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64-586: The Fort William Curling Club was established in Fort William (now Thunder Bay) on September 18, 1891, on property leased by Peter and John McKellar . It was originally part of the Manitoba Curling Association . The rink was destroyed by fire twice, in 1892 and 1908. The current facility, with artificial ice , opened on March 10, 1951, as the Fort William Curling and Athletic Club . The club

128-540: A coureur des bois and in 1653 married his second wife, Margueritte. Her brother, Pierre-Esprit Radisson , also became a notable figure in the fur trade and is often mentioned in the same breath as des Groseilliers. Radisson and des Grosseilliers would also travel and trade together, as they did throughout the 1660s and 1670s. Together, they explored west into previously unknown territories in search of trade. Having incurred legal problems in New France because of their trade,

192-497: A good reputation for himself, Nicolet was sent on an expedition to Green Bay to settle a peace agreement with the natives of that area. Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618–1696) was a French explorer and fur trader in Canada . In the early 1640s, des Groseilliers relocated to Quebec , and began to work around Huronia with the Jesuit missions in that area. There he learned the skills of

256-506: A group of Algonquians, designated as the "Nation of the Isle", to learn native languages and later serve as an interpreter. The natives quickly adopted Nicolet as one of their own, even allowing him to attend councils and negotiate treaties. In 1620, Nicolet was sent to make contact with the Nipissing , a group of natives who played an important role in the growing fur trade. After having established

320-635: A machine shop. In April 1892, Neebing Additional Township and parts of Neebing Township were incorporated as the town of Fort William. Fort William was incorporated as a city in April 1907. The city of Fort William ceased to exist at the end of December 1969. Coureurs de bois A coureur des bois ( French: [kuʁœʁ de bwɑ] ; lit.   ' "runner of the woods" ' ) or coureur de bois ( French: [kuʁœʁ də bwɑ] ; plural: coureurs de(s) bois ) were independent entrepreneurial French Canadian traders who travelled in New France and

384-437: A result of warfare . The remaining marriages between Algonquins tended to be polygamous , with one husband marrying two or more women. Sexual relationships with coureurs des bois therefore offered native women an alternative to polygamy in a society with few available men. To French military commanders, who were often also directly involved in the fur trade, such marriages were beneficial in that they improved relations between

448-411: A system of licenses for fur traders, known as congés . Initially, this system granted 25 annual licenses to merchants traveling inland. The recipients of these licenses came to be known as "voyageurs" (travelers), who canoed and portaged fur trade goods in the employ of a licensed fur trader or fur trading company. The congé system, therefore, created the voyageur, the legal and respectable counterpart to

512-633: A vast area from Sibley Peninsula to the American border. For eight years the residents of Neebing and Neebing Additional townships battled Port Arthur residents for the Thunder Bay terminus. In March 1881, the inhabitants of Neebing and Neebing Additional petitioned the Ontario Legislature successfully to separate the southern townships from Shuniah and to create the Municipality of Neebing. By 1883–1884,

576-701: Is adjacent to the Fort William Gardens . Only events representing the Fort William Curling Club are listed. The Fort William Curling Club has hosted several Canadian national curling championships. In 1960 , the club co-hosted the Macdonald Brier , the Canadian men's curling championship, at the Fort William Gardens. The club also hosted the 1966 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship and

640-573: Is crucially intertwined with that of his brother-in-law, Médard des Groseilliers . Radisson came to New France in 1651, settling in Trois-Rivières. That same year, he was captured by the Mohawks while duck hunting. Although two of his companions were killed during this exchange, the natives spared Radisson's life and adopted him. Through this adoption, Radisson learned native languages that would later serve him well as an interpreter. He worked throughout

704-613: Is the first European known to have visited the area where the city of Duluth, Minnesota is now located and the headwaters of the Mississippi River near Grand Rapids. In 1678 Du Lhut set out to make peace negotiations with the Sioux, Chippewas, and other tribes near Lake Superior. His negotiations were successful and were sealed by multiple intertribal marriages. Du Lhut's freedom as a courerur des bois allowed him to explore unseen lands. Du Lhut sought permission to continue exploring however he

