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91-457: Fort Madison is a city and a county seat of Lee County , Iowa , United States along with Keokuk . Of Iowa's 99 counties, Lee County is the only one with two county seats. The population was 10,270 at the time of the 2020 census . Located along the Mississippi River in the state's southeast corner, it lies between small bluffs along one of the widest portions of the river. Fort Madison

182-526: A Superior Court and Sheriff (as an officer of the court ), both located in a designated "shire town". Bennington County, Vermont has two shire towns; the court for "North Shire" is in the shire town Manchester , and the Sheriff for the county and court for "South Shire" are in the shire town Bennington. In 2024, Connecticut , which had not defined their counties for anything but statistical, historical and weather warning purposes since 1960, along with ending

273-410: A county seat may be an independent city surrounded by, but not part of, the county of which it is the administrative center; for example, Fairfax City is both the county seat of Fairfax County, Virginia and completely surrounded by Fairfax County, but the city is politically independent of the county. When the county seat is in the independent city, government offices such as the courthouse may be in

364-646: A county was the magistrate , who oversaw both the day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases. The current number of counties mostly resembled that of the later years of the Qing dynasty . Changes of location and names of counties in Chinese history have been a major field of research in Chinese historical geography, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s. There are 1,355 counties in Mainland China out of

455-530: A female householder with no spouse or partner present and 21.4% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 43.1% of all households were non-families. 37.1% of all household were made up of individuals, 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 42.2 years. 23.1% of the residents were under the age of 20; 5.4% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 24.4% were from 25 and 44; 25.3% were from 45 and 64; and 21.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

546-496: A means of making the Native Americans adopt a sedentary lifestyle. Once settled as agriculturalists they would be willing to sell surplus land not needed for hunting. On several occasions, Jefferson wrote to various officials that the job of the trading posts was to encourage indebtedness beyond the leading men's personal ability to pay thereby goading them into surrender land to get rid of the debt. Several treaties ceding land to

637-600: A single artery that runs east and west through the heart of the city, following the river and railroad tracks. A controlled access US Highway 61 bypass around Fort Madison opened to traffic in the fall of 2011. US Highway 61 connects to US Highway 34, US Highway 218/State Highway 27, State Highway 2, State Highway 16 and Interstate 80 in Iowa; Interstate 72 in Illinois ; and Interstate 70 in Missouri . County seat In Canada ,

728-568: A total of 2,851 county-level divisions. In Taiwan , the first counties were first established in 1661 by the Kingdom of Tungning . The later ruler Qing empire inherited this type of administrative divisions. With the increase of Han Chinese population in Taiwan, the number of counties also grew by time. By the end of Qing era, there were 11 counties in Taiwan. Protestant missionaries in China first romanized

819-509: A trench to the river, where they escaped on boats. The date of the abandonment is unknown, as much of the military correspondence from this period of the war is missing, but it probably happened in September. Black Hawk observed the ruins soon after. "We started in canoes, and descended the Mississippi, until we arrived near the place where Fort Madison had stood. It had been abandoned and burned by

910-601: Is "Iowa's most important historical site", preservationists want to convert the parking lot into a memorial park dedicated to soldiers killed at the fort. So far, no agreement has been reached for its preservation. The first settler at the ruins of the fort was General John Holly Knapp, who in 1832 bought a claim to some land of the fort and built the first building in the fall of the same year, utilized as an Indian Supply Store. Early next spring and his cousin Nathaniel Knapp with family settled there, joined by some other settlers

1001-593: Is a section of Middle Township , an incorporated municipality. In some states, often those that were among the original Thirteen Colonies , county seats include or formerly included "Court House" as part of their name, such as Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia . Most counties have only one county seat. However, some counties in Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Iowa , Kentucky , Massachusetts , Mississippi , Missouri , New Hampshire , New York , and Vermont have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of

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1092-570: Is a seven block long, three block wide section of homes that represent the Gothic, Victorian, and Tudor era. With a rich variety of architectural styles like Gothic Revival, Italianate, Second Empire, Eastlake Stick, Richardson Romanesque, Queen Anne, and Tudor. With two of the six parks within the District. It is on the National Historic Registry. The city of Fort Madison was established around

1183-538: Is elected in a citywide vote. The Iowa State Penitentiary , a maximum security institution for men, is in Fort Madison. Fort Madison has a Junior College Campus Southeastern Community College (Iowa) located at 1602 Avenue F. The Fort Madison Community School District , the public school district of the city, has two elementary schools (Richardson and Lincoln), one middle school (Fort Madison Middle School) and one high school ( Fort Madison High School ). A section of

