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140-458: Ola L. Garen (1857–1915) got the idea to build the hotel in the 1880s. At that time there was only a walking track to the top of Vøringsfossen . English tourists had previously suggested that a hotel would become a world attraction. However to make these plans come true, Garen had to have a better way to transport the building materials so that the horses might climb up the Måbødalen. A new road

280-830: A calendar with a woman's head surrounded by the signs of the zodiac. The rights were resold to Léon Deschamps , the editor of the arts review La Plume , who brought it out with great success in 1897. The Seasons series was followed by The Flowers , The Arts (1898), The Times of Day (1899), Precious Stones (1900), and The Moon and the Stars (1902). Between 1896 and 1904 Mucha created over one hundred poster designs for Champenois. These were sold in various formats, ranging from expensive versions printed on Japanese paper or vellum, to less expensive versions which combined multiple images, to calendars and postcards. His posters focused almost entirely on beautiful women in lavish settings with their hair usually curling in arabesque forms and filling

420-503: A calligraphic form; and a page rendering the idea of each line in the form of an image." Le Pater was published on 20 December 1899, only 510 copies were printed. The original watercolor paintings of the page were displayed in the Austrian pavilion at the 1900 Exposition. He considered Le Pater to be his printed masterpiece, and referred to it in the New York Sun of 5 January 1900 as

560-457: A ceiling more than twelve meters high, and with natural light from skylights. His experience in theater decoration gave him the ability to paint large-scale paintings in a short period of time. Mucha's original concept was a group of murals depicting the suffering of the Slavic inhabitants of the region caused by the occupation by foreign powers. The sponsors of the exhibit, the Austrian government,

700-519: A celebrated poster of Sarah Bernhardt in 1890. In Paris, he taught at the Guérin school of art ( École normale d'enseignement du dessin ), where his students included Augusto Giacometti and Paul Berthon . Swiss-born Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen created the famous poster for the Paris cabaret Le Chat noir in 1896. The Czech artist Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939) arrived in Paris in 1888, and in 1895, made

840-573: A certain number of printed posters of each play to sell to collectors. The success of the Bernhardt posters brought Mucha commissions for advertising posters. He designed posters for JOB cigarette papers , Ruinart Champagne, Lefèvre-Utile biscuits, Nestlé baby food, Idéal Chocolate, the Beers of the Meuse, Moët-Chandon champagne, Trappestine brandy, and Waverly and Perfect bicycles. With Champenois, he also created

980-479: A coherent whole. He commissioned the sculptor Alfred Crick and the painter Adolphe Crespin  [ fr ] to decorate the façades of houses with their work. The most striking example was the house and studio built for the artist Albert Ciamberlani at 48, rue Defacqz / Defacqzstraat in Brussels, for which he created an exuberant façade covered with sgraffito murals with painted figures and ornament, recreating

1120-759: A collection of Far Eastern art, especially Japanese. New technologies in printing and publishing allowed Art Nouveau to quickly reach a global audience. Art magazines, illustrated with photographs and colour lithographs , played an essential role in popularizing the new style. The Studio in England, Arts et idèes and Art et décoration in France, and Jugend in Germany allowed the style to spread rapidly to all corners of Europe. Aubrey Beardsley in England, and Eugène Grasset , Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , and Félix Vallotton achieved international recognition as illustrators. With

1260-653: A company which made sets for Vienna theaters. While in Vienna, he discovered the museums, churches, palaces and especially theaters, for which he received free tickets from his employer. He also discovered Hans Makart , a very prominent academic painter, who created murals for many of the palaces and government buildings in Vienna, and was a master of portraits and historical paintings in grand format. His style turned Mucha in that artistic direction and influenced his later work. He began experimenting with photography, which became an important tool in his later work. To his misfortune,

1400-492: A cover illustration of a scene from the Franco-Prussian War which was on 23 January 1892 edition. His illustrations began to give him a regular income. He was able to buy a harmonium to continue his musical interests, and his first camera, which used glass-plate negatives. He took pictures of himself and his friends, and also regularly used it to compose his drawings. He became friends with Paul Gauguin , and shared

1540-613: A famous symbol of the style, the Glasgow Rose". Léon-Victor Solon , made an important contribution to Art Nouveau ceramics as art director at Mintons. He specialised in plaques and in tube-lined vases marketed as "secessionist ware" (usually described as named after the Viennese art movement ). Apart from ceramics, he designed textiles for the Leek silk industry and doublures for a bookbinder (G.T.Bagguley of Newcastle-under-Lyme), who patented

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1680-481: A figure holding a lamp and mirror symbolises light and truth. German Art Nouveau is commonly known by its German name, Jugendstil , or 'Youth Style'. The name is taken from the artistic journal, Jugend ('Youth'), which was published in Munich. The magazine was founded in 1896 by Georg Hirth , who remained editor until his death in 1916. The magazine survived until 1940. During the early 20th century, Jugendstil

1820-573: A glass bathtub. Josef Hoffmann designed the Viennese exhibit at the Paris exposition, highlighting the designs of the Vienna Secession . Eliel Saarinen first won international recognition for his imaginative design of the pavilion of Finland. While the Paris Exposition was by far the largest, other expositions did much to popularize the style. The 1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition marked

1960-482: A group of Czech emigrants, including some of his relatives, who had founded a Roman Catholic church in the town of Pisek, North Dakota . He was very happy with the artistic environment of Munich: he wrote to friends, "Here I am in my new element, painting. I cross all sorts of currents, but without effort, and even with joy. Here, for the first time, I can find the objectives to reach which used to seem inaccessible." However, he found he could not remain forever in Munich;

2100-783: A mixture of Art Nouveau and Beaux-Arts architecture : the main exhibit hall, the Grand Palais had a Beaux-Arts façade completely unrelated to the spectacular Art Nouveau stairway and exhibit hall in the interior. French designers all made special works for the Exhibition: Lalique crystal and jewellery; jewellery by Henri Vever and Georges Fouquet ; Daum glass; the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres in porcelain ; ceramics by Alexandre Bigot ; sculpted glass lamps and vases by Émile Gallé ; furniture by Édouard Colonna and Louis Majorelle ; and many other prominent arts and crafts firms. At

2240-419: A new architecture. For each function its material; for each material its form and its ornament." This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan , Victor Horta , Hector Guimard , and Antoni Gaudí . The French painters Maurice Denis , Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard played an important part in integrating fine arts painting with decoration. "I believe that before everything

2380-455: A new kind of product, a decorative panel, a poster without text, purely for decoration. They were published in large print runs for a modest price. The first series was The Seasons , published in 1896, depicting four different women in extremely decorative floral settings representing the seasons of the year. In 1897 he produced an individual decorative panel of a young woman in a floral setting, called Reverie , for Champenois. He also designed

