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105-451: Flaminian was a 2,699- gross register ton  (GRT) cargo ship that was built in 1917 by W Harkness & Sons Ltd, Middlesbrough , Yorkshire , United Kingdom for Ellerman & Papayanni Lines . She was sold in 1944 to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) in 1944, converted to a cable storage hulk for Operation Pluto and renamed Empire Flaminian . Renamed Flaminian in 1946, she

210-512: A League of Nations mandate ; it is not related to the word's more commonplace usage as a synonym for "compulsory" or "necessary". Following the arrival of the British, Arab inhabitants established Muslim-Christian Associations in all of the major towns. In 1919 they joined to hold the first Palestine Arab Congress in Jerusalem. It was aimed primarily at representative government and opposition to

315-538: A British civilian administration headed by a High Commissioner replaced the military administration. The first High Commissioner, Sir Herbert Samuel , a Zionist and a recent British cabinet minister, arrived in Palestine on 20 June 1920 to take up his appointment from 1 July. Samuel established his headquarters and official residence in part of the Augusta Victoria Hospital complex on Mount Scopus on what

420-898: A cargo of oranges, she sailed on 21 February with Convoy MKS 40G, which rendezvoused at sea with Convoy SL 149 on 22 February. The combined convoy arrived at Liverpool on 7 March. She left the convoy at Loch Ewe on 6 March and joined Convoy WN 554, which arrived at Methil on 9 March. She then joined Convoy FS 1386, which sailed that day and arrived at Southend two days later. She arrived at the Tyne on 10 March. Flaminian sailed on 24 March to join Convoy FS 1401, which had departed from Methil that day and arrived at Southend on 26 March. She sailed on 2 April with Convoy FN 1315, which arrived at Methil on 4 April. She arrived at Middlesbrough on 3 April, sailing on 8 April to join Convoy FS 1416, which had dailed from Methil that day and arrived at Southend on 10 April. Flaminian

525-793: A civil war. The three main Jewish underground forces later united to form the Jewish Resistance Movement and carry out several attacks and bombings against the British administration. In 1946, the Irgun blew up the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, the southern wing of which was the headquarters of the British administration, killing 92 people. Following the bombing, the British Government began interning illegal Jewish immigrants in Cyprus . In 1948,

630-531: A clandestine immigration effort called Aliya Bet was spearheaded by an organisation called Mossad LeAliyah Bet . Tens of thousands of European Jews escaped the Nazis in boats and small ships headed for Palestine. The British Royal Navy intercepted many of the vessels; others were unseaworthy and were wrecked; a Haganah bomb sunk the SS ; Patria , killing 267 people; two other ships were sunk by Soviet submarines :

735-611: A counter to British hegemony. On the anniversary of the Balfour Declaration in 1943, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop sent telegrams of support for the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem , Mohammad Amin al-Husseini , to read out for a radio broadcast to a rally of supporters in Berlin . On the other hand, as many as 12,000 Palestinian Arabs, with the endorsement of many prominent figures such as

840-593: A firefight with a Palestine Police patrol hunting fruit thieves and a policeman was killed. Following the incident, British colonial police launched a search and surrounded al-Qassam in a cave near Ya'bad . In the ensuing battle, al-Qassam was killed. The death of al-Qassam on 20 November 1935 generated widespread outrage in the Arab community. Huge crowds accompanied Qassam's body to his grave in Haifa . A few months later, in April 1936,

945-668: A meeting of the Jewish Agency executive in June 1938, as well as by Chaim Weizmann. Following the London Conference in February and March 1939, the British Government published a White Paper which proposed a limit to Jewish immigration from Europe, restrictions on Jewish land purchases, and a programme for creating an independent state to replace the Mandate within ten years. This was seen by

1050-605: A member of Convoy FN 200, which arrived at Methil , Fife on 22 June. She left the convoy and put into Sunderland, County Durham on 21 June. She sailed on 13 July to join Convoy FN221, which had departed from Southend the previous day and arrived at Methil on 15 July. She then joined Convoy OA 186, which departed from Methin on 18 July and dispersed at sea on 21 July. She arrived at New York , United States on 5 August. Flaminian sailed on 10 August for Sydney , Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia , Canada. She arrived on 14 August. She

1155-406: A migration period of 12 years to ensure that ships were given reasonable economic safeguards, since port and other dues are charged according to ship's tonnage. Since 18 July 1994 the gross and net tonnages, dimensionless indices calculated from the total moulded volume of the ship and its cargo spaces by mathematical formulae , have been the only official measures of the ship's tonnage. However,

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1260-506: A policy regarding the admission of Jews to Palestine. In April, the Committee reported that its members had arrived at a unanimous decision. The Committee approved the American recommendation of the immediate acceptance of 100,000 Jewish refugees from Europe into Palestine. It also recommended that there be no Arab or Jewish state. The Committee stated that "in order to dispose, once and for all, of

1365-519: A unified leadership. Indeed, it might be argued that they were virtually without any leadership at all." In 1937, the Peel Commission proposed a partition between a small Jewish state, whose Arab population would have to be transferred, and an Arab state to be attached to the Emirate of Transjordan , this emirate also being part of the wider Mandate for Palestine . The proposal was rejected outright by