1274-524: Is now Kansas City , which controlled trade with western Native American tribes. A disputed 1804 treaty with the Sauk and affiliated tribes led to the U.S. claim of control over western Illinois and parts of what is now Iowa . To establish control, the U.S. Army set out to construct a post near the mouth of the Des Moines River , a major trading route into the interior of Iowa. Not finding suitable land near

1365-582: Is water. Fort Madison is famous for the Tri-State Rodeo, RiverFest, Mexican Fiesta, Balloons Over the Mississippi, Art in Central Park and Annual Lighted Parade. As of the census of 2020, there were 10,270 people, 4,315 households, and 2,455 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,064.9 inhabitants per square mile (411.2/km). There were 5,013 housing units at an average density of 519.8 per square mile (200.7/km). The racial makeup of

1456-778: The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 made it more difficult for private traders to acquire foreign goods. British traders avoided that problem as their import from England went to Montreal and from there to Pittsburgh, down the Ohio and up the Mississippi. The merchandise included blankets, strouds , siamoise cotton, mammoodies cotton, calamanco , Bocking bay , pullicats , rumals , shalloons , guns, gunpowder, lead, axes, knives, gorgets , kettles, tin cups, cowbells, maul rings, hoes, frying pans, arm bands, shirts, earbobs, silk stock, tinsel hatbands, Jew's harps, side-saddles, wampum, trinkets, coffee, and food items. Transportation of merchandise to

1547-723: The People's Republic of China . Xian have existed since the Warring States period and were set up nationwide by the Qin dynasty . The number of counties in China proper gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As Qin Shi Huang reorganized the counties after his unification, there were about 1,000. Under the Eastern Han dynasty , the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when

1638-539: The Sui dynasty abolished the commandery level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties. In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of the imperial bureaucratic structure; in other words, it was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means, varying between dynasties. The head of

1729-515: The United States , a county is an administrative or political subdivision of a state that consists of a geographic area with specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its county. Generally, the county legislature, county courthouse, sheriff's department headquarters, hall of records, jail and correctional facility are located in

1820-429: The principal sum but gave no profit. An annual amount of $ 8,000 was allotted for maintenance of the physical assets. The law was limited to two years plus the duration of Congress. When the law of 1796 expired on March 4, 1799, the factories continued in operation anyway. In 1802, President Jefferson pointed out that the enabling act had become invalid and Congress subsequently renewed it until March 4, 1803. In 1803,

1911-411: The provinces of Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia have counties as an administrative division of government below the provincial level, and thus county seats. In the provinces of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia the term "shire town" is used in place of county seat. County seats in China are the administrative centers of the counties in

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2002-591: The Friday after Thanksgiving , following which the lighted floats, sponsored by local businesses and industry, go on display in Riverside Park until after New Year's Day . The North Lee County Historical Society curated many historic locations in Fort Madison. Fort Madison has a Mayor/City Council form of government. The city council consists of a Mayor and seven council members. Five council members are elected from individual wards and two are elected at large. The mayor

2093-494: The Illinois Territory presented criticism that originated with the fur trader Auguste Chouteau of St. Louis. The gist of it was that the factor's lack of profit interest made them lax businessmen. In addition, the federal appointees were ignorant of Native American ways and languages. Supporters of the government's involvement in the fur trade were usually found among philanthropists, government officials and among most of

2184-619: The Indian country. As it would protect Native Americans from fraud and deceit it would enhance the prestige of the United States among them. The Department of the Treasury optimistically reported in 1800 that the Indian Nations were pleased with the government trading houses because through them they were sure to find a buyer for their furs as well as a fair treatment. Sale of alcohol was prevented and

2275-457: The Jay Treaty. But now, when that treaty was superseded and the law kept alien fur traders away there was nothing that motivated government factories. Instead, the system proved the inherent unfitnes of the federal government to conduct commercial business. It was full of undetected abuse. Trade goods provided by the government did not meet the needs of its Native American customers. The merchandise

2366-786: The Mississippi River, the Fort Madison Toll Bridge , the other being the Government Bridge in Rock Island, Illinois. It has a top level for cars and a similar level for trains; it is also the world's largest [1] . The Fort Madison Downtown Commercial Historic District is a collection of well-preserved historic storefronts from the late 19th century. Along with this is the Park-to-Park Residential Historic District . The Historic Park to Park District