2520-664: A number of notable Slavic artists there, including the Czechs Karel Vítězslav Mašek and Ludek Marold and the Russian Leonid Pasternak , father of the famous poet and novelist Boris Pasternak . He founded a Czech students' club, and contributed political illustrations to nationalist publications in Prague. In 1886, he received a notable commission for a painting of the Czech patron saints Cyril and Methodius , from

2660-408: A painting must decorate", Denis wrote in 1891. "The choice of subjects or scenes is nothing. It is by the value of tones, the coloured surface and the harmony of lines that I can reach the spirit and wake up the emotions." These painters all did both traditional painting and decorative painting on screens, in glass, and in other media. Another important influence on the new style was Japonism . This

2800-480: A palm branch in the Easter procession near the end of the play. One of the innovative features of the posters was the ornate rainbow-shaped arch behind the head, almost like a halo, which focused attention on her face; this feature appeared in all of his future theater posters. Probably because of a shortage of time, some areas of the background were left blank, without his usual decoration. The only background decoration were

2940-579: A poster for actress Sarah Bernhardt in the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou in Théâtre de la Renaissance . The success of this poster led to a contract to produce posters for six more plays by Bernhardt. The city of Nancy in Lorraine became the other French capital of the new style. In 1901, the Alliance provinciale des industries d'art , also known as the École de Nancy , was founded, dedicated to upsetting

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3080-423: A precursor of Art Nouveau design. In France, it was influenced by the architectural theorist and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , a declared enemy of the historical Beaux-Arts architectural style , whose theories on rationalism were derived from his study of medieval art : Viollet-le-Duc was himself a precursor of Art Nouveau: in 1851, at Notre-Dame de Paris , he created a series of mural paintings typical of

3220-641: A presence as strong as several forces". In 1906, he departed Belgium for Weimar (Germany), where he founded the Grand-Ducal School of Arts and Crafts, where the teaching of historical styles was forbidden. He played an important role in the German Werkbund , before returning to Belgium. The debut of Art Nouveau architecture in Brussels was accompanied by a wave of Decorative Art in the new style. Important artists included Gustave Strauven , who used wrought iron to achieve baroque effects on Brussels façades;

3360-401: A reprise of one of her early great successes, La Dame aux Camelias (September 1896), followed by Lorenzaccio (1896); Medea (1898); La Tosca (1898) and Hamlet (1899). He sometimes worked from photographs of Bernhardt, as he did for La Tosca . In addition to posters, he designed theatrical programs, sets, costumes, and jewelry for Bernhardt. The enterprising Bernhardt set aside

3500-462: A series of innovative glass display windows for Brussels shops, restaurants and galleries, in what a local critic called "a veritable delirium of originality". He died in 1901, just as the movement was beginning to receive recognition. Henry van de Velde , born in Antwerp , was another founding figure in the birth of Art Nouveau. Van de Velde's designs included the interior of his residence in Brussels,

3640-649: A series of murals for his residence at Emmahof Castle, and then at his ancestral home in the Tyrol , Gandegg Castle. The paintings at Emmahof were destroyed by fire in 1948, but his early versions in small format exist (now on display at the museum in Brno). He showed his skill at mythological themes, the female form, and lush vegetal decoration. Belasi, who was also an amateur painter, took Mucha on expeditions to see art in Venice, Florence and Milan, and introduced him to many artists, including

3780-453: A serious artist and philosopher. He was a devoted Catholic, but also was interested in mysticism. In January 1898 he joined the Paris masonic lodge of the Grand Orient de France . Shortly before the 1900 Exposition, as he wrote in his memoirs, "I had not found any real satisfaction in my old kind of work. I saw that my way was to be found elsewhere, little bit higher. I sought a way to spread

3920-510: A store display for Savon Mucha , a soap bar. In 1908, he undertook one large decoration project, for the interior of the German Theater of New York; he produced three large allegorical murals, in the Art Nouveau style, representing Tragedy, Comedy and Truth. Besides the decoration, he made graphic designs, stage and costume designs. Artistically, the trip was not a success; portrait painting

4060-488: A strong influence on the work of the young Hector Guimard , who came to see the Hôtel Tassel under construction, and later declared that Horta was the "inventor" of the Art Nouveau. Horta's innovation was not the façade, but the interior, using an abundance of iron and glass to open up space and flood the rooms with light, and decorating them with wrought iron columns and railings in curving vegetal forms, which were echoed on

4200-606: A studio in the Zbiroh Castle in western Bohemia, where he lived and worked until 1928. While living in Paris Mucha had imagined the series as "light shining into the souls of all people with its clear ideals and burning warnings." To prepare the project he traveled to all the Slavic countries, from Russia and Poland to the Balkans, making sketches and taking photographs. He used costumed models and still and motion picture cameras to set

4340-467: A studio with him for a time when Gauguin returned from Tahiti in the summer of 1893. In late autumn 1894, he also became friends with the playwright August Strindberg , with whom he had a common interest in philosophy and mysticism. His magazine illustrations led to book illustration; he was commissioned to provide illustrations for Scenes and Episodes of German History by historian Charles Seignobos . Four of his illustrations, including one depicting

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4480-453: A talent for music: he was an alto singer and violin player. After completing Volksschule , he wanted to continue with his studies, but his family was not able to fund them, as they were already funding the studies of his three step-siblings. His music teacher sent him to Pavel Křížkovský , choirmaster of St Thomas's Abbey in Brno , to be admitted to the choir and to have his studies funded by

4620-468: A telephone call to Maurice de Brunhoff, the manager of the publishing firm Lemercier which printed her theatrical posters, ordering a new poster for the continuation of the play Gismonda . The play, by Victorien Sardou , had already opened with great success on 31 October 1894 at the Théâtre de la Renaissance on the Boulevard Saint-Martin. Bernhardt decided to have a poster made to advertise

4760-519: A terrible fire in 1881 destroyed the Ringtheater , the major client of his firm. Later in 1881, almost without funds, he took a train as far north as his money would take him. He arrived in Mikulov in southern Moravia, and began making portraits, decorative art and lettering for tombstones. His work was appreciated, and he was commissioned by Count Eduard Khuen Belasi, a local landlord and nobleman, to paint

4900-480: A very different use. He designed the residence of a prominent Belgian chemist, Émile Tassel, on a very narrow and deep site. The central element of the house was the stairway, not enclosed by walls, but open, decorated with a curling wrought-iron railing, and placed beneath a high skylight. The floors were supported by slender iron columns like the trunks of trees. The mosaic floors and walls were decorated with delicate arabesques in floral and vegetal forms, which became

5040-525: A violinist during masses. He became devoutly religious, and wrote later, "For me, the notions of painting, going to church, and music are so closely knit that often I cannot decide whether I like church for its music, or music for its place in the mystery which it accompanies." He grew up in an environment of intense Czech nationalism in all the arts, from music to literature and painting. He designed flyers and posters for patriotic rallies. His singing abilities allowed him to continue his musical education at