1470-678: A voyage from Fredrikstad , Norway to Liverpool , Lancashire . By the late 1920s, Flaminian was operating between Liverpool and ports on the Mediterranean Sea . She sailed from Liverpool on 24 August 1929 for Malta and Alexandria , Egypt . In 1934, Flaminian was assigned the Code Letters GRBV. She was still serving the Mediterranean at this time, sailing from Liverpool for İzmir and Istanbul , Turkey in March 1934. This continued in

1575-599: A year while the British sent the Peel Commission to investigate. During the first stages of the Arab Revolt, due to rivalry between the clans of al-Husseini and Nashashibi among the Palestinian Arabs, Raghib Nashashibi was forced to flee to Egypt after several assassination attempts ordered by Amin al-Husseini. After the Arab rejection of the Peel Commission recommendation, the revolt resumed in autumn 1937. Over

1680-708: Is not a measure of the ship's weight or displacement and should not be confused with terms such as deadweight tonnage or displacement . Gross register tonnage was defined by the Moorsom Commission in 1849. Gross and net register tonnages were replaced by gross tonnage and net tonnage , respectively, when the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted The International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships on 23 June 1969. The new tonnage regulations entered into force for all new ships on 18 July 1982, but existing vessels were given

1785-685: Is only granted the power to make recommendations; therefore, UNGAR 181 was not legally binding. Both the US and the Soviet Union supported the resolution. Haiti, Liberia, and the Philippines changed their votes at the last moment after concerted pressure from the US and from Zionist organisations. The five members of the Arab League , who were voting members at the time, voted against the Plan. The Jewish Agency, which

1890-566: The Yishuv as betrayal of the mandatory terms, especially in light of the increasing persecution of Jews in Europe. In response, Zionists organised Aliyah Bet , a programme of illegal immigration into Palestine. Lehi , a small group of extremist Zionists, staged armed attacks on British authorities in Palestine. However, the Jewish Agency , which represented the mainstream Zionist leadership and most of

1995-639: The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine and the 1944–1948 Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine . The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine to divide the territory into two states, one Arab and one Jewish, was passed in November 1947. The 1948 Palestine war ended with the territory of Mandatory Palestine divided among the State of Israel , the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , which annexed territory on

2100-662: The Balfour Declaration . Concurrently, the Zionist Commission formed in March 1918 and actively promoted Zionist objectives in Palestine. On 19 April 1920, elections took place for the Assembly of Representatives of the Palestinian Jewish community . In March 1920, there was an attack by Arabs on the Jewish village of Tel Hai . In April, there was another attack on Jews, this time in Jerusalem. In July 1920,

2205-629: The Haganah , which were to prove decisive in 1948. Secondly, it became clear that the two communities could not be reconciled, and the idea of partition was born. Thirdly, the British responded to Arab opposition with the White Paper of 1939 , which severely restricted Jewish land purchase and immigration. However, with the advent of the Second World War , even this reduced immigration quota was not reached. The White Paper policy itself radicalised segments of

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2310-694: The Levant . The United Kingdom had agreed in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence that it would honour Arab independence in case of a revolt but, in the end, the United Kingdom and France divided what had been Ottoman Syria under the Sykes–Picot Agreement —an act of betrayal in the eyes of the Arabs. Another issue was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, in which Britain promised its support for

2415-678: The Palestine Police Force withdrew from the Tel Aviv area, home to more than half the Jewish population, and turned over responsibility for the maintenance of law and order to Jewish police. As the civil war raged on, British military forces gradually withdrew from Palestine, although they occasionally intervened in favour of either side. Many of these areas became war zones. The British maintained strong presences in Jerusalem and Haifa , even as Jerusalem came under siege by Arab forces and became

2520-772: The Selvino children . Later, veterans of the Jewish Brigade were to play a major role in the foundation of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). From the Palestine Regiment, two platoons, one Jewish, under the command of Brigadier Ernest Benjamin , and another Arab, were sent to join Allied forces on the Italian Front , having taken part in the final offensive there. Besides Jews and Arabs from Palestine, in total by mid-1944

2625-622: The Solent on 17 April to join Convoy BTC 129, which had departed from Milford Haven on 15 April and arrived at Southend on 18 April. She sailed from Southend on 30 April and anchored in The Downs . Empire Flaminian departed from The Downs on 21 August for London , arriving later that day. On 25 September, she was laid up in the River Blackwater, Essex . Empire Flaminian departed on 29 October. She

2730-693: The War Office announced the formation of the Jewish Brigade Group of the British Army. The Jewish Brigade then was stationed in Tarvisio , near the border triangle of Italy, Yugoslavia , and Austria, where it played a key role in the Berihah 's efforts to help Jews escape Europe for Palestine, a role many of its members would continue after the brigade was disbanded. Among its projects was the education and care of

2835-536: The Arab national general strike broke out. The strike lasted until October 1936, instigated by the Arab Higher Committee, headed by Amin al-Husseini. During the summer of that year, thousands of Jewish-farmed acres and orchards were destroyed. Jewish civilians were attacked and killed, and some Jewish communities, such as those in Beisan ( Beit She'an ) and Acre , fled to safer areas. The violence abated for about

