Philosophers
89-490: (Redirected from Four Musketeers ) The Four Musketeers may refer to: The principal characters in the Alexandre Dumas novel The Three Musketeers and its sequels once D'Artagnan is added as the fourth musketeer The Four Musketeers (tennis) , French tennis players who dominated the game in the second half of the 1920s and early 1930s The Four Musketeers (1934 film) ,
178-494: A Silly Symphony cartoon called, Three Blind Mouseketeers , which is loosely based on the novel in 1936, in which the characters are depicted as anthropomorphic animals. A two-part adaptation aired on The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo , with Magoo portraying D'Artagnan. The Three Musketeers was a series of animated shorts produced by Hanna-Barbera as part of The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour and The Banana Splits & Friends show. The Three Musketeers
267-439: A tribunal is warranted if suitability is problematic. British political scientist Vernon Bogdanor justifies monarchy on the grounds that it provides for a nonpartisan head of state , separate from the head of government , and thus ensures that the highest representative of the country, at home and internationally, does not represent a particular political party , but all people. Bogdanor also notes that monarchies can play
356-579: A 2009 episode in its third season by the name of The Two Musketeers ; a third musketeer joins by the end of the episode. A Barbie adaptation of the tale by the name of Barbie and the Three Musketeers was released in 2009. A new CGI children's animated series The 3 Musketeers will be focus on a female-lead rather than the regular male lead which will be produced by Mediawan 's French animation company Method Animation and Italian production company Palomar producing. The first stage production
445-649: A German drama directed by Heinz Paul unrelated to the Dumas novels The Four Musketeers (1936 film) , an Italian adventure film directed by Carlo Campogalliani The Four Musketeers (1963 film) , an Italian-French film directed by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia The Four Musketeers (1974 film) , a film by Richard Lester The Four Musketeers (musical) , a musical with a score by Laurie Johnson and lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer The Four Musketeers (1632) , fictional characters in Eric Flint's 1632 series Topics referred to by
534-596: A book by André Breedland and music & lyrics by Rob & Ferdi Bolland premiered, which went on to open in Germany (both the Dutch and German production starring Pia Douwes as Milady De Winter) and Hungary. Playwright Peter Raby, composer George Stiles and lyricist Paul Leigh have written another adaptation titled The 3 Musketeers, One Musical For All , originally produced by the now defunct American Musical Theatre of San Jose . In 2006, an adaptation by Ken Ludwig premiered at
623-500: A convent where the Queen sent her to hide. Upon her return to France, Milady hides, coincidentally, in the convent where Constance is hiding. The naïve Constance clings to Milady who pretends to be another victim of the Cardinal's intrigues. Seeking revenge on D'Artagnan, Milady poisons Constance before he arrives to rescue her. The musketeers catch Milady before she reaches Richelieu. Summoning
712-566: A critical role in the nation's political agenda and in various military coups. Similarly, in Morocco , King Mohammed VI wields significant, but not absolute power. Liechtenstein is a democratic principality whose citizens have voluntarily given more power to their monarch in recent years. There remain a handful of countries in which the monarchy is an absolute monarchy . The majority of these countries are oil-producing Arab Islamic monarchies like Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Qatar , Oman , and
801-461: A dozen Rochelaise in the process, which adds to their legend. They warn the Queen and Lord de Winter about Milady's plan to assassinate Buckingham. Milady is imprisoned on arrival in England, but seduces her guard, Felton, and persuades him to allow her to escape and to kill Buckingham himself. D'Artagnan is informed that the Queen has rescued Constance from prison. He gets a permission to take her from
890-588: A duel. The older man's companions instead beat D'Artagnan unconscious with a cooking pot and a tong that breaks his sword. His letter of introduction to Monsieur de Tréville, the commander of the Musketeers, a King's elite regiment, is stolen. D'Artagnan resolves to avenge himself upon the older man, who is actually the Comte de Rochefort , an agent of Cardinal Richelieu , who is passing the latter's orders to his spy, Milady de Winter . In Paris, D'Artagnan visits Tréville at
979-403: A fake identity. In the heat of passion, D'Artagnan reveals that it is not the first time they are together. Milady is enraged and in the subsequent scuffle, D'Artagnan discovers a fleur-de-lis branded on her shoulder. Milady attempts to kill D'Artagnan, who eludes her. He later tells Athos that his former wife is alive. Cardinal Richelieu offers D'Artagnan a career in his guards' ranks. Dreading