5180-454: A wealthy businessman and philanthropist, who was a passionate Slavophile. He commissioned Mucha to make a portrait of his daughter in a traditional Slavic style. More importantly, he shared Mucha's enthusiasm for a series of monumental paintings on Slavic history, and he became Mucha's most important patron. When Mucha designed the Czechoslovak bills , he used his portrait of Crane's daughter as

5320-523: A work into which he had "put his soul". Critic Charles Masson, who reviewed it for Art et Decoration , wrote: "There is in that man a visionary; it is the work of an imagination not suspected by those who only know his talent for the agreeable and charming." In March 1904, Mucha sailed for New York and the beginning of his first visit to the United States. His intent was to find funding for his grand project, The Slav Epic , which he had conceived during

5460-454: Is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art , especially the decorative arts . It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and flowers. Other characteristics of Art Nouveau were a sense of dynamism and movement, often given by asymmetry or whiplash lines , and the use of modern materials, particularly iron, glass, ceramics and later concrete, to create unusual forms and larger open spaces. It

5600-435: Is in the form of a waterfall, composed of gold, enamel, opals, tiny diamonds, paillons, and a barocco or misshapen pearl. After the 1900 Exposition, Fouquet decided to open a new shop at 6 Rue Royale, across the street from the restaurant Maxim's. He asked Mucha to design the interior. The centerpieces of the design were two peacocks, the traditional symbol of luxury, made of bronze and wood with colored glass decoration. To

5740-413: Is only 4 metres (13 ft) wide, but is given extraordinary height by his elaborate architectural inventions. It is entirely covered by polychrome bricks and a network of curling vegetal forms in wrought iron , in a virtually Art Nouveau-Baroque style. Other important Art Nouveau artists from Belgium included the architect and designer Henry van de Velde , though the most important part of his career

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5880-731: Is still a piano on site made in 1896 by Zimmermann factory in Leipzig, as Edvard Grieg once played on it. The hotel has been in the ownership of the Garen family for four generations, and currently is run by Erik Garen, great-grandson of founder Ola Garen. This article about a Norwegian hotel or resort is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Art Nouveau Art Nouveau ( / ˌ ɑː r ( t ) n uː ˈ v oʊ / AR(T) noo- VOH , French: [aʁ nuvo] ; lit.   ' New Art ' ), Jugendstil  in German,

6020-464: Is the greatest builder of all, and nature makes nothing that is parallel and nothing that is symmetric." Parisians welcomed Guimard's original and picturesque style; the Castel Béranger was chosen as one of the best new façades in Paris, launching Guimard's career. Guimard was given the commission to design the entrances for the new Paris Métro system, which brought the style to the attention of

6160-581: The Academy Colarossi , where he himself had been a student when he first arrived in Paris. His course was precisely described in the catalog: "The object of the Mucha course is to permit the student to have the necessary knowledge for artistic decoration, applied to decorative panels, windows, porcelain, enamels, furniture, jewelry, posters, etc." Mucha made a considerable income from his theatrical and advertising work, but he wished even more to be recognized as

6300-534: The Art Nouveau period, he was widely known for his distinctly stylized and decorative theatrical posters, particularly those of Sarah Bernhardt . He produced illustrations, advertisements, decorative panels, as well as designs, which became among the best-known images of the period. In the second part of his career, at the age of 57, he returned to his homeland and devoted himself to a series of twenty monumental symbolist canvases known as The Slav Epic , depicting

6440-438: The Art Nouveau style. He continued to publish illustrations for his other clients, including illustrating a children's book of poetry by Eugène Manuel , and illustrations for a magazine of the theater arts, called La Costume au théâtre . At the end of 1894 his career took a dramatic and unexpected turn when he began to work for French stage actress Sarah Bernhardt . As Mucha later described it, on 26 December Bernhardt made

6580-609: The Art Nouveau , gave Mucha an opportunity to move in an entirely different direction, toward the large-scale historical paintings which he had admired in Vienna. It also allowed him to express his Czech patriotism. His foreign name had caused much speculation in the French press, which distressed him. Sarah Bernhardt stood up on his behalf, declaring in La France that Mucha was "a Czech from Moravia not only by birth and origin, but also by feeling, by conviction and by patriotism." He applied to

6720-460: The Byzantine mosaic tiles behind her head. The poster featured extremely fine draftsmanship and delicate pastel colors, unlike the typical brightly-colored posters of the time. The top of the poster, with the title, was richly composed and ornamented, and balanced the bottom, where the essential information was given in the shortest possible form: just the name of the theater. The poster appeared on

6860-664: The Modern Style in English. The style is often related to, but not always identical with, styles that emerged in many countries in Europe and elsewhere at about the same time. Their local names were often used in their respective countries to describe the whole movement. The new art movement had its roots in Britain, in the floral designs of William Morris , and in the Arts and Crafts movement founded by

7000-453: The Salon des Cent exhibition in 1896, and then, in 1897, to have a major retrospective in the same gallery showing 448 works. The magazine La Plume made a special edition devoted to his work, and his exhibition traveled to Vienna, Prague, Munich, Brussels, London, and New York, giving him an international reputation. The Paris Universal Exposition of 1900 , famous as the first grand showcase of

7140-525: The Sutherland binding in 1895. George Skipper was perhaps the most active Art Nouveau architect in England. The Edward Everard building in Bristol, built during 1900–01 to house the printing works of Edward Everard , features an Art Nouveau façade. The figures depicted are of Johannes Gutenberg and William Morris , both eminent in the field of printing. A winged figure symbolises the "Spirit of Light", while

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7280-596: The Villa Bloemenwerf (1895). The exterior of the house was inspired by the Red House , the residence of writer and theorist William Morris , the founder of the Arts and Crafts movement . Trained as a painter, Van de Velde turned to illustration, then to furniture design, and finally to architecture. For the Villa Bloemenwerf, he created the textiles, wallpaper, silverware, jewellery, and even clothing, that matched

7420-622: The railway station in Haarlem (1906–1908), and the former office building of the Holland America Lines (1917) in Rotterdam , now the Hotel New York . Prominent graphic artists and illustrators in the style included Jan Toorop , whose work inclined toward mysticism and symbolism , even in his posters for salad oil. In their colors and designs, they also sometimes showed the influence of

7560-601: The 1880s could also be adduced, or some flat floral textile designs, most of which owed some impetus to patterns of 19th century design. Other British graphic artists who had an important place in the style included Walter Crane and Charles Ashbee . The Liberty department store in London played an important role, through its colourful stylised floral designs for textiles, and the silver, pewter, and jewellery designs of Manxman (of Scottish descent) Archibald Knox . His jewellery designs in materials and forms broke away entirely from