2940-461: The Arab rebels in the lower Galilee and in the Jezreel valley" by conducting raids on Arab villages. Irgun , a Jewish militia group, used violence also against Arab civilians as "retaliatory acts", attacking marketplaces and buses . By the time the revolt concluded in March 1939, more than 5,000 Arabs, 400 Jews, and 200 British had been killed and at least 15,000 Arabs were wounded. In total, 10% of

3045-560: The Arab world, there was no unanimity amongst the Palestinian Arabs as to their position regarding the belligerents in the Second World War. A number of leaders and public figures saw an Axis victory as the likely outcome and a way of securing Palestine back from the Zionists and the British. Even though Arabs were not highly regarded by Nazi racial theory , the Nazis encouraged Arab support as

3150-680: The Arabic name instead. The British authorities rejected this proposal; according to the Minutes of the Ninth Session of the League of Nations' Permanent Mandates Commission : Colonel Symes explained that the country was described as "Palestine" by Europeans and as "Falestin" by the Arabs. The Hebrew name for the country was the designation "Land of Israel", and the Government, to meet Jewish wishes, had agreed that

3255-578: The Arabs. The two main Jewish leaders, Chaim Weizmann and David Ben-Gurion , had convinced the Zionist Congress to equivocally approve the Peel recommendations as a basis for more negotiation. In a letter to his son in October 1937 , Ben-Gurion explained that partition would be a first step to "possession of the land as a whole". The same sentiment was recorded by Ben-Gurion on other occasions, such as at

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3360-592: The British had assembled a multiethnic force consisting of volunteer European Jewish refugees (from German-occupied countries), Yemenite Jews and Abyssinian Jews . In 1939, as a consequence of the White Paper of 1939 , the British reduced the number of immigrants allowed into Palestine. The Second World War and the Holocaust started shortly thereafter and once the 15,000 annual quota was exceeded, Jews fleeing Nazi persecution were interned in detention camps or deported to places such as Mauritius . Starting in 1939,

3465-677: The British maintained the ban on immigration. The Jewish Lehi (Fighters for the Freedom of Israel) and Irgun (National Military Organisation) movements initiated violent uprisings against the British Mandate in the 1940s. On 6 November 1944, Eliyahu Hakim and Eliyahu Bet Zuri (members of Lehi) assassinated Lord Moyne in Cairo . Moyne was the British Minister of State for the Middle East and

3570-528: The British withdrew from most of Haifa but retained an enclave in the port area to be used in the evacuation of British forces, and retained RAF Ramat David , an airbase close to Haifa, to cover their retreat, leaving behind a volunteer police force to maintain order. The city was quickly captured by the Haganah in the Battle of Haifa . After the victory, British forces in Jerusalem announced that they had no intention of overseeing any local administration but also that they would not permit actions that would hamper

3675-418: The Clyde on 20 July to join Convoy OG 87, which had departed from Milford Haven the previous day and arrived at Gibraltar on 3 August. She was carrying PoW mails bound for Lisbon, which was reached on 2 August. She sailed on 25 August, arriving at Gibraltartwo days later. Carrying general cargo and mercury , Flaminian departed on 29 August with Convoy HG 88, which arrived at Liverpool on 9 September. She left

3780-651: The Clyde on 25 June. She left the convoy t Oban on 23 June, sailing on 25 June to join Convoy OG 66, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and arrived at Gibraltar on 8 July. Flaminian departed on 26 July for Lisbon , Portugal and sailing from there on 4 August for Gibraltar, which was reached two days later. Carrying general cargo, she sailed on 9 August with Convoy HG 70, which arrived at Liverpool on 23 August. Flaminian sailed with Convoy OS 6 on 12 September. She arrived at Freetown on 3 October. She departed on 23 October for Monrovia , Liberia, from where she sailed on 25 October for Takoradi , Gold Coast , which

3885-537: The Clyde on 26 February and arrived at Bône on 11 March. She left the convoy at Lisbon, arriving on 7 March. She sailed on 4 April for Oporto , Portugal, arriving three days later. She sailed on 19 April, arriving at Gibraltar two days later. Flaminian sailed with Convoy KMS 13 on 26 April. The convoy reached Bône on 29 April, but she put into Algiers on 28 April. She sailed on 11 May to join Convoy ET 20, which had departed from Bône two days earlier and arrived at Gibraltar on 14 May. She sailed on 28 May for Lisbon, arriving

3990-509: The Clyde that day and arrived at Methil on 21 April. She then joined Concoy FS 470, which sailed on 22 April and arrived at Southend two days later. She left the convoy and put into the Tyne on 23 April. Flaminian departed from the Tyne on 3 May for Middlesbrough, arriving later that day. She later joined Convoy FN 481, which departed from Southend on 17 June and arrived at Methil two days later. She sailed on 21 June to join Convoy EC 35, which had departed from Southend on 19 June and arrived at

4095-436: The French-ruled Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon , and organised and established the Black Hand , an anti-Zionist and anti-British militant organisation. He recruited and arranged military training for peasants, and by 1935 he had enlisted between 200 and 800 men. They used bombs and firearms against Zionist settlers and vandalised settlers' orchards and British-built railway lines. In November 1935, two of his men engaged in