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#17328486363191068-524: A gradual process. In 1215, a group of nobles forced King John to sign Magna Carta , which guaranteed the English barons certain liberties and established that the king's powers were not absolute. King Charles I was executed in 1649, and the Commonwealth of England was established as a republic. Highly unpopular, the republic was ended in 1660, and the monarchy was restored under King Charles II . In 1687–88,
1157-517: A helpful unifying role in a multinational state , noting that "In Belgium, it is sometimes said that the king is the only Belgian, everyone else being either Fleming or Walloon " and that the British sovereign can belong to all of the United Kingdom's constituent countries (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), without belonging to any particular one of them. Thomas Hobbes wrote that
1246-586: A kingdom after a republican interlude in 1925–1928. Since 1945 the country has operated as an independent republic. The Albanian Democratic Monarchist Movement Party (founded in 2004) and the Legality Movement Party (founded in 1924) advocate restoration of the House of Zogu as monarchs—the concept has gained little electoral support. Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Republic of German-Austria
1335-470: A local executioner, they put Milady on trial, sentence her to death, and have her executed. The executioner reveals that it was he who branded Milady as a felon years before after she, a young nun at the time, seduced and then abandoned his brother, a local priest. When the four friends return to the Siege of La Rochelle, Richelieu's Guards arrest D’Artagnan. D'Artagnan gives the Cardinal the secret order absolving
1424-519: A marked increase in immigration which saw the arrival of both Jews and Protestants who were attracted by Brazil's reputation for religious tolerance. The final decades of the Empire under the reign of Pedro II saw a remarkable period of relative peace both at home and internationally, coupled with dramatic economic expansion, the extension of basic civil rights to most people and the gradual restriction of slavery , culminating in its final abolition in 1888. It
1513-636: A new anime adaptation called The Three Musketeers Anime , this time with human characters, which features several departures from the original. Albert the Fifth Musketeer is a 1994 French-British animated series featuring a new musketeer, the titular Albert. Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers , a direct-to-video animated movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios , directed by Donovan Cook and released on 17 August 2004. The Backyardigans had
1602-466: A particular monarch is a royalist . Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is referred to as republicanism . Depending on the country, a royalist may advocate for the rule of the person who sits on the throne, a regent , a pretender , or someone who would otherwise occupy the throne but has been deposed. Monarchical rule is among the oldest political institutions. The similar form of societal hierarchy known as chiefdom or tribal kingship
1691-519: A renowned fighter. King Louis XIII appoints D'Artagnan to Des Essart's company of the King's Guards, a less prestigious regiment, and gives him forty pistoles . D'Artagnan hires a servant named Planchet and finds lodgings with Bonacieux, a merchant. His landlord later mentions the kidnapping of his wife, Constance Bonacieux, who works for Queen Anne of France . When she is released, D'Artagnan falls in love at first sight with her. Queen Anne secretly meets
1780-577: A series of recovered manuscripts, turning the origins of his romance into a little drama of its own. In the preface, he tells of being inspired by a scene in Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan (1700), a historical novel by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras , printed by Pierre Rouge in Amsterdam, which Dumas discovered during his research for his history of Louis XIV . According to Dumas, the incident where d'Artagnan tells of his first visit to M. de Tréville, captain of
1869-545: A story about a count who fell in love with and married a young woman. Months later, the count discovered that his wife was branded with a fleur-de-lis on her shoulder, a punishment for felony. The count left her to die in a forest with her hands tied, abandoned his family castle and joined the King's guard under another name. D'Artagnan understands that Athos is telling his own story. In Paris, D'Artagnan meets Milady and recognizes her as one of Richelieu's agents. He becomes infatuated with her, though her maid reveals that Milady