7700-487: The 1900 Exposition, the capital of Art Nouveau was Paris. The most extravagant residences in the style were built by Jules Lavirotte , who entirely covered the façades with ceramic sculptural decoration. The most flamboyant example is the Lavirotte Building , at 29, avenue Rapp (1901). Office buildings and department stores featured high courtyards covered with stained glass cupolas and ceramic decoration. The style

7840-602: The 1900 Exposition. He had letters of introduction from Baroness Salomon de Rothschild. When he landed in New York, he was already a celebrity in the United States; his posters had been widely displayed during Sarah Bernhardt's annual American tours since 1896. He rented a studio near Central Park , in New York, made portraits, and gave interviews and lectures. He also made contact with Pan-Slavic organizations. At one Pan-Slavic banquet in New York City, he met Charles Richard Crane ,

7980-465: The 1900 Paris Exposition, Siegfried Bing presented a pavilion called Art Nouveau Bing , which featured six different interiors entirely decorated in the Style. The Exposition was the first international showcase for Art Nouveau designers and artists from across Europe and beyond. Prize winners and participants included Alphonse Mucha , who made murals for the pavilion of Bosnia-Herzegovina and designed

8120-486: The Académie Julian were Jules Lefebvre who specialized in female nudes and allegorical paintings, and Jean-Paul Laurens , whose specialties were historical and religious paintings in a realistic and dramatic style. At the end of 1889, as he approached the age of thirty, his patron, Count Belasi, decided that Mucha had received enough education and ended his subsidies. When he arrived in Paris, Mucha found shelter with

8260-879: The Art Nouveau work of artists such as Louis Tiffany . It appeared in graphic arts in the posters of Alphonse Mucha , and the glassware of René Lalique and Émile Gallé . From Britain, Belgium and France, Art Nouveau spread to the rest of Europe, taking on different names and characteristics in each country (see Naming section below). It often appeared not only in capitals, but also in rapidly growing cities that wanted to establish artistic identities ( Turin and Palermo in Italy; Glasgow in Scotland; Munich and Darmstadt in Germany; Barcelona in Catalonia , Spain), as well as in centres of independence movements ( Helsinki in Finland, then part of

8400-578: The Austrian government and received a commission to create murals for the Pavilion of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Exposition. This pavilion displayed examples of industry, agriculture and culture of these provinces which in 1878, by the Treaty of Berlin , had been taken away from Turkey and put under the tutorship of Austria. The temporary building built for the Exposition had three large halls with two levels, with

8540-553: The Bavarian authorities imposed increasing restrictions upon foreign students and residents. Count Belasi suggested that he travel either to Rome or to Paris. With Belasi's financial support, he decided in 1887 to move to Paris. Mucha moved to Paris in 1888 where he enrolled in the Académie Julian and the following year, 1889, Académie Colarossi . The two schools taught a wide variety of different styles. His first professors at

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8680-488: The Czech Republic). His family had a very modest income; his father Ondřej was a court usher, and his mother Amálie was a miller's daughter. Alphonse was the eldest of six children, all with names starting with "A". Alphonse showed an early talent for drawing; a local merchant impressed by his work gave him a gift of paper, at the time a luxury item. In the preschool period, he drew exclusively with his left hand. He had

8820-518: The Czech government. In 1918, he designed the korun bank note, with the image of Slavia, the daughter of his American patron Charles Crane. He also designed postage stamps for his new country. He declined commercial work, but did make occasional posters for philanthropic and cultural events, such as the Lottery of the Union of Southwestern Moravia, and for Prague cultural events. In the political turmoil of

8960-660: The Gymnázium Brno in the Moravian capital of Brno, but his true ambition was to become an artist. He found some employment designing theatrical scenery and other decorations. In 1878 he applied to the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague , but was rejected and advised to "find a different career". In 1880, at the age of 19, he traveled to Vienna , the political and cultural capital of the Empire, and found employment as an apprentice scenery painter for

9100-500: The Hankar House, his own residence in Brussels. With a goal to create a synthesis of fine arts and decorative arts, he brought together the sculptor René Janssens and the painter Albert Ciamberlani to decorate the interior and exterior with sgraffiti , or murals. The façade and balconies featured iron decoration and curling lines in stylised floral patterns, which became an important feature of Art Nouveau. Based on this model, he built several houses for his artist friends. He also designed

9240-407: The Modern Style is Arthur Mackmurdo 's design for the cover of his essay on the city churches of Sir Christopher Wren , published in 1883, as is his Mahogany chair from the same year. Other important innovators in Britain included the graphic designers Aubrey Beardsley whose drawings featured the curved lines that became the most recognizable feature of the style. Free-flowing wrought iron from

9380-448: The Russian Empire). By 1914, with the beginning of the First World War , Art Nouveau was largely exhausted. In the 1920s, it was replaced as the dominant architectural and decorative art style by Art Deco and then Modernism . The Art Nouveau style began to receive more positive attention from critics in the late 1960s, with a major exhibition of the work of Hector Guimard at the Museum of Modern Art in 1970. The term Art Nouveau

9520-463: The Secession Style in Vienna. His architectural creations included the Glasgow Herald Building (1894) and the library of the Glasgow School of Art (1897). He also established a major reputation as a furniture designer and decorator, working closely with his wife, Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh , a prominent painter and designer. Together they created striking designs that combined geometric straight lines with gently curving floral decoration, particularly

9660-447: The U.S. until 1909. Their first child, Jaroslava , was born in New York in 1909. His principal income in the United States came from teaching; he taught illustration and design at the New York School of Applied Design for Women , at the Philadelphia School of Art for five weeks, and became a visiting professor at the Art Institute of Chicago . He rejected most commercial proposals, but accepted one proposal in 1906 to design boxes and

9800-400: The Universal Exposition , plus an additional set of murals on three walls, showing the history and cultural development of the region. He did discreetly include some images of the sufferings of the Bosnians under foreign rule which appear in the arched band at the top of the mural. As he had done with his theater work, he often took photographs of posed models, and painted from them, simplifying

9940-412: The achievements of the Slavic peoples over history. The series had twenty paintings, half devoted to the history of the Czechs , and ten to other Slavic peoples ( Russians , Poles , Serbs , Hungarians , Bulgarians , and the Balkans , including the Orthodox monasteries of Mount Athos . The canvases were enormous; the finished works measured six by eight meters. To paint them he rented an apartment and

10080-423: The architecture and interior design of houses designed by Paul Hankar , Henry van de Velde , and especially Victor Horta , whose Hôtel Tassel was completed in 1893. It moved quickly to Paris, where it was adapted by Hector Guimard , who saw Horta's work in Brussels and applied the style to the entrances of the new Paris Métro . It reached its peak at the 1900 Paris International Exposition , which introduced