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768-707: The Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship in 1969 . In 2006 , the Fort William and Port Arthur Curling Clubs co-hosted the Canadian Junior Curling Championships in Thunder Bay. The Fort William Curling Club also hosted the Canadian Wheelchair Curling Championship in 2012 , where a team from the club, skipped by Carl Levesque, represented Northern Ontario . The following year,

832-534: The Conseil Souverain de la Nouvelle-France dated 23 August 1681 instructing one of two canoes to make known the king's amnesty to coureurs de bois , although the Kaministiquia River is depicted on the 1671 "Carte des Jésuites" as "R. [rivière] par où l'on va aux Assinipoualacs à 120 lieues vers le Nord-Ouest." In late 1683 or spring 1684, Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut , established a trading post near

896-666: The Ojibwe by written agreement 30 July 1798. The post was named Fort William in 1807 after William McGillivray , chief director of the North West Company from 1804-1821. After the union of the North West Company with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in 1821, the fort lost its raison d'être because most trade shifted to York Factory on Hudson Bay. It became a minor HBC fur trading post. The original site disappeared under development of Canadian Pacific Railway]] railroad tracks and coal piles in

960-446: The coureurs des bois sometimes paddling twelve hours a day. Packing a canoe for such a trip was often arduous, as more than thirty articles were considered essential for a coureur des bois's survival and business. He could trade for food, hunt, and fish—but trade goods such as "broadcloth, linen and wool blankets, ammunition, metal goods (knives, hatchets, kettles), firearms, liquor, gunpowder and sometimes even finished clothing, took up

1024-443: The intendant Duchesneau estimated there were eight hundred coureurs des bois, or about 40% of the adult male population. Reports like that were wildly exaggerated: in reality, even at their zenith coureurs des bois remained a very small percentage of the population of New France. In 1681, to curb the unregulated business of independent traders and their burgeoning profits, French minister of marine Jean-Baptiste Colbert created

1088-454: The 1660s and 1670s with his brother-in-law, des Groseilliers, on various trade and exploration voyages into the west of the continent. Much of Radisson's life during this period is wrapped up in the story of des Groseilliers. Together they are credited with the establishment and shaping of the Hudson's Bay Company . Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut (1639–1710) was a French soldier and explorer who

1152-432: The 1660s, several factors resulted in a sudden spike in the number of coureurs des bois. First, the population of New France markedly increased during the late 17th century, as the colony experienced a boom in immigration between 1667–84. Of the new engagés (indentured male servants), discharged soldiers, and youthful immigrants from squalid, class-bound Europe arriving in great numbers in the colony, many chose freedom in

1216-731: The 1880s. A replica of Fort William was built further upstream on the Kaministiquia River at Pointe de Meuron , a former military staging location named after Lord Selkirk 's Swiss de Meuron Regiment . It is now known as the Fort William Historical Park . Two townships ( Neebing and Paipoonge ) and the Fort William Town Plot were surveyed in 1859–1860 by the Province of Canada 's Department of Crown Lands and opened to settlement. A large section of land adjacent to

1280-671: The CPR stimulated development, as did the construction of the railway, begun in June 1875. The federal Department of Public Works, and later the Department of Railways and Canals, took seven years (1875–1882) to build the Thunder Bay Branch from Fort William to Winnipeg, Manitoba . The Ontario Legislature incorporated the Municipality of Shuniah in March 1873. This early form of regional government comprised

1344-608: The Canadian comedy troupe The Kids in the Hall depict two trappers, Jacques ( Dave Foley ) and François ( Kevin McDonald ), canoeing through high-rise offices and cubicles to trap businessmen wearing designer Italian suits as a parody of this moment in Canadian colonial history. The Revenant (2015), directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu , depicts a group of uncharacteristically violent, anti-Indian coureurs des bois in North Dakota, which

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1408-475: The French and the natives. Native leaders also encouraged such unions, particularly when the couple formed lasting, permanent bonds. Jesuits and some upper-level colonial officials viewed these relationships with disdain and disgust. French officials preferred coureurs des bois and voyageurs to settle around Quebec City and Montreal . They considered the lasting relationships with native women to be further proof of