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#17328486363191958-465: A vote on abolishing the monarchy and replacing it with a republic. The proposal failed, with a 134–35 result in favor of retaining the monarchy. The idea was highly controversial in Norway, as the vote was spearheaded by the sitting Minister of Culture and Equality , who had sworn an oath of loyalty to King Harald V of Norway the previous year. Additionally, when polls were conducted, it was found that 84% of
2047-426: Is a musical with a book by William Anthony McGuire , lyrics by Clifford Grey and P. G. Wodehouse , and music by Rudolf Friml . The original 1928 production ran on Broadway for 318 performances. A 1984 revival ran for 15 previews and 9 performances. The Stratford Festival has staged different theatrical productions of playwright Peter Raby's adaptation of the novel: In 2003, a Dutch musical 3 Musketiers with
2136-470: Is also remembered for its thriving culture and arts. However, Pedro II had little interest in preserving the monarchy and passively accepted its overthrow by a military coup d'état in 1889 resulting in the establishment of a dictatorship known as the First Brazilian Republic . The majority of current monarchies are constitutional monarchies . In a constitutional monarchy the power of the monarch
2225-496: Is befriended by three of the most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos , Porthos and Aramis , "the three musketeers" or "the three inseparables" – and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court. The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas frequently portrays various injustices, abuses and absurdities of the Ancien Régime , giving the novel an additional political significance at
2314-522: Is by the American translator Lawrence Ellsworth (Lawrence Schick) published by Pegasus Books in February 2018 from the 1956 French edition. Ellsworth decided to translate the full trilogy of The d'Artagnan Romances as well as the two novels of The Count of Moret for 21st century readers in 9 volumes, making it the first complete translation in over a century and a half. 7 out of 9 volumes have been published and
2403-471: Is critical to the Protestant rebels at La Rochelle. Richelieu gives her his order absolving the bearer from any responsibility, but Athos takes the order from her. To get time to secretly consult with his friends, Athos bets that he, D'Artagnan, Porthos, and Aramis will hold the recaptured St. Gervais bastion against the rebels for an hour next morning. They resist for an hour and a half before retreating, killing
2492-450: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages The Three Musketeers The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires ) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas . It is the first of the author's three d'Artagnan Romances . As with some of his other works, he wrote it in collaboration with ghostwriter Auguste Maquet . It
2581-504: Is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice. Set between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan ) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, hoping to join the Musketeers of the Guard . Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he
2670-493: Is indifferent towards him. Entering her quarters in the dark, he pretends to be Comte de Wardes, whom she invited in a letter that D'Artagnan intercepted and makes love to her . However, D'Artagnan is not content with Milady's having sex with him thinking that he is de Wardes. He fakes a rude letter from de Wardes, offending Milady. She asks D'Artagnan to duel and kill the Comte. As a prepayment, he has sex with her again, without assuming
2759-542: Is prehistoric. Chiefdoms provided the concept of state formation, which started with civilizations such as Mesopotamia , Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley civilization . In some parts of the world, chiefdoms became monarchies. Monarchs have generally ceded power in the modern era, having substantially diminished since World War I and World War II . This process can be traced back to the 18th century, when Voltaire and others encouraged " enlightened absolutism ", which
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2848-431: Is restricted by either a written or unwritten constitution, this should not be confused with a ceremonial monarchy , in which the monarch holds only symbolic power and plays very little to no part in government or politics. In some constitutional monarchies the monarch does play a more active role in political affairs than in others. In Thailand , for instance, King Bhumibol Adulyadej , who reigned from 1946 to 2016, played
2937-526: Is retiring to marry his wealthy mistress, and Aramis because he is joining the priesthood. D'Artagnan, though heartbroken and full of regrets, receives the promotion he had coveted. Les Trois Mousquetaires was translated into three English versions by 1846. One of these, by William Barrow (1817–1877), is still in print and fairly faithful to the original, available in the Oxford World's Classics 1999 edition. To conform to 19th-century English standards, all of