10220-658: The art of Java. Important figures in Dutch ceramics and porcelain included Jurriaan Kok and Theo Colenbrander . They used colorful floral pattern and more traditional Art Nouveau motifs, combined with unusual forms of pottery and contrasting dark and light colors, borrowed from the batik decoration of Java. Art Nouveau had its roots in Britain, in the Arts and Crafts movement which started in 1860s and reached international recognition by 1880s. It called for better treatment of decorative arts, and took inspiration in medieval craftmanship and design, and nature. One notable early example of

10360-839: The beginning of 1860, a Far Eastern influence suddenly manifested. In 1862, art lovers from London or Paris, could buy Japanese artworks , because in that year, Japan appeared for the first time as an exhibitor at the International Exhibition in London. Also in 1862, in Paris, La Porte Chinoise store, on Rue de Rivoli , was open, where Japanese ukiyo-e and other objects from the Far East were sold. In 1867, Examples of Chinese Ornaments by Owen Jones appeared, and in 1870 Art and Industries in Japan by R. Alcock, and two years later, O. H. Moser and T. W. Cutler published books about Japanese art. Some Art Nouveau artists, like Victor Horta , owned

10500-554: The beginning of the Modernisme style in Spain, with some buildings of Lluís Domènech i Montaner . The Esposizione internazionale d'arte decorativa moderna of 1902 in Turin, Italy, showcased designers from across Europe, including Victor Horta from Belgium and Joseph Maria Olbrich from Vienna, along with local artists such as Carlo Bugatti , Galileo Chini and Eugenio Quarti . Following

10640-668: The character of Slavia, in Slavic costume and surrounded by symbols from Slavic folklore and art. His contact with Crane made possible his most ambitious artistic project, the Slav Epic. During his long stay in Paris, Mucha had never given up his dream of being a history painter, and to illustrate accomplishments of the Slavic peoples of Europe. He completed his plans for the Slav Epic in 1908 and 1909, and in February 1910, Charles Crane agreed to fund

10780-425: The contributions of Slavs to European history over the centuries, and the theme of Slavic unity. These paintings on the ceiling and walls were in sharp contrast to his Parisian work, and were designed to send a patriotic message. The Lord Mayor's Hall was finished in 1911, and Mucha was able to devote his attention to what he considered his most important work; The Slav Epic , a series of large paintings illustrating

10920-530: The death of Frederic Barbarossa , were chosen for display at the 1894 Paris Salon of Artists. He received a medal of honor, his first official recognition. Mucha added another important client in the early 1890s; the Central Library of Fine Arts, which specialized in the publication of books about art, architecture and the decorative arts. It later launched a new magazine in 1897 called Art et Decoration , which played an early and important role in publicizing

11060-554: The decorative architecture of the Quattrocento , or 15th-century Italy. Hankar died in 1901, when his work was just receiving recognition. Gustave Strauven began his career as an assistant designer working with Horta, before he started his own practice at age 21, making some of the most extravagant Art Nouveau buildings in Brussels. His most famous work is the Saint-Cyr House at 11, square Ambiorix / Ambiorixsquare . The house

11200-534: The design of the fair, and Henri Privat-Livemont created the poster for the exhibition. The Franco-German art dealer and publisher Siegfried Bing played a key role in publicizing the style. In 1891, he founded a magazine devoted to the art of Japan, which helped publicize Japonism in Europe. In 1892, he organized an exhibit of seven artists, among them Pierre Bonnard , Félix Vallotton , Édouard Vuillard , Toulouse-Lautrec and Eugène Grasset , which included both modern painting and decorative work. This exhibition

11340-412: The designs of the textiles and batik from Java . The most important architect and furniture designer in the style was Hendrik Petrus Berlage , who denounced historical styles and advocated a purely functional architecture. He wrote, "It is necessary to fight against the art of illusion, to and to recognize the lie, in order to find the essence and not the illusion." Like Victor Horta and Gaudí , he

11480-664: The famous Bavarian romantic painter, Wilhelm Kray  [ de ] , who lived in Munich . Count Belasi decided to bring Mucha to Munich for formal training, and paid his tuition fees and living expenses at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts . He moved there in September 1885. It is not clear how Mucha actually studied at the Munich Academy; there is no record of his being enrolled as a student there. However, he did become friends with

11620-479: The few Art Nouveau products that could be mass-produced was the perfume bottle, and these are still manufactured in the style today. Belgium was an early centre of Art Nouveau, thanks largely to the architecture of Victor Horta , who designed one of the first Art Nouveau houses, the Hôtel Tassel in 1893, and three other townhouses in variations of the same style. They are now UNESCO World Heritage sites . Horta had

11760-491: The floors and walls, as well as the furniture and carpets which Horta designed. Paul Hankar was another pioneer of Brussels' Art Nouveau. His house was completed in 1893, the same year as Horta's Hôtel Tassel, and featured sgraffiti murals on the façade. Hankar was influenced by both Viollet-le-Duc and the ideas of the English Arts and Crafts movement . His conception idea was to bring together decorative and fine arts in

11900-535: The forms. While the work depicted dramatic events, the overall impression given by the work was one of serenity and harmony. In addition to the murals, Mucha also designed a menu for the restaurant of the Bosnia Pavilion. His work appeared in many forms at the Exposition. He designed the posters for the official Austrian participation in the Exposition, the menu for the restaurant at the Bosnian pavilion, and menu for

12040-409: The frame. His poster for the railway line between Paris and Monaco-Monte-Carlo (1897) did not show a train or any identifiable scene of Monaco or Monte-Carlo; it showed a beautiful young woman in a kind of reverie, surrounded by swirling floral images, which suggested the turning wheels of a train. The fame of his posters led to success in the art world; he was invited by Deschamps to show his work in

12180-423: The furniture designer Gustave Serrurier-Bovy , known for his highly original chairs and articulated metal furniture; and the jewellery designer Philippe Wolfers , who made jewellery in the form of dragonflies, butterflies, swans and serpents. The Brussels International Exposition held in 1897 brought international attention to the style; Horta, Hankar, Van de Velde, and Serrurier-Bovy, among others, took part in

12320-533: The help of the large Slavic community. He lived in a boarding house called the Crémerie at 13 rue de la Grande Chaumière, whose owner, Charlotte Caron, was famous for sheltering struggling artists; when needed she accepted paintings or drawings in place of rent. Mucha decided to follow the path of another Czech painter he knew from Munich, Ludek Marold , who had made a successful career as an illustrator for magazines. In 1890 and 1891, he began providing illustrations for

12460-472: The hierarchy that put painting and sculpture above the decorative arts. The major artists working there included the glass vase and lamp creators Émile Gallé , the Daum brothers in glass design, and the designer Louis Majorelle , who created furniture with graceful floral and vegetal forms. The architect Henri Sauvage brought the new architectural style to Nancy with his Villa Majorelle in 1902. The French style

