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45-431: Flöge was the fourth child of the master turner and manufacturer of Meerschaum pipes, Hermann Flöge (1837–1897). Emilie had two sisters, Pauline and Helene, and a brother, Hermann. Her first job was as a seamstress, but she later became a couturière . In 1894, Pauline, her elder sister, opened a dressmaking school and Emilie worked there. In 1899 the two sisters won a dressmaking competition and were commissioned to make

90-503: A batiste dress for an exhibition. The same year Flöge handmade the wedding dress for the mother of Gustav Klimt Heiress Maria Altmann . In partnership with her sister Helene, after 1904 Flöge established herself as a successful businesswoman and the owner of the haute couture fashion salon known as Schwestern Flöge (Flöge Sisters) in a major Viennese thoroughfare, the Mariahilfer Strasse. In this salon, which had been designed in

135-457: A finished product. A finished product would be a workpiece that meets the specifications set out for that workpiece by engineering drawings or blueprints . For example, a workpiece may require a specific outside diameter. A lathe is a machine tool that can create that diameter by rotating a metal workpiece so that a cutting tool can cut metal away, creating a smooth, round surface matching the required diameter and surface finish. A drill can remove

180-407: A heat-affected zone, as opposed to laser and plasma cutting . With the recent proliferation of additive manufacturing technologies, conventional machining has been retronymously classified, in thought and language, as a subtractive manufacturing method. In narrow contexts, additive and subtractive methods may compete with each other. In the broad context of entire industries, their relationship

225-488: A lathe that can be adapted to many operations and that is not too large to be moved from one work site to another. The engine lathe is ideally suited for this purpose. A trained operator can accomplish more machining jobs with the engine lathe than with any other machine tool. Turret lathes and special purpose lathes are usually used in production or job shops for mass production or specialized parts, while basic engine lathes are usually used for any type of lathe work. Over

270-468: A lathe, considered to be the oldest of machine tools, and can be of different types such as straight turning , taper turning , profiling or external grooving . Those types of turning processes can produce various shapes of materials such as straight , conical , curved , or grooved workpieces. In general, turning uses simple single-point cutting tools. Each group of workpiece materials has an optimum set of tool angles that have been developed through

315-473: A sharp cutting tool to remove material to achieve a desired geometry. Since the advent of new technologies in the post–World War II era, such as electrical discharge machining , electrochemical machining , electron beam machining , photochemical machining , and ultrasonic machining , the retronym "conventional machining" can be used to differentiate those classic technologies from the newer ones. Currently, "machining" without qualification usually implies

360-599: A significant Material Removal Rate (MRR), to produce a shape close to the desired form but leaving some material on the piece for a subsequent finishing operation. Finishing cuts complete the part and achieve the final dimension, tolerances , and surface finish. In production machining jobs, one or more roughing cuts are usually performed on the work, followed by one or two finishing cuts. Roughing operations are done at high feeds and depths – feeds of 0.4–1.25  mm/rev (0.015–0.050 in/rev) and depths of 2.5–20 mm (0.100–0.750 in) are typical, but actual values depend on

405-499: A turning operation are important in the design of machine tools. The machine tool and its components must be able to withstand these forces without causing significant deflections, vibrations, or chatter during the operation. There are three principal forces during a turning process: Speeds and feeds for turning are chosen based on cutter material, workpiece material, setup rigidity, machine tool rigidity and spindle power, coolant choice, and other factors. Machining Machining

450-451: A “Turned Part” or “Machined Component”. Turning operations are carried out on a lathe machine which can be manually or CNC operated. Turning specific operations include: The general process of turning involves rotating a part while a single-point cutting tool is moved parallel to the axis of rotation. Turning can be done on the external surface of the part as well as the internal surface (the process known as boring ). The starting material

495-402: Is a manufacturing process where a desired shape or part is created using the controlled removal of material, most often metal, from a larger piece of raw material by cutting. Machining is a form of subtractive manufacturing , which utilizes machine tools , in contrast to additive manufacturing (e.g. 3D printing ), which uses controlled addition of material. Machining is a major process of