3026-491: Is the hereditary monarch and head of state of Japan . The Imperial Household Law governs the line of imperial succession . The emperor is personally immune from prosecution and is also recognized as the head of the Shinto religion, which holds the emperor to be the direct descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu . According to tradition, the office of emperor was created in the 7th century BC, but modern scholars believe that
3115-602: The Bourbon monarchy under Isabella II's more popular son, Alfonso XII . After the 1931 Spanish local elections , King Alfonso XIII voluntarily left Spain and republicans proclaimed a Second Spanish Republic . After the assassination of opposition leader José Calvo Sotelo in 1936, right-wing forces banded together to overthrow the Republic. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939, General Francisco Franco established
3204-554: The Central African Empire in 1976 and ruled as Emperor Bokassa I until 1979, when he was subsequently deposed during Operation Caban and Central Africa returned to republican rule. In 1974, one of the world's oldest monarchies was abolished in Ethiopia with the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie . For most of its history, China was organized into various dynastic states under the rule of hereditary monarchs . Beginning with
3293-525: The Duke of Buckingham , England's first minister. At the meeting, she gives him a diamond necklace, the King's gift to her, as a keepsake. Richelieu, who wants to diminish the influence of Queen Anne and her Spanish entourage on French internal affairs, plots to persuade the King that his wife is having an affair with Buckingham. On his advice, the King demands that the Queen wears the diamonds to an upcoming soirée. Constance tries to send her husband to London to fetch
3382-778: The Glorious Revolution and the overthrow of King James II established the principles of constitutional monarchy , which would later be worked out by Locke and other thinkers. However, absolute monarchy , justified by Hobbes in Leviathan (1651), remained a prominent principle elsewhere. Following the Glorious Revolution, William III and Mary II were established as constitutional monarchs, with less power than their predecessor James II. Since then, royal power has become more ceremonial, with powers such as refusal to assent last exercised in 1708 by Queen Anne . Once part of
3471-529: The Prussian scheme which would have made Prince Henry of Prussia king of the United States. Hamilton proposed that the leader of America should be an elected monarch, while Gorham pushed for a hereditary monarchy. U.S. military officer Lewis Nicola also desired for America to be a monarchy, suggesting George Washington accept the crown of America, which he declined. All attempts ultimately failed, and America
3560-525: The United Arab Emirates . Other strong monarchies include Brunei and Eswatini . Absolute monarchy stands as an opposition to anarchism and, additionally since the Age of Enlightenment ; liberalism , capitalism , communism and socialism . Otto von Habsburg advocated a form of constitutional monarchy based on the primacy of the supreme judicial function, with hereditary succession , mediation by
3649-508: The Weimar Republic ; the party retained a large base of support until the rise of Nazism in the 1930s, as Adolf Hitler staunchly opposed monarchism. The aftermath of World War II saw the return of monarchist/republican rivalry in Italy , where a referendum was held on whether the state should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The republican side won the vote by a narrow margin, and
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3738-490: The 8th volume is in progress in a serialized translation on Substack. The novel has also been adapted for television in live action and animation. The BBC has adapted the novel on three occasions: Young Blades is an American/Canadian television series that aired on PAX in 2005. The series serves as a sequel to the novels, centered on the son of d'Artagnan, played by Tobias Mehler . A series adapted for Korean history aired in 2014. Walt Disney Productions produced
3827-496: The Bristol Old Vic. In this version, d'Artagnan's sister Sabine, "the quintessential tomboy," poses as a young man and participates in her brother's adventures. Monarchism Works List of forms of government Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports
3916-449: The Comte de la Fère, the pleasure or the ennui he may experience. This being understood, let us proceed with our story. The Three Musketeers was written in collaboration with Auguste Maquet , who also worked with Dumas on its sequels ( Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later ), as well as The Count of Monte Cristo . Maquet would suggest plot outlines after doing historical research; Dumas then expanded