12600-512: The historical traditions of jewellery design. For Art Nouveau architecture and furniture design, the most important centre in Britain was Glasgow , with the creations of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and the Glasgow School , whose work was inspired by Scottish baronial architecture and Japanese design. Beginning in 1895, Mackintosh displayed his designs at international expositions in London, Vienna, and Turin; his designs particularly influenced

12740-465: The history of all the Slavic peoples of the world, which he painted between 1912 and 1926. In 1928, on the 10th anniversary of the independence of Czechoslovakia , he presented the series to the Czech nation. He considered it his most important work. Mucha was born on 24 July 1860 in the small town of Ivančice in southern Moravia , then a province of the Austrian Empire (currently a region of

12880-468: The jeweler Georges Fouquet to make a bracelet for Sarah Bernhardt in the form of a serpent, made of gold and enamel, similar to the costume jewelry Bernhardt wore in Medea . According to Jiri Mucha , this bracelet was created to conceal Bernhardt's arthritic wrist. The spiraling design of the snake is a nod to Mucha's swirling Art Nouveau painting style. The Cascade pendant designed for Fouquet by Mucha (1900)

13020-429: The light which reached further into even the darkest corners. I didn't have to look for very long. The Pater Noster (Lord's Prayer): why not give the words a pictorial expression?". He approached his publisher, Henri Piazza, and proposed the book, in these words: "First a cover page with symbolist ornament; then the same ornament developed in a kind a variation on each line of the prayer; a page explaining each line in

13160-466: The magazine Le Gaulois to make a series of illustrations of Bernhardt in the role for a special Christmas supplement, which was published at Christmas 1894, for the high price of fifty centimes a copy. Brunhoff asked Mucha to quickly design the new poster for Bernhardt. The poster was more than life-size; a little more than two meters high, with Bernhardt in the costume of a Byzantine noblewoman, dressed in an orchid headdress and floral stole, and holding

13300-467: The mayor of Prague. This quickly became controversial, because local Prague artists resented the work being given to an artist they considered an outsider. A compromise was reached, whereby he decorated the Lord Mayor's Hall, while the other artists decorated the other rooms. He designed and created a series of large-scale murals for the domed ceiling and walls with athletic figures in heroic poses, depicting

13440-458: The menu for the restaurant of the pavilion; the decorators and designers Bruno Paul and Bruno Möhring from Berlin; Carlo Bugatti from Turin ; Bernhardt Pankok from Bavaria ; The Russian architect-designer Fyodor Schechtel , and Louis Comfort Tiffany and Company from the United States. The Viennese architect Otto Wagner was a member of the jury, and presented a model of the Art Nouveau bathroom of his own town apartment in Vienna, featuring

13580-399: The millions of visitors to the city's 1900 Exposition Universelle . The Paris 1900 Exposition universelle marked the high point of Art Nouveau. Between April and November 1900, it attracted nearly fifty million visitors from around the world, and showcased the architecture, design, glassware, furniture and decorative objects of the style. The architecture of the Exposition was often

13720-632: The model for Slavia for the 100 koruna bill. From New York, he wrote to his family in Moravia: "You must have been very surprised by my decision to come to America, perhaps even amazed. But in fact I had been preparing to come here for some time. It had become clear to me that that I would never have time to do the things I wanted to do if I did not get away from the treadmill of Paris, I would be constantly bound to publishers and their whims...in America, I don't expect to find wealth, comfort, or fame for myself, only

13860-559: The monastery. Křížovský was impressed by his talent, but he was not able to admit and fund him, as he had just admitted another talented young musician, Leoš Janáček . Křížovský sent him to a choirmaster of the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul , who admitted him as a chorister and funded his studies at the gymnasium in Brno, where he received his secondary school education. After his voice broke , he gave up his chorister position, but played as

14000-633: The most popular signature of the style. In a short period, Horta built three more town houses, all with open interiors, and all with skylights for maximum interior light: the Hôtel Solvay , the Hôtel van Eetvelde (for Edmond van Eetvelde ), and the Maison & Atelier Horta . All four are now part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Paul Hankar was also an innovator of early Art Nouveau. Born at Frameries , in Hainaut ,

14140-626: The name Munich Secession for the Association of Visual Artists of Munich . The Vienna Secession , founded in 1897, and the Berlin Secession also took their names from the Munich group. The journals Jugend and Simplicissimus , published in Munich, and Pan , published in Berlin, were important proponents of the Jugendstil . Jugendstil art combined sinuous curves and more geometric lines, and

14280-504: The new occupier of the region, declared that this was a little pessimistic for a World's Fair. He changed his project to depict a future society in the Balkans where Catholic and Orthodox Christians and Muslims lived in harmony together; this was accepted, and he began work. Mucha immediately departed for the Balkans to make sketches of Balkan costumes, ceremonies and architecture which he put into his new work. His decoration included one large allegorical painting, Bosnia Offers Her Products to

14420-429: The new style, between 1895 and 1898. Parisians had been complaining of the monotony of the architecture of the boulevards built under Napoleon III by Georges-Eugène Haussmann . The Castel Beranger was a curious blend of Neo-Gothic and Art Nouveau, with curving whiplash lines and natural forms. Guimard, a skilled publicist for his work, declared: "What must be avoided at all cost is...the parallel and symmetry. Nature

14560-478: The official opening banquet. He produced displays for the jeweler Georges Fouquet and the perfume maker Houbigant , with statuettes and panels of women depicting the scents of rose, orange blossom, violet and buttercup. His more serious art works, including his drawings for Le Pater , were shown in the Austrian Pavilion and in the Austrian section of the Grand Palais . His work at the Exposition earned him

14700-446: The opportunity to do some more useful work." He still had commissions to complete in France, and returned to Paris at the end of May 1904. He finished his commissions and returned to New York in early January 1905, and made four more trips between 1905 and 1910, usually staying for five to six months. In 1906, he returned to New York with his new wife, (Marie/Maria) Chytilová, whom he had married on 10 June 1906, in Prague. He remained in

14840-657: The posters by Jules Chéret for dancer Loie Fuller in 1893, and by Alphonse Mucha for actress Sarah Bernhardt in 1895, the poster became not just advertising, but an art form. Sarah Bernhardt set aside large numbers of her posters for sale to collectors. The first Art Nouveau town houses, the Hankar House by Paul Hankar (1893) and the Hôtel Tassel by Victor Horta (1892–1893), were built almost simultaneously in Brussels . They were similar in their originality, but very different in their design and appearance. Victor Horta