2457-554: The Native Americans through illegal whiskey. In 1821, Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri , chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs , started hearings with the aim to abolish the factory system and open the fur trade for uninhibited private enterprise. Benton claimed that as a citizen of a frontier state he had a better understanding than most of the systems supporters of how it worked. However, other motives can also be found. Among his constituents were several powerful fur traders. Benton

2548-466: The Office of Indian Trade, while the agents were in tender harmony with the fur traders they licensed. The newly appointed Indian Agent John Biddle affirmed "the uselessness" of the factory system. Superintendent McKenney argued for the factory system while admitting some of the claims made by Benton. Congress required his office to procure trade goods on the home market, thereby putting a severe handicap on

2639-563: The Secretary of War estimates of merchandise needed by the factories. When he died in 1804, George Ingels, Military Storekeeper at Philadelphia was appointed Acting Superintendent of Military Stores and Acting Agent for the Indian Factories. In 1805, William Davy was appointed Principal Agent for Indian Factories. He was to handle both the purchase of merchandise for the factories and the disposal of goods received from them, thereby also assuming

2730-697: The Superintendent in his assessment of the negative effects of the private fur trade. Madison's administration did not share the trust in private business expressed by many critics of the factory system. In 1816, Secretary of the Treasury, William H. Crawford proposed more stringent regulations for private fur traders. Nor did the Monroe administration trust the unselfishness of private interests. Secretary of War, John C. Calhoun urged stricter licence requirements for private fur traders in 1818. According to him, aliens and other dishonest fortune hunters were debauching

2821-508: The Superintendent of Indian Trade. Some of the witnesses that faulted the factory system and its employees were individual traders and Indian agents that were eager to remove competition, while others were employees of John Jacob Astor. Ramsay Crooks was the general manager of the American Fur Company, while Indian Agent Benjamin O'Fallon had been appointed on the recommendation of Astor. Antagonism existed between Indian agents and

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2912-514: The United States also clearly state that the Indian Nations were selling in order to get rid of debts run up at a federal factory. At the very beginning, the Purveyor of Public Supplies was in charge of buying the merchandise to be sold at the government factories and also for selling the furs and other items received in trade. Military agents of the War Department usually handled transportation of

3003-527: The United States. Fort Madison was one of three posts established by the U.S. Army to establish control over the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories. Fort Madison was built to control trade and pacify Native Americans in the Upper Mississippi River region. The other two posts were Fort Belle Fontaine near St. Louis , which controlled the mouth of the Missouri, and Fort Osage , near what

3094-465: The aim to abolish the factory system and open the fur trade for uninhibited private enterprise and profit-making . Among the system's defenders were the future Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson and the future President Martin Van Buren . Nevertheless, Congress abolished the government fur trade factories in 1821, giving the government one year to liquidate the system. The United States had inherited

3185-556: The attack was only stopped when cannon fire destroyed a fortified Indian position. Black Hawk participated in the siege, and claimed to have personally shot down the fort's flag. As the War of 1812 expanded to the frontier, British-allied Sauk and other tribes began a determined effort to push out the Americans and reclaim control of the upper Mississippi. Beginning in July 1813, attacks on troops outside

3276-410: The average family size was 2.87. Age spread: 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 34,318, and the median family income

3367-474: The back of which he invented a lever-filling fountain pen . Millions of pens were produced. The company was sold in 1997 to the French manufacturer Bic, which closed the Fort Madison plant in 2006, and then to the A.T. Cross Company of Providence, RI in 2014. The Sheaffer Pen Museum in Fort Madison features many exhibits of the company's writing instruments. An annual Parade of Lights along Avenue G takes place on

3458-464: The bill became law on March 31, 1821. A year was allowed to liquidate the operations. Benton managed to pass a supplementary bill that prevented the current officeholders from taking part in the closing down process. George Gorham was subsequently placed in charge of the liquidation of the Office of Indian Trade and the government factories. It was not fully completed until 1830. Government factories were usually situated at military posts. The army aided

3549-490: The business of the North West Company , the largest Montreal trading firm, was cut short. In a message to Congress in 1802, Jefferson claimed that the government factories undersold private and foreign interest, driving them away and thereby ridding the Indian country of a class of men that undermined the United States in the eyes of the Native Americans. Recommending an expansion of the factory system, he portrayed it as