4005-657: The Franks ( r. 507–511 ), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of West Francia , during the dissolution of the Carolingian Empire in the 800s. In 1920s Germany, a number of monarchists gathered around the German National People's Party (founded in 1918), which demanded the return of the Hohenzollern monarchy and an end to
4094-699: The Hungarian throne, which ultimately failed. Following Karl's death in 1922, his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary was inherited by Otto von Habsburg (1912–2011), although no further attempts were made to take the Hungarian throne. France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I , king of
4183-476: The Musketeers' headquarters. Without the letter, he faces a lukewarm reception from Tréville. Before their conversation concludes, D'Artagnan sees Rochefort passing in the street through Tréville's window and rushes out of the building to confront him. Pursuing Rochefort, he separately offends three musketeers, Athos , Porthos and Aramis , who each demand satisfaction; D'Artagnan must fight a duel with each of them that afternoon. As D'Artagnan prepares himself for
4272-413: The Musketeers, and how, in the antechamber, he encountered three young Béarnese with the names Athos, Porthos and Aramis, made such an impression on him that he continued to investigate. That much is true – the rest is fiction: He finally found the names of the three musketeers in a manuscript titled Mémoire de M. le comte de la Fère, etc. Dumas "requested permission" to reprint the manuscript; permission
4361-672: The Norwegian public supported the monarchy, with only 16% unsure or against the monarchy. Monarchy in the Russian Empire collapsed in March 1917, following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II . Parts of the White movement , and in particular émigrés and their Supreme Monarchical Council [ ru ] (founded in 1921 and now based in Canada) continued to advocate for monarchy as "the sole path to
4450-544: The United Kingdom (1801–1922), southern Ireland rejected monarchy and became the Republic of Ireland in 1949. Support for a ceremonial monarchy remains high in Britain: Queen Elizabeth II ( r. 1952–2022 ), possessed wide support from the U.K.'s population. The Vatican City State is considered to be Europe's last absolute monarchy. The microstate is headed by the Pope , who doubles as its monarch according to
4539-643: The Vatican constitution. The nation was formed under Pope Pius XI in 1929, following the signing of the Lateran Treaty . It was the successor state to the Papal States , which collapsed under Pope Pius IX in 1870. Pope Francis (in office from 2013) serves as the nation's absolute monarch. Canada possesses one of the world's oldest continuous monarchies, having been established in the 16th century. Queen Elizabeth II had served as its sovereign since her ascension to
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#17328486363194628-584: The authority of the British crown. The Thirteen American Colonies possessed a total of 10 monarchs, ending with George III . During the American Revolutionary War , the colonies declared independence from Britain in 1776. Despite erroneous popular belief, the Revolutionary war was in fact fought over independence, not anti-monarchism as is commonly believed. In fact, many American colonists who fought in
4717-617: The basis for the Spanish State (1939–1975). In 1938, the autocratic government of Franco claimed to have reconstituted the Spanish monarchy in absentia (and in this case ultimately yielded to a restoration, in the person of King Juan Carlos ). In 1975, Juan Carlos I became King of Spain and began the Spanish transition to democracy . He abdicated in 2014, and was succeeded by his son Felipe VI . In England, royalty ceded power to other groups in
4806-466: The bearer of any responsibility which Athos had taken from Milady. Impressed with D'Artagnan's candor and secretly glad to be rid of Milady, Richelieu destroys the order and writes a new one, giving the bearer a promotion to lieutenant in Tréville's company, leaving the name blank. D'Artagnan offers the letter to his three friends in turn, but each refuses it; Athos because it is beneath him, Porthos because he
4895-688: The concept of popular sovereignty upheld by Jean-Jacques Rousseau . 1848 ushered in a wave of revolutions against the continental European monarchies. World War I and its aftermath saw the end of three major European monarchies: the Russian Romanov dynasty, the German Hohenzollern dynasty, including all other German monarchies, and the Austro-Hungarian Habsburg dynasty. With the arrival of communism in Eastern Europe by
4984-465: The conservative party who supported the idea of being part of an empire, and the liberals who wanted Central America to be a separate nation under a republican system. The greatest example of this separation was in the two most important cities of the province, on the one hand Comayagua , which firmly supported the legitimacy of Iturbide I as emperor and remained a pro-monarchist bastion in Honduras, and on