4200-439: The Homeland is illegal. It will never be recognised. The signature by institutions and individuals of the partition agreement is invalid. It will not bind the Jewish people. Jerusalem was and will forever be our capital. Eretz Israel will be restored to the people of Israel. All of it. And for ever." When the United Kingdom announced the independence of the Emirate of Transjordan as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan in 1946,

4305-436: The Jewish population, still hoped to persuade Britain to allow resumed Jewish immigration and cooperated with Britain during the Second World War . On 10 June 1940, during the Second World War , the Kingdom of Italy declared war on the British Empire and sided with Nazi Germany . Within a month, the Italians attacked Palestine from the air , bombing Tel Aviv and Haifa , inflicting multiple casualties. In 1942, there

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4410-412: The Jewish population, this building, located on the 'Hill of Evil Counsel' on the ridge of Jabel Mukaber , remained in use as the headquarters and official residence of the British High Commissioners until the end of British rule in 1948. One of the first actions of the newly installed civil administration was to begin granting concessions from the Mandatory government over key economic assets. In 1921

4515-421: The Jewish population, who after the war would no longer cooperate with the British. The revolt had also a negative effect on Palestinian Arab leadership, social cohesion, and military capabilities, and it contributed to the outcome of the 1948 War because "when the Palestinians faced their most fateful challenge in 1947–49, they were still suffering from the British repression of 1936–39, and were in effect without

4620-593: The Lehi assassinated Count Bernadotte , the UN mediator, in Jerusalem. Yitzak Shamir , a future Prime Minister of Israel , was one of the conspirators. The negative publicity resulting from the situation in Palestine caused the Mandate to become widely unpopular in Britain itself and caused the United States Congress to delay granting the British vital loans for reconstruction. The British Labour Party had promised before its election in 1945 to allow mass Jewish migration into Palestine but reneged on this promise once in office. Anti-British Jewish militancy increased, and

4725-502: The Mandate's territory was "Palestine", in accordance with local Palestinian Arab and Ottoman usage and with European tradition. The Mandate charter stipulated that Mandatory Palestine would have three official languages: English, Arabic and Hebrew. In 1926, the British authorities formally decided to use the traditional Arabic equivalent to the English name, and its Hebrew transcription i.e. Filasţīn (فلسطين) and Pālēśtīnā (פּלשׂתינה) respectively. The Jewish leadership proposed that

4830-470: The Palestine Mandate and place the Question of Palestine before the United Nations , the successor to the League of Nations . The UN created UNSCOP (the UN Special Committee on Palestine) on 15 May 1947, with representatives from 11 countries. UNSCOP conducted hearings and made a general survey of the situation in Palestine and issued its report on 31 August. Seven members (Canada, Czechoslovakia , Guatemala, Netherlands, Peru, Sweden, and Uruguay) recommended

4935-439: The Seine Bay the previous day and arrived at Southend that day. She sailed from Southend on 4 November with Convoy FN 1531, which arrived at Methil on 6 November. Empire Flaminian put into Hull, where she arrived on 6 November. Empire Flaminian sailed on 25 February 1945 to join Convoy FS 1739, which had departed from Methil that day and arrived at Southend on 27 February. Her next movements are not recorded, but she sailed from

5040-467: The West Bank of the Jordan River , and the Kingdom of Egypt , which established the " All-Palestine Protectorate " in the Gaza Strip . Mandatory Palestine was designated as a Class A Mandate , based on its social, political, and economic development. This classification was reserved for post-war mandates with the highest capacity for self-governance. All Class A mandates other than mandatory Palestine had gained independence by 1946. The name given to

5145-435: The adoption and implementation of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union as Resolution 181 (II), while making some adjustments to the boundaries between the two states proposed by it. The division was to take effect on the date of British withdrawal. The partition plan required that the proposed states grant full civil rights to all people within their borders, regardless of race, religion or gender. The UN General Assembly

5250-420: The adult Arab male population was killed, wounded, imprisoned, or exiled. From 1936 to 1945, while establishing collaborative security arrangements with the Jewish Agency, the British confiscated 13,200 firearms from Arabs and 521 weapons from Jews. The attacks on the Jewish population by Arabs had three lasting effects: firstly, they led to the formation and development of Jewish underground militias, primarily

5355-476: The assassination is said by some to have turned British Prime Minister Winston Churchill against the Zionist cause. After the assassination of Lord Moyne, the Haganah kidnapped, interrogated, and turned over to the British many members of the Irgun (" The Hunting Season "), and the Jewish Agency Executive decided on a series of measures against "terrorist organisations" in Palestine. Irgun ordered its members not to resist or retaliate with violence, so as to prevent

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5460-606: The convoy and arrived in the Clyde that day. Carrying general cargo, Flaminian sailed on 6 November to join Convoy OS 58KM, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and split at sea on 18 November to form Convoy OS 58 and Convoy KMS 32. She was in the part of the convoy that formed Convoy KMS 32 and arrived at Gibraltar the next day. She sailed on 21 November for Lisbon, arriving two days later. Flaminian departed on 8 December, reaching Gibraltar on 10 December. She sailed three days later for Málaga , Spain, arriving on 16 December and sailing four days later for Gibraltar, which