3640-608: The city limits lies in the Central Lee Community School District . Fort Madison also has a Catholic School System, Holy Trinity Catholic Schools , which formed in 2005 from the merger of Aquinas Schools in Fort Madison with the West Point Catholic schools. Holy Trinity High School consists of a junior/senior high school. Holy Trinity Elementary School is a few miles away in West Point, Iowa . Amtrak ,

3731-566: The city was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,051 people, 4,403 households, and 2,667 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,164.5 inhabitants per square mile (449.6/km). There were 4,956 housing units at an average density of 522.2 per square mile (201.6/km). The racial makeup of the city was 89.3% White , 5.5% African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.6% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 1.6% from other races , and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.7% of

Fort Madison, Iowa - Misplaced Pages Continue

3822-427: The city was 86.0% White , 4.4% Black or African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.6% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 1.7% from other races and 6.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race comprised 6.2% of the population. Of the 4,315 households, 27.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 8.6% were cohabitating couples, 33.0% had

3913-404: The city. The population density was 1,162.9 inhabitants per square mile (449.0/km). There were 5,106 housing units at an average density of 554.2 per square mile (214.0/km). The city's racial makeup was 92.64% White, 2.67% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.61% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 2.36% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.44% of

4004-817: The concept of government regulation of Indian trade from Britain. Continental Congress outlawed unlicensed trade with the Indian Nations in 1776 and the Confederation Congress added stricter regulations in 1786. Indian agents were only to issue licenses to citizens whose moral characters were vouched for by the appropriate governors . The licenses were issued for one year periods only and cost $ 500 per period. A bond of $ 5,000 had to be given to ensure compliance with alcohol and firearms rules. Subsequent Nonintercourse Acts of 1790, 1793, 1796 and 1802 modified these laws. Licence fees were eliminated, lighter penalties were introduced for non-observance of regulations and

4095-432: The county seat is the entire county. Ellicott City , the county seat of Howard County, Maryland , is the largest unincorporated county seat in the United States, followed by Towson , the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland . Likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey , though unincorporated,

4186-491: The county seat, though some functions (such as highway maintenance, which usually requires a large garage for vehicles, along with asphalt and salt storage facilities) may also be located or conducted in other parts of the county, especially if it is geographically large. A county seat is usually an incorporated municipality . The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia , where

4277-420: The county. Examples include Harrison County, Mississippi , which has both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats, and Hinds County, Mississippi , which has both Raymond and the state capital of Jackson . The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult. There have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of civic pride for

4368-632: The east of town. The span, owned by the BNSF Railway, is the world's longest swing bridge , and it carries both road and rail traffic across the Mississippi River over its upper and lower deck, respectively, between Fort Madison and Niota, Illinois. In addition to Amtrak, two other railroads serve Fort Madison: the BNSF ( Burlington Northern Santa Fe ) and Union Pacific . Greyhound Bus Lines stops to pick up or discharge passengers at 5002 Avenue O in Fort Madison. US Highway Business 61 and State Highway 2 form

4459-426: The factories received furs, skins, beeswax, tallow, bear oil, feathers and other products. Soldiers, private traders, travelers and others paid in cash. The trade goods were shipped to New Orleans, St. Louis and Detroit. Some items were sold there, but most of it was shipped to Philadelphia and later Georgetown. Merchandise was sold at a 68% markup over market costs. Non-Native Americans were charged 10% more. Business at

4550-564: The factories reflected the general economic situation in the country. After the War of 1812 there was a steady rise in the volume of business until the Panic of 1819 . The factory at Green Bay, Wisconsin showed a decline in business already in 1818, as a result of the establishment of the American Fur Company in the area. The factory system was routinely denounced by its rivals in the private sector. It happened that private traders told Native Americans that

4641-519: The factories was a costly, laborious and many times inefficient procedure, often requiring several transshipments. Merchandise bought at Philadelphia, and later Georgetown, was received by forwarding agents in New Orleans, St. Louis or Detroit who distributed them to the factories by boats, wagons or pack horses. The merchandise was primarily sold at the factories, but the factors also sent out traders to reach Native Americans who lived far away. In trade,