1472-549: The French aristocracy's fears of insubordination which only served to confirm their ignorance; and coureurs des bois became emblematic of the colony for those in the metropolis. The myth of the coureurs des bois as representative of the Canadians was stimulated by the writings of 18th-century Jesuit priest F-X. Charlevoix and the 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman ; their historical accounts are classified as belonging to popular rather than academic history. Charlevoix

1536-470: The Hudson's Bay Company post remained in dispute until 1875, when it was surveyed as Neebing Additional Township. Most land was acquired by absentee landowners speculating on the decision of the new Dominion of Canada to build a railway to the Pacific that would begin somewhere along the north shore of Lake Superior. The selection of the Fort William Town Plot (later known as West Fort) as the eastern terminus for

1600-457: The Huron language. Early explorers such as Brûlé educated the French colonists on the complex trading networks of the natives, served as interpreters, and encouraged the burgeoning fur trade. Between 1610 and 1629, dozens of Frenchmen spent months at a time living among the natives. Over time, these early explorers and interpreters played an increasingly active role in the fur trade, paving the way for

1664-584: The Indigenous people's ritual practices and marrying Indigenous women. French Canadians associated the coureur des bois with being ungovernable and fearless men. The biggest problem with the coureur des bois was their interference with the missionary effort of the French Canadians. They denounced the French priests and missionaries and undermined their evangelistic efforts by supplying the Indigenous peoples with liquor . The coureur des bois refusal to submit to

1728-491: The Montreal-based CPR syndicate, in collaboration with the Hudson's Bay Company , clearly preferred the low-lying lands along the lower Kaministiquia River to the exposed shores of Port Arthur, which required an expensive breakwater if shipping and port facilities were to be protected from the waves. The CPR subsequently consolidated all its operations there, erecting rail yards, coal-handling facilities, grain elevators and

1792-520: The United States, which acknowledged American control of the area, the North West Company required a new midway transshipment point between their inland posts and Montreal. The partners needed to meet and exchange furs and supplies without being subject to American taxation. In 1803, the Nor'Westers abandoned Grand Portage and established a new fur trading post on the Kaministiquia River on land acquired from

1856-503: The club hosted the 2013 The Dominion Curling Club Championship , the Canadian championships for club-level curlers. In 2017 , the club hosted the U Sports/Curling Canada University Curling Championships . The club has also hosted several Northern Ontario provincial curling championships. It hosted the men's provincial championship in 2011 and in 2017 . The club also hosted the 2015 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts , which

1920-573: The colony. A successful coureur des bois had to possess many skills, including those of businessman and expert canoeist. To survive in the Canadian wilderness, coureurs des bois also had to be competent in a range of activities including fishing, snowshoeing and hunting. As one Jesuit described them, venturing into the wilderness suited: The sort of person who thought nothing of covering five to six hundred leagues by canoe, paddle in hand, or of living off corn and bear fat for twelve to eighteen months, or of sleeping in bark or branch cabins. The life

1984-555: The coureur de bois and the natives often included a sexual dimension; marriage à la façon du pays (following local custom) was common between native women and coureurs des bois, and later between native women and voyageurs. These unions were of benefit to both sides, and in later years, winter partners of major trading companies also took native wives. As wives, indigenous women played a key role as translators, guides and mediators—becoming "women between". For one thing, Algonquin communities typically had far more women than men, likely as

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2048-420: The coureur des bois developed as a symbol of the colony, creating a lasting myth that would continue to define New France for centuries. Shortly after founding a permanent settlement at Quebec City in 1608, Samuel de Champlain sought to ally himself with the local native peoples or First Nations. He decided to send French boys to live among them to learn their languages in order to serve as interpreters, in

2112-458: The coureur des bois. Under the voyageurs, the fur trade began to favor a more organized business model of the times, including monopolistic ownership and hired labor. From 1681 onwards, therefore, the voyageurs began to eclipse the coureurs des bois, although coureurs des bois continued to trade without licenses for several decades. Following the implementation of the congé system, the number of coureurs des bois dwindled, as did their influence within