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540-524: Is any process in which a cutting tool removes material from the workpiece (the workpiece is often called the "work"). Relative motion is required in traditional machining between the device and the work to remove material; non-traditional machining processes use other methods of material removal, such as electric current in EDM (electro-discharge machining). This relative motion is achieved in most machining operations by moving (by lateral rotary or lateral motion) either

585-454: Is called " boring ". Thus the phrase "turning and boring" categorizes the larger family of processes known as lathing. The cutting of faces on the workpiece, whether with a turning or boring tool, is called "facing", and may be lumped into either category as a subset. Turning can be done manually, in a traditional form of lathe , which frequently requires continuous supervision by the operator, or by using an automated lathe which does not. Today

630-430: Is generally a workpiece generated by other processes such as casting , forging , extrusion , or drawing . Facing in the context of turning work involves moving the cutting tool at right angles to the axis of rotation of the rotating workpiece. This can be performed by the operation of the cross-slide, if one is fitted, as distinct from the longitudinal feed (turning). It is frequently the first operation performed in

675-452: Is made of a harder material than the work material. The cutting edge serves to separate the chip from the parent work material. Connected to the cutting edge are the two surfaces of the tool: The rake face, which directs the flow of the newly formed chip, is oriented at a certain angle and is called the rake angle "α." It is measured relative to the plane perpendicular to the work surface. The rake angle can be positive or negative. The flank of

720-409: Is required between the tool and work to perform a machining operation. The primary action is at a specific cutting speed . In addition, the device must be moved laterally across the work. This is a much slower motion called the feed. The remaining dimension of the cut is the penetration of the cutting tool below the original work surface, reaching the cut's depth. Speed, feed, and depth of cut are called

765-416: Is the problem of achieving the right finish or surface smoothness on the workpiece. The inferior finish found on the machined surface of a workpiece may be caused by incorrect clamping , a dull tool, or inappropriate presentation of a device. Frequently, this poor surface finish, known as chatter, is evident by an undulating or regular finish of waves on the machined surfaces of the workpiece. Relative motion

810-572: The Jugendstil by the architect Josef Hoffmann , she presented designer clothing in the style of the Wiener Werkstätte . Flöge designed bespoke garments, especially loose, patterned dresses in the reform style (a movement also called Victorian dress reform ). This style was promoted by the feminist movement in Vienna and was characterized by high bodices, a loose silhouette, and billowing sleeves. It

855-608: The manufacture of many metal products, but it can also be used on other materials such as wood , plastic , ceramic , and composites . A person who specializes in machining is called a machinist . As a commercial venture, machining is generally performed in a machine shop , which consists of one or more workrooms containing primary machine tools. Although a machine shop can be a standalone operation, many businesses maintain internal machine shops or tool rooms that support their specialized needs. Much modern-day machining uses computer numerical control (CNC), in which computers control

900-454: The Flöge salon in the reform dress style, but this is frequently discounted in favor of the idea that the Flöge sisters designed the dresses themselves. The clientele for what was at that time a revolutionary fashion was too small to provide a living, however, and she earned money accordingly through conventional styles. Klimt was painting many women from the upper echelons of Viennese society and thus

945-545: The concepts they described evolved into widespread existence. Therefore, during the Machine Age , machining referred to (what we today might call) the "traditional" machining processes, such as turning , boring , drilling , milling , broaching , sawing , shaping , planing , abrasive cutting , reaming , and tapping . In these "traditional" or "conventional" machining processes, machine tools , such as lathes , milling machines , drill presses , or others, are used with

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990-433: The cutting conditions. They form the three dimensions of the machining process, and for certain operations, their product can be used to obtain the material removal rate for the process: where Machining operations usually divide into two categories, distinguished by purpose and cutting conditions : Roughing cuts are used to remove a large amount of material from the starting work part as rapidly as possible, i.e., with