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4732-457: The factors themselves. Its existence was upheld by several Congress committees and of Congress itself. The Superintendent of Indian Trade, Thomas McKenney, was the most vigorous defender of the factory system. He regarded private traders as the root of most evil in the Indian country and wanted the factory system to be a means for "civilizing" Native Americans. George C. Sibley , a vehement critic of fur traders and fur trading companies agreed with

4823-470: The factory system. Much merchandise had been bought during or just after the War of 1812, when the prices were two-fold or threefold the current. The prices charged Native Americans were not outrageous when considering freight and haulage. McKenney claimed that intrigues of the American Fur Company harmed the official trade to the extent that the posts at Chicago and Green Bay was about to be closed down. Indian Agents were intimidated by threats of removal through

4914-456: The fort led to another siege. Conditions were so dangerous that the Army could not recover the bodies of soldiers killed outside the fort and troops could not leave the fort to collect firewood. The Army burned outbuildings to prevent them from falling into Indian hands. After weeks of paralyzing siege, the Army finally abandoned the post, burning it as they evacuated. They retreated in the dark through

5005-488: The fort to a nearby bluff to provide cover from below, and constructing of additional blockhouses outside the stockade. These improvements could not fully compensate for the fort's poor location, however, and it was again attacked in March 1812, and was the focus of a coordinated siege in the following September. The September siege was intense, and the fort was nearly overrun. Significant damage resulted to fort-related buildings, and

5096-532: The foundations of officers' quarters. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. A replica fort was built several blocks away; much of the labor was supplied by volunteer inmates at the nearby Iowa State Penitentiary . The fort site is now the subject of preservation efforts. After the Sheaffer Pen factory closed in 2007, the site was sold to developers. Arguing that Fort Madison

5187-511: The fur trade other than in a subordinate capacity. In his 1793 State of the Union Address , President Washington suggested that a scheme of trading without profit with the Indian Nations would gain their friendship and fealty. The president repeated his idea in the next annual message to Congress and in 1795 a bill was passed for a limited test of the plan in the form of a $ 50,000 appropriation for trade goods to be sold at locations decided by

5278-434: The goods sold at the factories were intended to be gifts from the government, but that the factors sold them for their own personal gain. The frontier press regularly censured the factory system and prominent businessmen added their political influence to its detractors. The American Fur Company was hurt by competition from the government trading houses and began a campaign to have them closed down. In 1815, Governor Edwards of

5369-533: The goods. In 1796, John Harris, the Keeper of Military Stores in Philadelphia, took over the reception and selling of goods obtained in trade. The Purveyor of Public Supplies continued to buy merchandise for the factories. In 1801, William Irvine , Superintendent of Military Stores, was appointed Agent for the fur trading factories in addition to the office he already held. He was to receive and sell goods received and give

5460-611: The independent city under an agreement, such as in Albemarle , or may in be enclaves of the county surrounded by the independent city, such as in Fairfax . Others, such as Prince William , have the courthouse in an enclave surrounded by the independent city and have the county government, the Board of Supervisors, in a different part of the county, far from the county seat. The following counties have their county seat in an independent city: Bedford

5551-486: The job previously done by the Purveyor of Public Supplies. In 1806, John Shee was appointed Superintendent of Indian Trade, in charge of both the purchase of merchandise for the factories and the disposal of goods received from them. At first his office was called "Office of the Superintendent of Indian Trade" but from 1808 "Office of Indian Trade" or "Indian Trade Office". The office was first established in Philadelphia, but

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5642-480: The law was extended for another two years plus the duration of Congress. In 1805 the act again expired, regardless of which Congress appropriated an additional $ 100,000 for setting up several new fur trade posts. The law was again renewed in 1806, now also authorizing the President to establish factories on both side of the Mississippi River . The capital was set to $ 260,000 and an annual allocation of $ 13,000 for staffing

5733-466: The lineage of the old 1st Infantry Regiment, which had a detachment at Fort Madison. Early settlers built their homes near the ruins and named the town that grew up around them for the fort. A large monument was erected in the early 20th century at the fort location. Archaeological excavations in the parking lot of the Sheaffer Pen Company factory in 1965 exposed the fort's central blockhouse and

5824-505: The market became oversupplied and the prices low. President Washington insisted that government trade with the Indian Nations be free of fraud and extortion, supply merchandise plentifully and without delay and provide a market for Native American goods at fair and stable prices. The merchandise was limited to products of the domestic market and hence not always of the highest quality. They were often inferior to products imported from England by private merchants. The Embargo Act of 1807 and