14980-647: The principles of constructivism . Everything was functional, including the lines of rivets that decorated the walls of the main room. He often included very tall towers to his buildings to make them more prominent, a practice used by other Art Nouveau architects of the period, including Joseph Maria Olbrich in Vienna and Eliel Saarinen in Finland. Other buildings in the style include the American Hotel (1898–1900), also by Berlage; and Astoria (1904–1905) by Herman Hendrik Baanders and Gerrit van Arkel in Amsterdam ;

15120-464: The project. In 1909, he had been offered a commission to paint murals on the interior of the new city hall of Prague . He made the decision to return to his old country, still then part of the Austrian Empire. He wrote to his wife, "I will be able to do something really good, not just for the art critic but for our Slav souls." His first project in 1910 was the decoration of the reception room of

15260-655: The prolongation of the theatrical run after the Christmas break, insisting it be ready by 1 January 1895. Because of the holidays, none of the regular Lemercier artists were available. When Bernhardt called, Mucha happened to be at the publishing house correcting proofs. He already had experience painting Bernhardt; he had made a series of illustrations of her performing in Cleopatra for Le Costume au Théâtre in 1890. When Gismonda opened in October 1894, Mucha had been commissioned by

15400-639: The pupils of Morris. Early prototypes of the style include the Red House with interiors by Morris and architecture by Philip Webb (1859), and the lavish Peacock Room by James Abbott McNeill Whistler . The new movement was also strongly influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite painters, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones , and especially by British graphic artists of the 1880s, including Selwyn Image , Heywood Sumner , Walter Crane , Alfred Gilbert , and especially Aubrey Beardsley . The chair designed by Arthur Mackmurdo has been recognized as

15540-490: The scenes, often encouraging the models to create their own poses. He used egg tempera paint, which, according to his research, was quicker-drying and more luminous, and would last longer. He created the twenty canvases between 1912 and 1926. He worked throughout the First World War , when the Austrian Empire was at war with France, despite wartime restrictions, which made canvas hard to obtain. He continued his work after

15680-641: The series was on display in the chateau in Moravský Krumlov in the South Moravian Region in the Czech Republic. In 2012 the series was put on display at the National Gallery's Veletržní Palace in Prague. In 2021 it was announced that a new, permanent home would be found for the paintings in central Prague, to be completed in 2026. While he was working on the Slav Epic , he also did work for

15820-470: The side was a shell-shaped fountain, with three gargoyles spouting water into basins, surrounding the statue of a nude woman. The salon was further decorated with carved moldings and stained glass, thin columents with vegetal designs, and a ceiling with molded floral and vegetal elements. It marked a summit of Art Nouveau decoration. The Salon opened in 1901, just as tastes were beginning to change, moving away from Art Nouveau to more naturalistic patterns. It

15960-493: The son of a master stone cutter, he had studied ornamental sculpture and decoration at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Brussels from 1873 to 1884, whilst working as an ornamental sculptor. From 1879 to 1904, he worked in the studio of the prominent architect Henri Beyaert , a master of eclectic and neoclassical architecture . Through Beyaert, Hankar also became an admirer of Viollet-le-Duc. In 1893, Hankar designed and built

16100-413: The streets of Paris on 1 January 1895 and caused an immediate sensation. Bernhardt was pleased by the reaction; she ordered four thousand copies of the poster in 1895 and 1896, and gave Mucha a six-year contract to produce more. With his posters all over the city, Mucha found himself quite suddenly famous. Following Gismonda , Bernhardt switched to a different printer, F. Champenois, who, like Mucha,

16240-469: The style of the residence. Van de Velde went to Paris, where he designed furniture and decoration for the German-French art dealer Siegfried Bing , whose Paris gallery gave the style its name. He was also an early Art Nouveau theorist, demanding the use of dynamic, often opposing lines. Van de Velde wrote: "A line is a force like all the other elementary forces. Several lines put together but opposed have

16380-633: The style was known as the Nieuwe Stijl ('New Style'), or Nieuwe Kunst ('New Art'), and it took a different direction from the more floral and curving style in Belgium. It was influenced by the more geometric and stylised forms of the German Jugendstil and Austrian Vienna Secession . It was also influenced by the art and imported woods from Indonesia , then the Dutch East Indies , particularly

16520-520: The style. These paintings were removed in 1945 as deemed non academic. At the Château de Roquetaillade in the Bordeaux region, his interior decorations dating from 1865 also anticipate Art Nouveau. In his 1872 book Entretiens sur l'architecture , he wrote, "Use the means and knowledge given to us by our times, without the intervening traditions which are no longer viable today, and in that way we can inaugurate

16660-481: The time of its creation, did not aspire in any way to have the honor of becoming a generic term. It was simply the name of a house opened as a rallying point for all the young and ardent artists impatient to show the modernity of their tendencies." The style was quickly noticed in neighbouring France. After visiting Horta's Hôtel Tassel, Hector Guimard built the Castel Béranger , among the first Paris buildings in

16800-549: The title of Knight of the Order of Franz Joseph from the Austrian government, and the Legion of Honour from the French government. During the course of the Exposition, Mucha proposed another unusual project. The French Government planned to take down the Eiffel Tower , built especially for the Exposition, as soon as the Exposition ended. Mucha proposed that, after the Exposition, the top of

16940-594: The tower should be replaced by a sculptural monument to humanity constructed on the pedestal. The tower proved to be popular with both tourists and Parisians, and the Eiffel Tower remained after the Exhibit ended. Mucha's many interests included jewelry. His 1902 book, Documents Decoratifs , contained plates of elaborate designs for brooches and other pieces, with swirling arabesques and vegetal forms, with incrustations of enamel and colored stones. In 1899 he collaborated with

17080-485: The war ended, when the new Czechoslovak Republic was created. The cycle was completed in 1928 in time for the tenth anniversary of the proclamation of the Czechoslovak Republic. Under the conditions of his contract he donated his work to the city of Prague in 1928. The Slav Epic was shown in Prague twice in his lifetime, in 1919 and 1928. After 1928 it was rolled up and put into storage. From 1963 until 2012

17220-435: The weekly magazine La Vie populaire , which published novels in weekly segments. His illustration for a novel by Guy de Maupassant , called The Useless Beauty , was on the cover of 22 May 1890 edition. He also made illustrations for Le Petit Français Illustré , which published stories for young people in both magazine and book form. For this magazine he provided dramatic scenes of battles and other historic events, including

17360-527: Was a wave of enthusiasm for Japanese woodblock printing , particularly the works of Hiroshige , Hokusai , and Utagawa Kunisada , which were imported into Europe beginning in the 1870s. The enterprising Siegfried Bing founded a monthly journal, Le Japon artistique in 1888, and published thirty-six issues before it ended in 1891. It influenced both collectors and artists, including Gustav Klimt . The stylised features of Japanese prints appeared in Art Nouveau graphics, porcelain, jewellery, and furniture. Since