5073-450: The country was declared a republic in 1950. King George VI had previously been the last Emperor of India until August 1947, when the British Raj dissolved. Karan Singh served as the last prince regent of Jammu and Kashmir until November 1952. The emperor of Japan or Tennō ( 天皇 , pronounced [tennoꜜː] ) , literally " ruler from heaven " or " heavenly sovereign ",
5162-558: The diamond studs, Buckingham provides replacements while delaying the thief's return to Paris. D'Artagnan thus returns a complete set of jewels to Queen Anne in time to save her honor. D'Artagnan hopes to begin an affair with the grateful Constance. Invited to a date, he sees signs of a struggle and discovers that Rochefort and Bonacieux, acting under the orders of Richelieu, have kidnapped Constance. D'Artagnan traces his steps back to find his friends whom he abandoned wounded on his way to London. At their meeting, Athos, drunk, tells D'Artagnan
5251-408: The diamonds, but he is instead manipulated by Richelieu and thus does not go, so D'Artagnan and his friends intercede. En route to England, Richelieu's henchmen attack them and only D'Artagnan and Planchet reach London. Before arriving, D'Artagnan is compelled to assault and nearly to kill Comte de Wardes, a friend of Richelieu, cousin of Rochefort and Milady's love interest. Although Milady stole two of
5340-400: The dissolution of union with Sweden and the abdication of King Oscar II of Sweden as King of Norway, the 1905 Norwegian monarchy referendum saw 78.94% of Norway's voters approving the government's proposition to invite Prince Carl of Denmark to become their new king. Following the vote, the prince then accepted the offer, becoming King Haakon VII . In 2022, the Norwegian parliament held
5429-538: The end of 1947, the remaining Eastern European monarchies, namely the Kingdom of Romania , the Kingdom of Hungary , the Kingdom of Albania , the Kingdom of Bulgaria , and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , were all abolished and replaced by socialist republics . In 1966, the Central African Republic was overthrown at the hands of Jean-Bédel Bokassa during the Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état . He established
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#17328486363195518-643: The establishment of dynastic rule by Yu the Great c. 2070 BC , and ending with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912, Chinese historiography came to organize itself around the succession of monarchical dynasties. Besides those established by the dominant Han ethnic group or its spiritual Huaxia predecessors, dynasties throughout Chinese history were also founded by non-Han peoples. In India, monarchies recorded history of thousands of years before
5607-581: The explicit and many of the implicit references to sexuality were removed, adversely affecting the readability of several scenes, such as the scenes between d'Artagnan and Milady. There are 3 modern translations as well. One recent English translation is by Will Hobson in 2002. Another is by Richard Pevear (2006), who, though applauding Barrow's work, states that most of the modern translations available today are "textbook examples of bad translation practices" which "give their readers an extremely distorted notion of Dumas' writing." The most recent translation
5696-522: The first duel, he realizes that Athos's seconds are Porthos and Aramis, who are astonished that the Gascon intends to duel them all. As D'Artagnan and Athos begin, Richelieu's guards appear and attempt to arrest the musketeers for illegal dueling. Offered to leave by the Cardinal's guards, D'Artagnan decides to help the musketeers. Despite being outnumbered four to five, the four men win the battle. D'Artagnan seriously wounds Jussac, one of Richelieu's officers and
5785-511: The first emperors did not appear until the 5th or 6th centuries AD . During the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333, the shōguns were the de facto rulers of Japan, with the emperor and the imperial court acting as figureheads . In 1867, shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu stepped down, restoring Emperor Meiji to power. The Meiji Constitution was adopted In 1889, after which the emperor became an active ruler with considerable political power that
5874-466: The modern Republic of Italy was created. There have been 16 monarchs of the Principality of Liechtenstein since 1608. The current Prince of Liechtenstein, Hans-Adam II , has reigned since 1989. In 2003, during a referendum , 64.3% of the population voted to increase the power of the prince. The position of King of Norway has existed continuously since the unification of Norway in 872. Following