5915-507: The moral character clause was removed. Jay Treaty of 1794 gave British subjects the right to acquire licenses for trading on United States territory. Treaty of Ghent 1815 did not renew the right of the British to follow the trade across the international border and the guaranteed access to the Mississippi River that was granted them in the Jay Treaty. Through the lobbying of John Jacob Astor, Congress in 1816 outright banned foreigners from

6006-611: The mouth of the Des Moines, the expedition also considered land near Quashquame 's Sauk and Meskwaki village at the head of the Des Moines Rapids , a choke point of trade and transportation on the Upper Mississippi below modern Montrose . Again, this land was not considered suitable for a fort. The Army settled on a location several miles upstream at what is now the city of Fort Madison. First called Fort Belleview, this post

6097-525: The national passenger rail system, has a station in Fort Madison that serves its Southwest Chief route with daily service in each direction between Union Station in Chicago , Illinois and Union Station in Los Angeles , California . Fort Madison is the only Southwest Chief route stop within the state of Iowa. The Southwest Chief crosses the Mississippi River on the Fort Madison Toll Bridge just to

6188-467: The new fort, and disparaged its construction in his autobiography. Almost from the beginning, the fort was attacked by Sauk and other tribes. U.S. troops were harassed when they left the fort, and in April 1809, only threat of cannon fire stopped an attempted storming of the fort. During its existence, several improvements were made to the fort, including reinforcing the stockade and making it higher, extending

6279-630: The political influence of Mr. Astor. As proof of this, he claimed that John Kinzie , an agent of the American Fur Company, had been found selling alcohol to Native Americans in Milwaukee, but no actions against him had been taken. Finally, the Committee on Indian Affairs reported a bill abolishing the factory system. In the debate in the Senate, the existing system was defended by Henry Johnson , Richard Mentor Johnson , Martin Van Buren and Walter Lowrie . But

6370-442: The population. There were 4,403 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.7% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.4% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

6461-403: The population. There were 4,617 households, of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and

6552-516: The president. The following year a definite system was established by law. The president was to appoint factors residing at government trading posts and selling goods in the Indian country . They were prohibited from trading on their own behalf and had to give account of all money, goods and furs received and sold. An additional funding of $ 150,000 gave a total capital of $ 200,000 to the factory system. The trade goods were to be sold at prices that maintained

6643-473: The same year, In June 1835, General Knapp and Nathaniel Knapp, laid out the town of Fort Madison. Due to some land title issues, in 1840 the town was relocated on the same lot lines by the government. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 13.23 square miles (34.27 km), of which 9.49 square miles (24.58 km) is land and 3.74 square miles (9.69 km)

6734-417: The several factories. They received merchandise which they traded in exchange for Native American goods, mostly furs and skins. Other employees of the factory system, many on a part-time-basis, handled purchasing and transportation in Philadelphia, New York, New Orleans, Savannah, Albany and St. Louis. The furs received in trade at the factories were from 1806 to 1809 sold at public auction . This ended because

6825-422: The site of the historic Fort Madison (1808–1813), which was the first permanent U.S. military fortification on the Upper Mississippi. Fort Madison was the site of Black Hawk 's first battle against U.S. troops, the only real War of 1812 battle fought west of the Mississippi. It was also the location of the first U.S. military cemetery in the upper Midwest. The fort was named for James Madison , fourth President of

6916-764: The state's area, has no borough government or borough seat. One borough, the Lake and Peninsula Borough , has its borough seat located in another borough, namely King Salmon in Bristol Bay Borough . In Louisiana , which is divided into parishes rather than counties, county seats are referred to as "parish seats". In New England , counties have served mainly as dividing lines for the states' judicial systems. Rhode Island has no county level of government and thus no county seats, and Massachusetts has dissolved many but not all of its county governments. In Vermont , Massachusetts , and Maine county government consists only of

7007-570: The term as hien . When Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895, the hierarchy of divisions also incorporated into the Japanese system in the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. By September 1945, Taiwan was divided into 8 prefectures ( 州 and 廳 ), which remained after the Republic of China took over. There are 13 county seats in Taiwan, which function as county-administered cities , urban townships , or rural townships . In most of

7098-416: The towns involved, along with providing employment opportunities. There are 33 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states: Alaska is divided into boroughs rather than counties; the county seat in these case is referred to as the "borough seat"; this includes six consolidated city-borough governments (one of which is styled as a "municipality"). The Unorganized Borough, Alaska , which covers 49% of