17500-451: Was among the most influential architects of early Art Nouveau, and his Hôtel Tassel (1892–1893) in Brussels is one of the style's landmarks. Horta's architectural training was as an assistant to Alphonse Balat , architect to King Leopold II , constructing the monumental iron and glass Royal Greenhouses of Laeken . He was a great admiror of Viollet-le-Duc , whose ideas he completely identified with. In 1892–1893, he put this experience to

17640-570: Was an admirer of architectural theories of Viollet-le-Duc . His furniture was designed to be strictly functional, and to respect the natural forms of wood, rather than bending or twisting it as if it were metal. He pointed to the example of Egyptian furniture, and preferred chairs with right angles. His first and most famous architectural work was the Beurs van Berlage (1896–1903), the Amsterdam Commodities Exchange, which he built following

17780-566: Was applied only to the graphic arts. It referred especially to the forms of typography and graphic design found in German magazines such as Jugend , Pan , and Simplicissimus . Jugendstil was later applied to other versions of Art Nouveau in Germany, the Netherlands. The term was borrowed from German by several languages of the Baltic states and Nordic countries to describe Art Nouveau (see Naming section). In 1892 Georg Hirth chose

17920-465: Was built and named Tømmerløypet. Fossli Hotel was designed by architect Fredrik Konow Lund (1889-1970) in Art Nouveau style. Fossli Hotel naturally attracts many visitors because of the magnificent Vøringsfossen. Over the years, it has been visited by writers, musicians and royal physician. Edvard Grieg lived in the hotel in the summer of 1896, and composed Norwegian Folk Songs, Opus 66, here. There

18060-629: Was first used in the 1880s in the Belgian journal L'Art Moderne to describe the work of Les Vingt , twenty painters and sculptors seeking reform through art. The name was popularized by the Maison de l'Art Nouveau ('House of the New Art'), an art gallery opened in Paris in 1895 by the Franco-German art dealer Siegfried Bing . In Britain, the French term Art Nouveau was commonly used, while in France, it

18200-402: Was influenced by William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement . German architects and designers sought a spiritually uplifting Gesamtkunstwerk ('total work of art') that would unify the architecture, furnishings, and art in the interior in a common style, to uplift and inspire the residents. The first Art Nouveau houses and interior decoration appeared in Brussels in the 1890s, in

18340-515: Was not his strong point, and the German Theater closed in 1909, one year after it opened. He made posters for the American actress Mrs. Leslie Carter (known as 'The American Sarah Bernhardt') and the Broadway star Maude Adams , but they were largely echoes of his Bernhardt posters. His finest work in America is often considered to be his portrait of Josephine Crane Bradley, the daughter of his patron, in

18480-664: Was often called by the term Style moderne (akin to the British term Modern Style ), or Style 1900 . In France, it was also sometimes called Style Jules Verne (after the novelist Jules Verne ), Style Métro (after Hector Guimard 's iron and glass subway entrances), Art Belle Époque , or Art fin de siècle . Art Nouveau is known by different names in different languages: Jugendstil in German, Stile Liberty in Italian, Modernisme in Catalan, and also known as

18620-515: Was particularly popular in restaurants and cafés, including Maxim's at 3, rue Royale , and Le Train bleu at the Gare de Lyon (1900). The status of Paris attracted foreign artists to the city. The Swiss-born artist Eugène Grasset was one of the first creators of French Art Nouveau posters. He helped decorate the famous cabaret Le Chat Noir in 1885, made his first posters for the Fêtes de Paris and

18760-717: Was popular between 1890 and 1910 during the Belle Époque period, and was a reaction against the academicism , eclecticism and historicism of 19th century architecture and decorative art. One major objective of Art Nouveau was to break down the traditional distinction between fine arts (especially painting and sculpture) and applied arts. It was most widely used in interior design, graphic arts, furniture, glass art, textiles, ceramics, jewellery and metal work. The style responded to leading 19th century theoreticians, such as French architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879) and British art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900). In Britain, it

18900-557: Was put under contract to work for Bernhardt for six years. Champenois had a large printing house on Boulevard Saint Michel which employed three hundred workers, with twenty steam presses. He gave Mucha a generous monthly salary in exchange for the rights to publish all his works. With his increased income, Mucha was able to move to a three-bedroom apartment with a large studio inside a large historic house at 6 rue du Val-de-Grâce originally built by François Mansart . Mucha designed posters for each successive Bernhardt play, beginning with

19040-745: Was shown at the Société nationale des beaux-arts in 1895. In the same year, Bing opened a new gallery at 22 rue de Provence in Paris, the Maison de l'Art Nouveau , devoted to new works in both the fine and decorative arts. The interior and furniture of the gallery were designed by the Belgian architect Henry van de Velde , one of the pioneers of Art Nouveau architecture. The Maison de l'Art Nouveau showed paintings by Georges Seurat , Paul Signac and Toulouse-Lautrec , glass from Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé , jewellery by René Lalique , and posters by Aubrey Beardsley . The works shown there were not at all uniform in style. Bing wrote in 1902, "Art Nouveau, at

19180-464: Was spent in Germany; he strongly influenced the decoration of the Jugendstil . Others included the decorator Gustave Serrurier-Bovy , and the graphic artist Fernand Khnopff . Belgian designers took advantage of an abundant supply of ivory imported from the Belgian Congo ; mixed sculptures, combining stone, metal and ivory, by such artists as Philippe Wolfers , was popular. In the Netherlands,

19320-700: Was taken apart in 1923, and a replaced by a more traditional shop design. Fortunately most of the original decoration was preserved, and was donated in 1914 and 1949 to the Carnavalet Museum in Paris, where it can be seen today. Mucha's next project was a series of seventy-two printed plates of watercolors of designs, titled Documents Decoratifs , which were published in 1902 by the Librarie Centrale des Beaux-arts. They represented ways that floral, vegetal and natural forms could be used in decoration and decorative objects. In about 1900 he had begun to teach at

19460-459: Was used for covers of novels, advertisements, and exhibition posters. Designers often created original styles of typeface that worked harmoniously with the image, e.g. Arnold Böcklin typeface in 1904. Alphonse Mucha Alfons Maria Mucha ( Czech: [ˈalfons ˈmuxa] ; 24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939), known internationally as Alphonse Mucha , was a Czech painter, illustrator, and graphic artist. Living in Paris during

19600-499: Was widely propagated by new magazines, including The Studio , Arts et Idées and Art et Décoration , whose photographs and colour lithographs made the style known to designers and wealthy clients around the world. In France, the style reached its summit in 1900, and thereafter slipped rapidly out of fashion, virtually disappearing from France by 1905. Art Nouveau was a luxury style, which required expert and highly-paid craftsmen, and could not be easily or cheaply mass-produced. One of

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