5963-599: The monarchists did not intend to establish an indigenous monarchy. Costa Rican monarchists were loyal to Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire . After the independence of the general captaincy of Guatemala from the Spanish empire , she joined the First Mexican Empire for a brief period, this unleashed the division of the Honduran elites. These were divided between the annexationists, made up mostly of illustrious Spanish-descendant families and members of
6052-591: The other hand Tegucigalpa who supported the idea of forming a federation of Central American states under a republican system. After obtaining independence from Spain, the First Mexican Empire was established under Emperor Agustín I . His reign lasted less than one year, and he was forcefully deposed. In 1864, the Second Mexican Empire was formed under Emperor Maximilian I . Maximilian's government enjoyed French aid, but opposition from America, and collapsed after three years. Much like Agustín I, Maximilian I
6141-558: The plot, removing some characters, including new ones and imbuing the story with his unmistakable style. The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the newspaper Le Siècle between March and July 1844. In 1625 France, D'Artagnan leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris to join the Musketeers of the Guard . At a house in Meung-sur-Loire , an older man derides D'Artagnan's horse. Insulted, D'Artagnan demands
6230-483: The prospect of losing his friends, D'Artagnan refuses despite understanding that his career prospects diminish as a result. With their regiments, D'Artagnan and the three musketeers are ordered to the Siege of La Rochelle . There, the four friends survive two assassination attempts by Milady's agents. The would-be assassins die in the process. At an inn, Athos overhears Richelieu asking Milady to murder Buckingham, whose support
6319-453: The rebirth of Russia". In the modern era, a minority of Russians, including Vladimir Zhirinovsky (1946–2022), have openly advocated for a restoration of the Russian monarchy . Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna is widely considered the valid heir to the throne, in the event that a restoration occurs. Other pretenders and their supporters dispute her claim. In 1868, Queen Isabella II of Spain
6408-529: The rise of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 provoked an increase in support for monarchism; however, efforts by Hungarian monarchists failed to bring back a royal head of state, and the monarchists settled for a regent , Admiral Miklós Horthy , to represent the monarchy until the throne could be re-occupied. Horthy ruled as regent from 1920 to 1944. During his regency, attempts were made by Karl von Habsburg ( r. 1916–1918 ) to return to
6497-519: The said ethnic group was reorganized under a single chief known as Ta Uplika, for the reign of his grandson King Oldman I this group had a very close relationship With the English, they managed to turn the Mosquitia coast into an English protectorate that would decline in the 19th century until it completely disappeared in 1894 with the abdication of Robert II . Currently, the Miskitos who are shot between
6586-435: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Four Musketeers . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Four_Musketeers&oldid=1100829910 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
6675-485: The throne in 1952 until her death in 2022. Her son, King Charles III , now sits on the throne. The struggle between monarchists and republicans led to the Costa Rican civil war of 1823. Costa Rican monarchists include Joaquín de Oreamuno y Muñoz de la Trinidad, José Santos Lombardo y Alvarado and José Rafael Gallegos Alvarado. Costa Rica stands out for being one of the few countries with foreign monarchism, that is, where
6764-721: The time of its publication, a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialised from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy , four years before the French Revolution of 1848 established the Second Republic . The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later . Dumas presents his novel as one of
6853-541: The two countries have denounced the neglect of their communities and abuses committed by the authorities. As a result of this, in Nicaragua several Miskito people began a movement of separatism from present-day Nicaragua and a re-institution of the monarchy. English settlers first established the colony of Jamestown in 1607, taking its name after King James VI and I . For 169 years, the Thirteen Colonies were ruled by
6942-585: The war against George III were monarchists themselves, who opposed George, but desired to possess a different king. Additionally, the American colonists received the financial support of Louis XVI and Charles III of Spain during the war. After the U.S. declared its independence, the form of government by which it would operate still remained unsettled. At least two of America's Founding Fathers , Alexander Hamilton and Nathaniel Gorham , believed that America should be an independent monarchy. Various proposals to create an American monarchy were considered, including
