374-475: The 7.7 million who had been entitled to vote in 1912 to 21.4 million by the end of 1918. Women now accounted for about 39.64% of the electorate. Had women been enfranchised based upon the same requirements as men, they would have been in the majority because of the loss of men in the war. The age of 30 was chosen because it was all that was politically possible at the time. Any attempt to make it lower would have failed. as Lord Robert Cecil explained shortly after

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408-404: The Act was passed: That is the reason why the age limit of thirty was introduced, in order to avoid extending the franchise to a very large number of women, for fear they might be in a majority in the electorate of this country. It was for that reason only, and it had nothing to do with their qualifications at all. No one would seriously suggest that a woman of twenty-five is less capable of giving

442-525: The First World War), accepted that this would not have wide, cross-party support; many of those in favour of suffrage at the Speaker's Conference still wanted to maintain a male majority. Recalling Disraeli 's quip, she noted that Britain "is governed not by logic, but by Parliament". The debates in both Houses of Parliament saw majority cross-party unanimity. The Home Secretary, George Cave ( Con ) within

476-654: The National Assembly, securing 308 under its label and 42 for the MoDem. Binaa Sudan Party was established in February 2018 following an invitation from the Sudanese Shadow Government , a group of youth professionals who joined to form a non-ideological organisation to produce a practical manifesto to put solutions for Sudan's state problems. Binaa Sudan Party (BSP) labels itself as a Transpartisan organization. BSP

510-519: The Northern Ireland Assembly , and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru ; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland . The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800

544-409: The Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number. The seventh session of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom , which met from 7 February 1917 until 6 February 1918. Transpartisan Transpartisan , or transpartisanship , represents an emerging paradigm of political thought which accepts

578-676: The People Act was passed by a majority of 385 to 55 in the House of Commons on 19 June 1917. The bill still had to pass through the House of Lords , but Lord Curzon , the president of the National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage did not want to clash with the Commons and so did not oppose the bill. Many other opponents of the Bill in the Lords lost heart when he refused to act as their spokesman. The bill passed by 134 to 71 votes. The first election held under

612-483: The constituency whilst occupying land or premises with a rateable value above £5, or whose husbands did. At the same time, it extended the local government franchise to include women aged over 30 on the same terms as men. It came into effect at the 1918 general election . As a result of the Act, the male electorate was extended by 5.2 million to 12.9 million. The female electorate was 8.5 million. The Act also created new electoral arrangements, including making residence in

646-503: The contribution made by women defence workers. However, women were still not politically equal to men (who could vote from the age of 21 if they were willing to serve British rule); full electoral equality was achieved in Ireland in 1922, but did not occur in Britain until the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 . The terms of the Act were: The Act added 8.4 million women to

680-510: The electorate as well as 5.6 million men. It was therefore the greatest of all the UK Reform Acts in terms of electorate addition. The costs incurred by returning officers were for the first time to be paid by the Treasury. Prior to the 1918 general election, the administrative costs were passed on to the candidates to pay in addition to their expenses. The size of the electorate tripled from

714-512: The electorate. After the Third Reform Act in 1884, 60% of male householders over the age of 21 had the vote. This left 40% who did not – including the poorest in society. Thus millions of soldiers returning from World War I would still not have been entitled to vote in the long overdue general election. (The last election had been in December 1910 . An election had been scheduled for 1915, but

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748-427: The exclusion for a period, of so many of our population from the class of electors. I think I need say no more to justify this extension of the franchise. The Representation of the People Act 1918 widened suffrage by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranchising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. The enfranchisement of this latter group was accepted as recognition of

782-457: The governing coalition introduced the Act: War by all classes of our countrymen has brought us nearer together, has opened men’s eyes, and removed misunderstandings on all sides. It has made it, I think, impossible that ever again, at all events in the lifetime of the present generation, there should be a revival of the old class feeling which was responsible for so much, and, among other things, for