5565-412: The convoy at Hull , Yorkshire on 28 September. On 19 October, Flaminian sailed to join Convoy FN 316, which departed from Southend on 23 October and arrived at Methil on 25 October. She was carrying general cargo. She joined Convoy EN 12/1, which sailed on 26 October and arrived at Oban , Argyllshire on 30 October. Flaminian collided with a Royal Navy destroyer on 27 October and detached from

5670-420: The convoy at Preston, Lancashire , arriving that day. She sailed on 25 September for the short voyage to Liverpool. Flaminian sailed on 21 October to join Convoy KX 4A, which departed from the Clyde the next day and arrived at Gibraltar on 4 November. She left the convoy and put into the Clyde, arriving on 23 October. Flaminian sailed with Convoy KX 5 on 30 October, reaching Gibraltar on 10 November. She left

5775-1004: The convoy at Lisbon, arriving on 8 November. Flaminian sailed on 12 December to join Convoy MKS 3Y, which had departed from Philippeville, Algeria on 6 December and arrived at Liverpool on 23 December. She left the Convoy at Loch Ewe on 24 December, sailing on 29 December as a member of Convoy WN 378, which reached Methil on 2 January 1943. Southend was reached on 5 January via Convoy FS 1003. Flaminian departed from Southend on 27 January 1943 with Convoy FN 929, which reached Methil two days later. She then joined Convoy EN 193, which departed from Methil on 5 February and arrived at Loch Ewe on 7 February. She sailed on to Holyhead , Anglesey , arriving on 9 February and sailing that day with Convoy HM 117. She arrived at Milford Haven on 10 February. She sailed with Convoy KX 9 on 16 February. The convoy reached Gibraltar on 24 February but Flaminian put back in to Milford Haven, arriving on 17 February. She sailed on 25 February to join Convoy KMS 10G, which departed from

5880-543: The convoy, arriving at Oban on 29 October. She sailed for the Clyde on 5 November, arriving the next day. Flaminian sailed on 17 November to join Convoy OB 244, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 22 November. She was bound for Barbados , which was reached on 10 December. She sailed the next day for Trinidad , arriving on 12 December. Flaminian departed from Trinidad on 17 December for Demerara , British Guiana , arriving on 20 December. She sailed for Trinidad on 29 December and arrived back there

5985-408: The creation of independent Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem to be placed under international administration . Three members (India, Iran, and Yugoslavia ) supported the creation of a single federal state containing both Jewish and Arab constituent states. Australia abstained. On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly, voting 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, adopted a resolution recommending

6090-428: The distribution of the seats, arguing that as they constituted 88% of the population, having only 43% of the seats was unfair. Elections took place in February and March 1923, but due to an Arab boycott , the results were annulled and a 12-member Advisory Council was established. At the First World Congress of Jewish Women which was held in Vienna , Austria, 1923, it was decided that: "It appears, therefore, to be

6195-475: The duty of all Jews to co-operate in the social-economic reconstruction of Palestine and to assist in the settlement of Jews in that country." In October 1923, Britain provided the League of Nations with a report on the administration of Palestine for the period 1920–1922, which covered the period before the mandate. In August 1929, there were riots in which 250 people died. In 1930, Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam arrived in Palestine from Syria, then part of

6300-476: The economic development of the country as a whole, while at the same time securing their commitment to facilitate a Jewish National Home through economic – rather than political – means. In May 1921, following a disturbance between rival Jewish left-wing protestors and then attacks by Arabs on Jews, almost 100 died in rioting in Jaffa . High Commissioner Samuel tried to establish self-governing institutions in Palestine, as required by

6405-475: The end of the Second World War, especially by the Haganah, who carried mostly illegal Jewish immigrants in the period 1945-47. After the war, 250,000 Jewish refugees were stranded in displaced persons (DP) camps in Europe. Despite the pressure of world opinion, in particular the repeated requests of the U.S. President , Harry S. Truman , and the recommendations of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry that 100,000 Jews be immediately granted entry to Palestine,

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6510-408: The establishment of a Jewish "national home" in Palestine. Mandatory Palestine was then established in 1920, and the British obtained a Mandate for Palestine from the League of Nations in 1922. During the Mandate, the area saw successive waves of Jewish immigration and the rise of nationalist movements in both the Jewish and Arab communities. Competing interests of the two populations led to

6615-448: The exclusive claims of Jews and Arabs to Palestine, we regard it as essential that a clear statement of principle should be made that Jew shall not dominate Arab and Arab shall not dominate Jew in Palestine". U.S. President Harry S. Truman angered the British Government by issuing a statement supporting the 100,000 refugees but refusing to acknowledge the rest of the committee's findings. Britain had asked for U.S. assistance in implementing

6720-477: The final Assembly of the League of Nations and the General Assembly both adopted resolutions welcoming the news. The Jewish Agency objected, claiming that Transjordan was an integral part of Palestine, and that according to Article 80 of the UN Charter , the Jewish people had a secured interest in its territory. During the General Assembly deliberations on Palestine, there were suggestions that it would be desirable to incorporate part of Transjordan's territory into

6825-411: The government granted Pinhas Rutenberg – a Jewish entrepreneur – concessions for the production and distribution of electrical power. Rutenberg soon established an electric company whose shareholders were Zionist organisations, investors, and philanthropists. Palestinian-Arabs saw it as proof that the British intended to favour Zionism. The British administration claimed that electrification would enhance