1035-587: The estate of Gustav Klimt. Flöge died at the age of 77 in Vienna on 26 May 1952 and was buried in the Flöge-Donner family grave at the Protestant Cemetery in Simmering on 30 May 1952. The cemetery authorities designated it as a celebrity grave and restored the tombstone for the 150th Anniversary Year of Gustav Klimt . The grave is now included on their website. Her style has been commented to have influenced

1080-638: The face of the part (face grooving or trepanning). Non-specific operations include: A lathe is a machine tool used principally for shaping pieces of metal, wood, or other materials by causing the workpiece to be held and rotated by the lathe while a tool bit is advanced into the work causing the cutting action. Lathes can be divided into three types for easy identification: engine lathe , turret lathe , and special purpose lathes . Some smaller ones are bench mounted and semi-portable. The larger lathes are floor mounted and may require special transportation if they must be moved. Field and maintenance shops generally use

1125-505: The leading fashion venue for Viennese society. After 1938 she worked from the top floor of her home at 39 Ungargasse. Emilie Flöge was a member of the Viennese bohemian and Fin de siècle circles. She was the life companion of the painter Gustav Klimt . In 1891, Helene, one of Emilie's two older sisters, married Ernst Klimt, the brother of Gustav Klimt. When Ernst died in December 1892, Gustav

1170-401: The metal in the shape of a cylindrical hole. Other tools that may be used for metal removal are milling machines, saws, and grinding machines . Many of these same techniques are used in woodworking . Machining requires attention to many details for a workpiece to meet the specifications in the engineering drawings or blueprints. Besides the obvious problems related to correct dimensions, there

1215-426: The most common type of such automation is computer numerical control , better known as CNC. (CNC is also commonly used with many other types of machining besides turning.) When turning, the workpiece (a piece of relatively rigid material such as wood, metal, plastic, or stone) is rotated and a cutting tool is traversed along 1, 2, or 3 axes of motion to produce precise diameters and depths. Turning can be either on

1260-411: The movement and operation of mills , lathes , and other cutting machines. The precise meaning of the term machining has changed over the past one and a half centuries as technology has advanced in a number of ways. In the 18th century, the word machinist meant a person who built or repaired machines . This person's work was primarily done by hand, using processes such as the carving of wood and

1305-412: The outside of the cylinder or on the inside (also known as boring ) to produce tubular components to various geometries. Although now quite rare, early lathes could even be used to produce complex geometric figures, even the platonic solids ; although since the advent of CNC it has become unusual to use non-computerized toolpath control for this purpose. The turning processes are typically carried out on

1350-497: The portrait First Lady Michelle Obama , by Amy Sherald in 2018. Turning Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool , typically a non-rotary tool bit , describes a helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates . Usually the term "turning" is reserved for the generation of external surfaces by this cutting action, whereas this same essential cutting action when applied to internal surfaces (holes, of one kind or another)

1395-471: The production of the workpiece, and often the last—hence the phrase "ending up". This process, also called parting off or cutoff , is used to create deep grooves which will remove a completed or part-complete component from its parent stock. Grooving is like parting, except that grooves are cut to a specific depth instead of severing a completed/part-complete component from the stock. Grooving can be performed on internal and external surfaces, as well as on

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1440-408: The proper cutting fluid is usually included within the scope of the cutting condition. Today other forms of metal cutting are becoming increasingly popular. An example of this is water jet cutting. Water jet cutting involves pressurized water over 620 MPa (90 000 psi) and can cut metal and have a finished product. This process is called cold cutting, which eliminates the damage caused by

1485-446: The resulting surface of a workpiece in machining operations. Different types of angle such as rake angle , side rake angle , cutting-edge angle , relief angle , nose radius exist and may be different with respect to the workpiece. Also, there are many shapes of single-point cutting tools, such as V-shaped and Square. Usually, a special toolholder is used to hold the cutting tool firmly during operation. The relative forces in

1530-406: The term machining . The two terms are effectively synonymous , although the long-established usage of the term machining continues. This is comparable to the idea that the verb sense of contact evolved because of the proliferation of ways to contact someone (telephone, email, IM, SMS, and so on) but did not entirely replace the earlier terms such as call , talk to , or write to . Machining