2176-624: The coureurs des bois were seen more frequently as explorers than their voyager counterparts. The voyager's ties to fur companies dictated how and where they trapped, whereas the courerur des bois were free to explore and trap in any place they could find. The coureur des bois freedom and intimate ties to the Indigenous peoples resulted in many French people viewing them as only a step above Native American men. Most coureurs des bois were primarily or solely fur-trade entrepreneurs and not individually well known. The most prominent coureurs des bois were also explorers and gained fame as such. Étienne Brûlé

2240-436: The earliest days of New France, coureurs des bois reached their apex during the second half of the 17th century. After 1681, the independent coureur des bois was gradually replaced by state-sponsored voyageurs , who were workers associated with licensed fur traders. They travelled extensively by canoe. Coureurs des bois lost their importance in the fur trade by the early 18th century. Yet, even while their numbers were dwindling,

2304-463: The emergence of the coureurs des bois proper in the mid-17th century. The term "coureur des bois" is most strongly associated with those who engaged in the fur trade in ways that were considered to be outside of the mainstream. Early in the North American fur trade era, this term was applied to men who circumvented the normal channels by going deeper into the wilderness to trade. Traditionally,

2368-475: The fears and apprehensions which they had of the Ancien Régime . If order and discipline were proving difficult to maintain in continental Europe, it seemed impossible that the colonies would fare any better, and it was presumed things would become even worse. Accounts of young men choosing a life where they would "do nothing", be "restrained by nothing", and live "beyond the possibility of correction" played into

2432-410: The fur trade. The requirement of licenses to participate in trapping and trading furs limited the types of people who could participate in the lucrative trade. Trapping and trading without one of the required licenses was a legally punishable offense. The coureurs des bois were seen by the French government and French citizens as problematic because they did not abide by the licensing laws. Additionally,

2496-578: The government of New France preferred to let the natives supply furs directly to French merchants, and discouraged French settlers from venturing outside the Saint Lawrence valley. By the mid-17th century, Montreal had emerged as the center of the fur trade, hosting a yearly fair in August where natives exchanged their pelts for European goods. While coureurs des bois never entirely disappeared, they were heavily discouraged by French colonial officials. In 1649,

2560-570: The hope of persuading the natives to trade with the French rather than with the Dutch, who were active along the Hudson River and Atlantic coast. The boys learned native languages, customs, and skills, and tended to assimilate quickly to their new environments. A year after leaving Étienne Brûlé in 1610, with a Huron tribe , Champlain visited him, and was surprised to find the young man attired completely in native clothing and able to converse fluently in

2624-541: The importance of the latter in terms of number and proportion in terms on influence on trading. But Charlevoix was influential; his work was often cited by other authors, which further propagated the myth of the Canadian as a coureur des bois. Finally, romans du terroir (rural novels) also added to the myth of the coureurs des bois by featuring them out of proportion to their number and influence. The coureurs des bois were portrayed in such works as extremely virile, free-spirited and of untameable natures, ideal protagonists in

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2688-657: The interior of North America , usually to trade with First Nations peoples by exchanging various European items for furs. Some learned the trades and practices of the indigenous peoples. These expeditions were part of the beginning of the fur trade in the North American interior . Initially they traded for beaver coats and furs. However, as the market grew, coureurs de bois were trapping and trading prime beavers whose skins were to be felted in Europe. While French settlers had lived and traded alongside Indigenous people since

2752-469: The lawlessness and perversion of the coureurs des bois. The role and importance of the coureurs des bois have been exaggerated over the course of history. This figure has achieved mythological status, leading to many false accounts, and to the coureurs des bois being assimilated with " Canadiens " (French Canadians). The mythmaking followed two paths; initially, people in France judged the colonies according to

2816-592: The life of the coureur des bois. Furthermore, renewed peaceful relations with the Iroquois in 1667 made traveling into the interior of Canada much less perilous for the French colonists. The companies that had been monopolizing and regulating the fur trade since 1645, the Cent Associés and the Communautés des Habitants , went bankrupt after the Iroquois war . The Compagnie des Indes occidentales , which replaced them,