6930-441: The gross and net register tonnages are still widely used in describing older ships. Mandatory Palestine Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine . After an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War in 1916, British forces drove Ottoman forces out of

7035-434: The mandate, but the Arab leadership refused to co-operate with any institution which included Jewish participation. When Kamil al-Husayni , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem , died in March 1921, High Commissioner Samuel appointed his half-brother, Mohammad Amin al-Husseini , to the position. Amin al-Husseini, a member of the al-Husayni clan of Jerusalem, was an Arab nationalist and Muslim leader. As Grand Mufti, as well as in

7140-414: The mayors of Nablus and Gaza and media such as "Radio Palestine" and the prominent Jaffa -based Falastin newspaper, volunteered to join and fight for the British, with many serving in units that also included Jews from Palestine. 120 Palestinian women also served as part of the Auxiliary Territorial Service . However, this history has been less studied, as Israeli sources put more focus in studying

7245-469: The motor schooner Struma was torpedoed and sunk in the Black Sea by a Soviet submarine in February 1942 with the loss of nearly 800 lives. The last refugee boats to try to reach Palestine during the war were the Bulbul , Mefküre and Morina in August 1944. A Soviet submarine sank the motor schooner Mefküre by torpedo and shellfire and machine-gunned survivors in the water, killing between 300 and 400 refugees. Illegal immigration resumed after

7350-422: The next 18 months, the British lost Nablus and Hebron. British forces, supported by 6,000 armed Jewish auxiliary police, suppressed the widespread riots with overwhelming force. The British officer Charles Orde Wingate (who supported a Zionist revival for religious reasons ) organised Special Night Squads of British soldiers and Jewish volunteers such as Yigal Alon ; these "scored significant successes against

7455-507: The next day and then sailing to Famagusta , Cyprus , where she arrived on 8 January. Flaminian sailed the next day for Limassol , arriving on 10 January. She departed on 17 January for Famagusta, which was reached later that day. She sailed on 20 January for Gibraltar, arriving on 30 January. Flaminian was a member of Convoy HG 17, which departed from Gibraltar on 1 February and arrived at Liverpool on 11 February. Carrying general cargo, she arrived at The Downs on 12 February. Flaminian

7560-738: The next day as a member of Convoy FS 686, which arrived at Southend on 31 December. She left the convoy on 31 December and put into Hull. Carryig cargo described as "government stores", Flaminian sailed from Hull on 16 February 1942 to Join Convoy FN 634, which departed from Southend the next day and arrived at Methil on 19 February. She then joined Convoy EN 49, which sailed on 20 February, arriving at Oban three days later. She sailed on 24 February to join Convoy OG 80, which had departed from Milford Haven on 22 February and arrived at Gibraltar on 8 March. Flaminian sailed on 7 April for Burriana , Spain, arriving

7665-576: The next day for Famagusta, where she arrived the next day. She departed the same day for Limmasol, where she arrived on 7 April. She sailed that day for Alexandria, arriving on 8 April. She departed on 13 April for Gibraltar, where she arrived on 23 April. Flaminian was a member of Convoy HG 28F, which sailed from Gibraltar on 26 April and arrived at Liverpool on 5 May. She was carrying cotton and general cargo. Flaminian sailed on 15 June with Convoy OB 168, which formed Convoy OG 34F on 17 June. She arrived at Southend on 18 June. She sailed two days later as

7770-709: The next day, returning the following day with Convoy ETC 48, which arrived at the Seine Bay on 26 July. She sailed on 28 July with Convoy FTC 50, which arrived at Southend the next day. Empire Flaminian left the convoy at the Cowes Roads . Empire Flaminian departed from the St Helens Roads on 6 October with Convoy FTC 30A, which arrived at Southend the next day. She put into Newhaven, East Sussex on 6 October, sailing on 9 October to join Convoy FTC 32A, which had departed from

7875-487: The next day. Flaminian departed from Trinidad on 3 January 1941 for Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands , arriving two days later. She then sailed to Grenada , from where she departed on 6 January for Bermuda , which was reached on 13 January. She sailed on 24 January for Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , arriving on 29 January. Flaminian sailed on 8 February with Convoy SC 22, which arrived at Liverpool on 28 February. She

7980-516: The next day. Flaminian departed on 11 June to join Convoy SL 130MK, which had formed at sea that day and arrived at Liverpool on 21 June. Flaminian sailed on 17 August as a member of Convoy KMS 24G, which arrived at Gibraltar on 30 August. Her destination was Lisbon, which was reached on 29 August. She sailed on 18 September, reaching Gibraltar two days later. She sailed on 25 September with Convoy MKS 25G, which reached Liverpool on 8 October. She left

8085-638: The next day. She departed for Liverpool on 1 December, arriving two days later. Flaminian then joined Convoy OB 50, which became Convoy OB 10 on 13 December. The convoy arrived at Gibraltar on 18 December. Flaminian was carrying general cargo bound for Casablanca , Morocco . where she arrived on 18 December. She sailed the next day for Malta , arriving on 25 December. She sailed two days later for Jaffa , Mandatory Palestine , arriving on 1 January 1940. Flaminian departed from Jaffa later that day for Haifa , Palestine, where she arrived on 2 January 1940. She sailed on 6 January for Beirut , Lebanon , arriving