1575-406: The tool provides a clearance between the tool and the newly formed work surface, thus protecting the surface from abrasion, which would degrade the finish. This angle between the work and flank surfaces is called the relief angle. There are two basic types of cutting tools: A single-point tool has one cutting edge for turning, boring, and planing. During machining, the device's point penetrates below

1620-604: The tool, or the workpiece. The shape of the tool, the relative motion, and its penetration into the work, produce the desired shape of the resulting work surface. Machining operations can be broken down into traditional, and non-traditional operations. Within the traditional operations, there are two categories of machining based on the shape they machine; being circular shapes that includes; turning, boring, drilling, reaming, threading and more, and various/straight shapes that includes; milling, broaching, sawing, grinding and shaping. A cutting tool has one or more sharp cutting edges and

1665-415: The traditional machining processes. In the decades of the 2000s and 2010s, as additive manufacturing (AM) evolved beyond its earlier laboratory and rapid prototyping contexts and began to become standard throughout all phases of manufacturing, the term subtractive manufacturing became common retronymously in logical contrast with AM, covering essentially any removal processes also previously covered by

1710-519: The work part's original work surface. The fact is sometimes rounded to a certain radius, called the nose radius. Multiple cutting-edge tools have more than one cutting edge and usually achieve their motion relative to the work part by rotating. Drilling and milling use turning multiple-cutting-edge tools. Although the shapes of these tools are different from a single-point device, many elements of tool geometry are similar. An unfinished workpiece requiring machining must have some material cut away to create

1755-450: The workpiece materials. Finishing operations are carried out at low feeds and depths – dinners of 0.0125–0.04  mm/rev (0.0005–0.0015 in/rev) and depths of 0.75–2.0 mm (0.030–0.075 in) are typical. Cutting speeds are lower in roughing than in finishing. A cutting fluid is often applied to the machining operation to cool and lubricate the cutting tool. Determining whether a cutting fluid should be used and, if so, choosing

1800-399: The writing- forging and hand- filing of metal. At the time, millwrights and builders of new kinds of engines (meaning, more or less, machines of any kind), such as James Watt or John Wilkinson , would fit the definition. The noun machine tool and the verb to machine ( machined, machining ) did not yet exist. Around the middle of the 20th century, the latter words were coined as

1845-430: The years, in the manufacturing industry, with the improvement of the difficulty of product processing, the emergence of CNC turning milling compound centers, which maintains the characteristics of lathe machining, but also increased the function of the milling machine , the combination of the two to improve production efficiency. The various angles, shapes, and sizes of a single-point cutting tool have direct relation to

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1890-415: The years. The bits of waste metal from turning operations are known as chips (North America), or swarf (Britain). In some areas they may be known as turnings . The tool's axes of movement may be literally a straight line, or they may be along some set of curves or angles, but they are essentially linear (in the non mathematical sense). A component that is subject to turning operations can be termed as

1935-521: Was able to introduce Emilie Flöge to a prosperous client base. Klimt died from a stroke on 11 January 1918. His last words reportedly were, "Emilie must come." She inherited half of Klimt's estate, the other half going to the painter's family. In the final days of the Second World War, her house in the Ungargasse caught fire, destroying not only her collection of garments, but also valuable objects from

1980-459: Was made Helene's guardian. At that time Emilie was eighteen years old and Gustav became a frequent guest at the home of her parents, spending the summers with the Flöge family at Lake Attersee . Numerous photographs document Klimt with Emilie and her family. After 1891, Klimt portrayed her in many of his works. Experts believe that his painting The Kiss (1907–08) shows the artist and Emilie Flöge as lovers. Klimt may have drawn some garments for

2025-515: Was thought that this type of dress was better for women's health and allowed for a greater range of movement. During her trips to London and Paris she familiarized herself with the latest fashion trends from Coco Chanel and other contemporaries, however, after the Anschluss with the German Third Reich in 1938, Flöge lost her most important customers and had to close her salon, which had become

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