2880-438: The majority of space in the canoe." Food en route needed to be lightweight, practical and non-perishable. The business of a coureur des bois required close contact with Indigenous peoples. Native peoples were essential because they trapped the fur-bearing animals (especially beaver) and prepared the skins. Relations between coureurs and natives were not always peaceful, and could sometimes become violent. In general, trade

2944-555: The male-chorus marching song Tramp Tramp Tramp (Along the Highway) , which included the words, "Blazing trails along the byway / Couriers de Bois are we" [sic]. (Some later versions change Rida Johnson Young 's lyric to "For men of war are we.") In James A. Michener 's 1974 historical novel Centennial and the 1978–1979 NBC television mini-series of the same name , the colourful, French Canadian or French Metis , coureur des bois, from Montreal , Quebec , Canada, named Pasquinel,

3008-499: The mouth of the Kaministiquia River . French authorities closed this post in 1696 because of a glut on the fur market. In 1717, a new post, Fort Kaministiquia , was established at the river mouth by Zacharie Robutel de la Noue . This post appears on 18th century French maps by Royal hydrographer Jacques-Nicolas Bellin as "Fort Caministogoyan". The post was abandoned in 1758 or 1760 during the British conquest of New France. The fur trade

3072-420: The new governor Louis d'Ailleboust permitted Frenchmen familiar with the wilderness to visit Huron Country to encourage and escort Hurons to Montreal to participate in the trade. While this did not legally sanction coureurs des bois to trade independently with the natives, some historians consider d'Ailleboust's encouragement of independent traders to mark the official emergence of the coureurs des bois. In

3136-454: The other side is a French voyageur ; the cent[re] contains a grain elevator, a steamship and a locomotive, while the beaver surmounts the whole." Fort William and Grand Portage were the two starting points for the canoe route from the Great Lakes to Western Canada . For details of the route inland see Kaministiquia River . Kamanistigouian, as a place, is first mentioned in a decree of

3200-449: The romanticized novels of important 19th-century writers such as Chateaubriand , Jules Verne and Fenimore Cooper . The coureurs des bois were known for their trapping abilities by outside parties but French Canadians knew these men as being looked upon without favor. The courerur des bois lived outside of the typical confines of society and had to adapt to the expectations of the Indigenous peoples around them. They did this by adopting

3264-518: The townships of Neebing and McIntyre to form the city of Thunder Bay in January 1970. Since then, it has been the largest city in Northwestern Ontario . The city's Latin motto was A posse ad esse ( From a possibility to an actuality ), featured on its coat of arms designed in 1900 by town officials, "On one side of the shield stands an Indian dressed in the paint and feathers of the early days; on

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3328-496: The two explorers went to France in an attempt to rectify their legal situation. When this attempt failed, the pair turned to the English. Through this liaison with the English and thanks to their considerable knowledge and experience in the area, the pair are credited with the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company . Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636–1710) was a French Canadian fur trader and explorer. His life as explorer and trader

3392-477: The upper St. Lawrence River and the lakes, passing by Detroit on the way to Michilimackinac or Green Bay . This route had fewer portages, but in times of war, it was more exposed to Iroquois attacks. The powerful Five Nations of the Confederacy had territory along the Great Lakes and sought to control their hunting grounds. Such trading journeys often lasted for months and covered thousands of kilometers, with

3456-509: The will of the missionaries made them an enemy. This resulted in the coureur des bois being labeled as unruly and a threat to colonial survival. The coureurs des bois were renowned for their ability to trap animals for the fur trade but their overall reputation was negative for French Canadians. The coureurs des bois are often confused with voyagers however the two groups had very different reputations. The coureurs des bois were considered outlaws because of their lack of licenses to participate in

3520-469: Was physically arduous and succeeding as a coureur was extremely difficult. But the hope of making a profit motivated many, while the promise of adventure and freedom was enough to convince others to become coureurs. Because of the lack of roads and the necessity to transport heavy goods and furs, fur trade in the interior of the continent depended on men conducting long-distance transportation by canoe of fur trade goods, and returning with pelts. Early travel