8190-577: The next day. She departed on 11 April, reaching Gibraltar three days later. Flaminian was a member of Convoy HG 82, which sailed on 27 April and reached Liverpool on 8 May. She left the convoy at the Belfast Lough on 7 May to join Convoy BB 172, which sailed on 9 May and arrived at Milford Haven the next day. Flaminian sailed on to Bristol , Gloucestershire , arriving on 11 May. Flaminian departed from Bristol on 13 May, arriving at Swansea , Glamorgan

8295-414: The next day. She sailed on 19 May and reached Milford Haven on 20 May. She departed that day as a member of Convoy OG 84, which arrived at Gibraltar on 2 June. She left the convoy and put into Lisbon, arriving on 2 June. She sailed for Gibraltar on 27 June, arriving two days later. Flaminian was a member of Convoy HG 85, which sailed on 30 June and arrived at Liverpool on 12 July. Flaminian departed from

8400-576: The other influential positions that he held during this period, al-Husseini played a key role in violent opposition to Zionism . In 1922, al-Husseini was elected President of the Supreme Muslim Council which had been established by Samuel in December 1921. The Council controlled the Waqf funds, worth annually tens of thousands of pounds, and the orphan funds, worth annually about £50,000, as compared to

8505-521: The partition plan, but refused to enforce it, arguing it was not accepted by the Arabs. Britain also refused to share the administration of Palestine with the UN Palestine Commission during the transitional period. In September 1947, the British government announced that the Mandate for Palestine would end at midnight on 14 May 1948. Some Jewish organisations also opposed the proposal. Irgun leader Menachem Begin announced, "The partition of

8610-490: The proper Hebrew name should be ʾĒrēts Yiśrāʾel (ארץ ישׂראל, Land of Israel ). The final compromise was to append the initials of the Hebrew proposed name, Alef - Yod , within parenthesis (א״י) after Pālēśtīnā whenever the Mandate's name was mentioned in Hebrew in official documents. The Arab leadership saw this compromise as a violation of the mandate terms. Some Arab politicians suggested " Southern Syria " (سوريا الجنوبية) as

8715-684: The proposed Jewish state. A few days before the adoption of Resolution 181 (II) on 29 November 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall noted frequent references had been made by the Ad Hoc Committee regarding the desirability of the Jewish State having both the Negev and an "outlet to the Red Sea and the Port of Aqaba". According to John Snetsinger, Chaim Weizmann visited President Truman on 19 November 1947 and said it

8820-407: The recommendations. The US War Department had said earlier that to assist Britain in maintaining order against an Arab revolt, an open-ended US commitment of 300,000 troops would be necessary. The immediate admission of 100,000 new Jewish immigrants would almost certainly have provoked an Arab uprising. These events were the decisive factors that forced Britain to announce their desire to terminate

8925-606: The role played by Jewish soldiers. Meanwhile, Palestinian sources "were not eager to glorify the names of those who cooperated with Britain not so many years after the British put down the Arab Revolt of 1936-1939, and thereby indirectly helped the Jews establish a state." On 3 July 1944, the British government consented to the establishment of a Jewish Brigade within the British Army , with hand-picked Jewish and also non-Jewish senior officers. On 20 September 1944, an official communiqué by

9030-414: The safe and orderly withdrawal of their forces; military courts would try anybody who interfered. Although by this time British authority in most of Palestine had broken down, with most of the country in the hands of Jews or Arabs, the British air and sea blockade of Palestine remained in place. Although Arab volunteers were able to cross the borders between Palestine and the surrounding Arab states to join

9135-435: The scene of fierce fighting, though the British occasionally intervened in the fighting, largely to secure their evacuation routes, including by proclaiming martial law and enforcing truces. The Palestine Police Force was largely inoperative, and government services such as social welfare, water supplies, and postal services were withdrawn. In March 1948, all British judges in Palestine were sent back to Britain. In April 1948,

9240-534: The situation required the presence of over 100,000 British troops in the country. Following the Acre Prison Break and the retaliatory hanging of British sergeants by the Irgun, the British announced their desire to terminate the mandate and to withdraw by no later than the beginning of August 1948. The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry in 1946 was a joint attempt by Britain and the United States to agree on

9345-401: The word "Palestine" in Hebrew characters should be followed in all official documents by the initials which stood for that designation. As a set-off to this, certain of the Arab politicians suggested that the country should be called "Southern Syria" in order to emphasise its close relation with another Arab State. The adjective " mandatory " indicates that the entity's legal status derived from

9450-638: The years before World War II , with an identical voyage being made in November 1938. Flaminian was probably in port at Liverpool when war was declared against Germany. She departed from Liverpool on 16 September 1939 and sailed to Southampton. She sailed on 24 September, arriving back at Southampton on 13 October. She departed on 21 October and sailed to Fowey , Cornwall , where she arrived on 22 October. Having sailed on 31 October, Flaminian arrived back at Fowey on 8 November. She departed on 16 November for Liverpool, arriving two days later and sailing on 25 November for Belfast , County Down , where she arrived