7189-538: The use of county seats in particular, will fully transition with the permission of the United States Census Bureau to a system of councils of government for the purposes of boundary definition and as county equivalents. Two counties in South Dakota , Oglala Lakota and Todd , have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County , respectively. In Virginia ,

7280-428: The whites, and nothing remained but the chimneys. We were pleased to see that the white people had retired from the country." United States government had established a federal fur trade station at Fort Madison in 1808. It was burned down in 1812 by order of the military commander who feared that it would endanger the fort. Three active battalions of the current 3rd Infantry (1–3 Inf, 2–3 Inf and 4-3 Inf) perpetuate

7371-403: Was $ 42,067. Males had a median income of $ 32,530 versus $ 21,170 for females. The city's per capita income was $ 18,124. About 9.8% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over. The W.A. Sheaffer Pen Company was founded in Fort Madison in 1907 by Walter A. Sheaffer . Sheaffer owned a jewelry store, in

7462-431: Was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.84. The median age in the city was 39.9 years. 21% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 28% were from 45 to 64; and 15.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.8% male and 47.2% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,715 people, 4,617 households and 2,876 families residing in

7553-461: Was a system of government non-profit trading with Native Americans that existed between 1795 and 1822. The factory system was set up on the initiative of George Washington who thought it would neutralize the influence of British traders doing business on United States territory. As an honest alternative to private trade it would also further the prestige of the United States among Native Americans. Thomas Jefferson shared Washington's expectations, but

7644-452: Was also hoping that leading men of the Indian Nations would go into debt and be forced to cede land to pay it off. Private interests generally criticized the factory system. American Fur Company was hurt by competition from the government's trading houses and began a campaign to have them closed down. In 1821, Senator Benton of Missouri , who stood in a close relationship with that company's owner, John Jacob Astor , started hearings with

7735-496: Was also soon deemed inadequate. It was poorly situated at the base of a bluff next to a deep ravine, areas from which enemies could safely fire at the fort. Its construction led to resentment among the local Native Americans, especially the Sauk: They considered the 1804 treaty invalid, the fort threatened established trading networks, and American trade goods were considered inferior to French or British goods. Black Hawk lamented over

7826-432: Was an independent city from 1968 to 2013, while also being the county seat of Bedford County . Bedford reverted to an incorporated town, and remains the county seat, though is now part of the county. The state with the most counties is Texas, with 254, and the state with the fewest counties is Delaware, with 3. United States Government Fur Trade Factory System The United States Government Fur Trade Factory System

7917-545: Was founded as the location of the first U.S. military fort in the upper Mississippi region. A replica of the fort stands along the river. Sheaffer Pens were developed and made in Fort Madison for many years. The city is the location of the Iowa State Penitentiary —the state's maximum security prison for men. Fort Madison is the Mississippi river crossing and station stop for Amtrak's Southwest Chief . Fort Madison has one of two remaining double swing-span bridges on

8008-401: Was given. In 1809, the capital was increased to $ 300,000 with further appropriations for clerks and factors. In 1811, a year before the formal expiration of the 1809 act, the law was renewed. Renewals of the act then took place in 1815, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820 and 1821. Washington recommended the factory system to Congress because he believed it would undercut the influence of British traders in

8099-516: Was on a retainer from the American Fur Company as their lawyer and acted as John Jacob Astor's spokesperson in the Senate, while that role in the House was filled by John Floyd of Virginia . At this point in time he was also in considerable pecuniary difficulties due to a bank failure in Missouri. Benton argued that the factory system had been established to contest the influence of the British fur traders that made business on United States territory under

8190-650: Was purchased at excessive costs at inconvenient locations from eastern businessmen, when suitable articles could have been found at lower prices in Pittsburgh or St. Louis thereby also saving on transportation costs. The sale of furs at Georgetown meant that the government received lower prices than if they had been sold in St Louis. The matter was referred to the Indian Affairs Committee which heard testimony from interested parties, fur traders, Indian agents, factors and

8281-556: Was required by law to move to the District of Columbia. Shee were not willing to move with it and John Mason was appointed Superintendent and the Office was moved to Georgetown. In 1816, Mason was replaced by Thomas L. McKenney . The Office of Superintendent of Indian Trade was under the supervision of the Secretary of the Treasury until 1811 when it was moved from the Treasury to the War Department . Factors were in immediate charge of

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