816-653: The left and the right. Observers and political commentators have described the party as being both socially and economically liberal in ideology, Emmanuel Macron became the President of France . The party also won the National Assembly elections a month later, as candidates in the legislative elections included members of the Democratic Movement, as well as dissidents from the Socialist Party, The Republicans and minor parties. It won an absolute majority of seats in

850-499: The likes of Emmeline Pankhurst and the Women's Social and Political Union . The suffragist Millicent Fawcett suggested that the women's right to vote issue was the main reason for the Speaker's Conference in 1917. She was frustrated by the resultant age limit, though recognising that there were one and a half million more women than men in the country at the time (due to the loss of life in

884-499: The needs of all present. Transpartisan gatherings have resulted not only in surprisingly civil conversations noted by mainstream media but also in shifts from traditional ideological stances by some participants. A close relative of transpartisanship is integral politics . A transpartisan approach to policy would necessarily include individual and collective, as well as subjective and objective, perspective. Furthermore, similar to integral theory , transpartisanship places politics in

918-508: The new system was the 1918 general election . Polling took place on 14 December 1918, but vote-counting did not start until 29 December 1918. After this Act gave about 8.4 million women the vote, the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 was passed in November 1918, allowing women to be elected to Parliament . Several women stood for election to the House of Commons in 1918, but only one,

952-471: The oppression of women was one of the few remaining relics from ancient times, a set of prejudices that severely impeded the progress of humanity. He agreed to present a petition to Parliament, provided it had at least 100 signatures, and the first version was drafted by his step-daughter, Helen Taylor. The Suffragettes and Suffragists had pushed for their right to be represented prior to the war, but felt too little had changed, despite violent agitation by

986-501: The other hand, tends to deny the existence of differing viewpoints in exchange for cooperation. Both the bipartisan and nonpartisan approaches can discount the multiplicity of viewpoints that exist, which often results in incomplete and therefore unsuccessful outcomes. In contrast to these, transpartisanship recognizes the existence and validity of many points of view, and advocates a constructive dialogue aimed at arriving at creative, integrated, and therefore, breakthrough solutions that meet

1020-403: The public's voice in identifying, debating, and shaping governmental policies, while continuing to protect the sovereignty of the individual. The term "transpartisanship" has emerged to provide a meaningful alternative to "bipartisanship" and "nonpartisanship". Bipartisanship limits the dialogue process to two political viewpoints or entities, striving for compromise solutions. Nonpartisanship, on

1054-523: The right to become government ministers. The first woman cabinet minister and Privy Council member was the Labour Party's Margaret Bondfield , Minister of Labour from 1929 to 1931. Although the Representation of the People Act extended the franchise significantly, it did not create a complete system of one person, one vote . Seven percent of the population enjoyed a plural vote in the 1918 election, mostly middle-class men who had an extra vote due to

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1088-432: The validity of truths across a range of political perspectives and seeks to synthesize them into an inclusive, pragmatic container beyond typical political dualities. It is distinct from bipartisanship , which aims to negotiate between "right" and "left", resulting in a dualistic perspective, and nonpartisanship , which tends to avoid political affiliation altogether. Transpartisanship is a movement to support and advance

1122-582: Was formed to draft a petition and gather signatures, led by women including Barbara Bodichon, Emily Davies, and Elizabeth Garrett. In 1869, John Stuart Mill published The Subjection of Women (1861, published 1869), one of the earliest works on this subject by a male author. In the book, Mill attempts to make a case for perfect equality. He talks about the role of women in marriage and how it needed to be changed, and comments on three major facets of women's lives that he felt were hindering them: society and gender construction, education, and marriage. He argued that

1156-512: Was postponed to a time after the war.) The issue of a female right to vote first gathered momentum during the latter half of the nineteenth century. In 1865, the Kensington Society , a discussion group for middle-class women who were barred from higher education, met at the home of Indian scholar Charlotte Manning in Kensington. Following a discussion on suffrage, a small informal committee

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