3584-510: Was dangerous and the coureurs des bois , who traded in uncharted territory, had a high mortality rate. Typically, they left Montreal in the spring, as soon as the rivers and lakes were clear of ice (usually May), their canoes loaded with supplies and goods for trading. The course west to the richest beaver lands usually went by way of the Ottawa and Mattawa rivers; it required numerous overland portages. Alternatively, some canoes proceeded by way of

3648-1079: Was denied by the French court. Du Lhut's exploration and trapping history could have been as successful as his rival René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle if he had been given permission to continue. Jacques La Ramee (1784–1821) Pierre de La Vérendrye (1685–1749) Louis-Joseph de La Vérendrye and his three brothers, the sons of the Vérendrye mentioned above (1717–1761) François Baby (1733–1820) Jacques Baby (1731–1789) Horace Bélanger (1836–1892) Jean-Marie Ducharme (1723–1807) Dominique Ducharme (1765–1853) Luc de la Corne (1711–1784) Jacques de Noyon (1668–1745) Martin Chartier (1655–1718) accompanied Joliet and LaSalle, became an outlaw, and eventually traded for furs in Tennessee, Ohio and Pennsylvania. Peter Bisaillon (1662–1742) Jacques Le Tort (1651–1702) James Le Tort (1675-1742) The 1910 Victor Herbert operetta Naughty Marietta featured

3712-426: Was introduced as an early frontier mountain man and trapper, in 1795 Colorado , Spanish Upper Louisiana Territory of Mexico , now the present-day state of Colorado. Pasquinel was portrayed in the miniseries by American TV actor Robert Conrad . The fictional character of Pasquinel was loosely based on the lives of French-speaking fur traders Jacques La Ramee and Ceran St. Vrain . In a 1990 skit called "Trappers",

3776-450: Was made much easier by the two groups maintaining friendly relations. Trade was often accompanied by reciprocal gift-giving; among the Algonquin and others, exchanging gifts was customary practice to maintain alliances. Pierre-Esprit Radisson and his companions, for instance, "struck agreeable relations with Natives inland by giving European goods as gifts". Furthermore, relations between

3840-587: Was much less restrictive of internal trade, allowing independent merchants to become more numerous. Finally, a sudden fall in the price of beaver on the European markets in 1664 caused more traders to travel to the "pays d'en haut" , or upper country (the area around the Great Lakes), in search of cheaper pelts. During the mid-1660s, therefore, becoming a coureur des bois became both more feasible and profitable. This sudden growth alarmed many colonial officials. In 1680,

3904-588: Was particularly influential in his writings, because he was a trusted source of information, as he was a Jesuit priest who had journeyed in Canada. But his "historical" work has been criticized by historians for being too "light" and for relying too heavily on other authors' material (i.e. plagiarizing), rather than his own first-hand account. Critics of Charlevoix have also noted that in his account, he confuses different periods of time, and therefore does not differentiate between voyageurs and coureurs des bois, misrepresenting

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3968-617: Was quickly re-established with most people using Grand Portage . By 1784, Montreal merchants and their "wintering partners" had formed the North West Company (Nor'Westers). The North West Company continued to use Grand Portage as their centre of operations after the area was ceded to the United States after the colonists' victory in the American Revolution . Following the signing of the Jay Treaty of 1794 between Great Britain and

4032-571: Was the first European to see the Great Lakes . He traveled to New France with Samuel de Champlain. Jean Nicolet (Nicollet) de Belleborne (Ca. 1598 – 1 November 1642) was a French coureur des bois noted for exploring Green Bay in what is now the U.S. state of Wisconsin . Nicolet was born in Normandy , France in the late 1590s and moved to New France in 1618. In that same year, he was recruited by Samuel de Champlain , who arranged for him to live with

4096-515: Was the first time that the Northern Ontario women's provincial champions received a direct berth into the national Scotties Tournament of Hearts and represented Northern Ontario separately from Ontario . Fort William, Ontario Fort William was a city in Ontario , Canada, located on the Kaministiquia River , at its entrance to Lake Superior . It amalgamated with Port Arthur and

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