7031-491: Was a Hanna-Barbera animated special from 1973. It was part of the 1970s-80s CBS anthology series Famous Classic Tales that was produced by Hanna-Barbera's Australian division and often aired around the holidays between Thanksgiving and New Year's Day. Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds is a 1981 Spanish–Japanese anime adaptation, where the characters are anthropomorphic dogs. A sequel, The Return of Dogtanian ,
7120-506: Was deposed and later executed by his republican enemies. Since 1867, Mexico has not possessed a monarchy. Today, some Mexican monarchist organizations advocate for Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide or Carlos Felipe de Habsburgo to be instated as the Emperor of Mexico. The miskito ethnic group inhabits part of the Atlantic coast of Honduras and Nicaragua , by the beginning of the 17th century
7209-543: Was deposed during the Spanish Glorious Revolution . The Duke of Aosta , an Italian prince, was invited to rule and replace Isabella. He did so for a three-year period, reigning as Amadeo I before abdicating in 1873, resulting in the establishment of the First Spanish Republic . The republic lasted less than two years, and was overthrown during a coup by General Arsenio Martínez Campos . Campos restored
7298-548: Was embraced by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II and by Catherine II of Russia . In the 17th and 18th centuries the Enlightenment began. This resulted in new anti-monarchist ideas which resulted in several revolutions such as the 18th century American Revolution and the French Revolution which were both additional steps in the weakening of power of European monarchies. Each in its different way exemplified
7387-499: Was founded a Republic. During the American Civil War , a return to monarchy was considered as a way to solve the crisis, though it never came to fruition. Since then, the idea has possessed low support, but has been advocated by some public figures such as Ralph Adams Cram , Solange Hertz , Leland B. Yeager , Michael Auslin , Charles A. Coulombe , and Curtis Yarvin . From gaining its independence in 1822 until 1889, Brazil
7476-566: Was governed as a constitutional monarchy with a branch of the Portuguese Royal Family serving as monarchs. Prior to this period, Brazil had been a royal colony which had also served briefly as the seat of government for the Portuguese Empire following the occupation of that country by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1808. The history of the Empire of Brazil was marked by brief periods of political instability, several wars that Brazil won, and
7565-437: Was granted: Now, this is the first part of this precious manuscript which we offer to our readers, restoring it to the title which belongs to it, and entering into an engagement that if (of which we have no doubt) this first part should obtain the success it merits, we will publish the second immediately. In the meanwhile, since godfathers are second fathers, as it were, we beg the reader to lay to our account and not to that of
7654-584: Was in Dumas' own lifetime as the opera Les Trois Mousquetaires with a libretto by Dumas himself and music by Albert Visetti . An 1898 play, by Henry Hamilton , opened as The Three Musketeers at the Theatre Metropole, Camberwell , England, on 12 September 1898. Renamed The King's Musketeer , it was mounted at the Knickerbocker Theatre in New York on 22 February 1899. The Three Musketeers
7743-672: Was proclaimed. The Constitutional Assembly of German Austria passed the Habsburg Law , which permanently exiled the Habsburg family from Austria. Despite this, significant support for the Habsburg family persisted in Austria. Following the Anschluss of 1938, the Nazi government suppressed monarchist activities. By the time Nazi rule ended in Austria, support for monarchism had largely evaporated. In Hungary,
7832-435: Was released in 1989 by BRB Internacional , Thames Television and Wang Film Productions . Set 10 years after the original, it is loosely based on the novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne . A key difference between the two Dogtanian adaptions and Dumas' novel is that the character traits of Athos and Porthos were interchanged, making Athos the extrovert and Porthos the secretive noble of the group. In 1989, Gakken produced
7921-559: Was shared with the Imperial Diet . After World War II , the 1947 Constitution of Japan was enacted, defining the emperor as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people. The emperor has exercised a purely ceremonial role ever since. The last separate monarchy to take root in Europe, Albania began its recognised modern existence as a principality (1914) and became
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