9555-643: The £600,000 in the Jewish Agency 's annual budget. In addition, he controlled the Islamic courts in Palestine. Among other functions, these courts had the power to appoint teachers and preachers. The 1922 Palestine Order in Council established a Legislative Council, which was to consist of 23 members: 12 elected, 10 appointed, and the High Commissioner. Of the 12 elected members, eight were to be Muslim Arabs, two Christian Arabs, and two Jews. Arabs protested against

9660-489: Was a member of Convoy SC 2 , which departed on 25 August and arrived at Liverpool on 10 September. Flaminian was carrying a cargo of grain and steel. She arrived at the Clyde on 10 September. Having unloaded her steel, she departed on 21 September as a member of Convoy WN 17, which arrived at Methil on 25 September. She then joined Convoy FS 292, which departed on 26 September and arrived at Southend on 28 September. Flaminian left

9765-429: Was a member of Convoy OA 105G, which departed from Southend , Essex on 7 March and formed Convoy OG 21 on 10 March, arriving at Gibraltar on 17 March. She was carrying general cargo bound for Alexandria. She sailed from Gibraltar on 20 March, arriving at Malta on 24 March and sailing four days later for Alexandria, where she arrived on 1 April. Flaminian sailed three days later for Haifa, arriving on 5 April and sailing

9870-681: Was a period of great concern for the Yishuv , when the German forces of General Erwin Rommel advanced east across North Africa towards the Suez Canal , raising a fear that they would conquer Palestine. This period was referred to as the " 200 days of dread ". This event was the direct cause for the founding, with British support, of the Palmach – a highly trained regular unit belonging to Haganah (a paramilitary group composed mostly of reserves). As in most of

9975-442: Was carrying general cargo, rum and sugar , some of which caught fire and she left the convoy, arriving at St. John's , Newfoundland on 15 February. She sailed for Halifax three days later, arriving on 23 February. Flaminian joined Convoy SC 27, which sailed on 30 March and arrived at Liverpool on 18 April. She was carrying general cargo. She left the convoy at Loch Ewe on 17 April and joined Convoy WN 116, which had sailed from

10080-653: Was imperative that the Negev and Port of Aqaba be within the Jewish state. Truman telephoned the US delegation to the UN and told them he supported Weizmann's position. However, the Trans-Jordan memorandum excluded territories of the Emirate of Transjordan from any Jewish settlement. Immediately after the UN resolution, civil war broke out between the Arab and Jewish communities, and British authority began to break down. On 16 December 1947,

10185-499: Was launched on 21 January 1917 and completed in July 1917. The Code Letters JQRV and United Kingdom Official Number 140521 were allocated. Her port of registry was Liverpool . Flaminian sailed on routes between the United Kingdom and South Africa . She made a voyage from Table Bay to Southampton , Hampshire in 1919, and from Port Natal to the Clyde in 1920. Later that year, she made

10290-509: Was propelled by a 226 nhp triple expansion steam engine , which had cylinders of 20¼ inches (60 cm), 34½ inches (95 cm) and 59 inches (150 cm) diameter by 42 inches (110 cm) stroke. The engine was built by Richardsons, Westgarth & Co Ltd, Middlesbrough. It drove a single screw propeller . The ship was built by W Harkness & Sons Ltd, Middlesbrough , Yorkshire , United Kingdom for Ellerman & Papayanni Lines . The third Ellerman Lines ship bearing that name, she

10395-462: Was reached on 21 December. Carrying a cargo of oranges and sardines , she sailed on 24 December with Convoy MKS 34G, which rendezvoused at sea with Convoy SL 143 on 25 December. The combined convoy arrived at Liverpool on 6 January 1944. Carrying general cargo, she sailed on 24 January 1944 as a member of Convoy OS 66KM, which split at sea on 5 February. She was in the portion that formed Convoy KMS 40 and arrived at Gibraltar on 7 February. Laden with

10500-440: Was reached on 28 October. She sailed on 1 November for Lagos , Nigeria , arriving on 3 November. Flaminian departed on 15 November for Freetown, which was reached on 21 November. Carrying West African produce, she sailed on 30 November with Convoy SL 94, which arrived at Liverpool on 20 December. She left the convoy at Oban on 22 December, sailing with Convoy WN 223 three days later and arriving at Methil on 28 December. She sailed

10605-613: Was returned to Ellerman Lines in 1946 and was renamed Flaminian . In 1947, Flaminian was converted to a stevedore training ship . Based at Marchwood , Hampshire, she was used by the Royal Engineers as a training ship for stevedores . Empire Flaminian arrived at Dover , Kent on 21 July 1950 for scrapping. Gross register tonnage Net register tonnage subtracts the volume of spaces not available for carrying cargo, such as engine rooms, fuel tanks and crew quarters, from gross register tonnage. Gross register tonnage

10710-590: Was sold to the MoWT on 17 April and renamed Empire Flaminian . Converted to a cable storage hulk for use in Operation Pluto , she was now assessed as 2,763  GRT , 1,696  NRT . She was operated under the management of Ellerman Lines. Empire Flaminian departed from Southend on 9 June with Convoy ETC 4, which arrived in the Seine Bay the next day. She departed on 23 June with Convoy FTM 16, which arrived at Southend

10815-523: Was the Jewish state-in-formation, accepted the plan, and nearly all the Jews in Palestine rejoiced at the news. The partition plan was rejected by the Palestinian Arab leadership and by most of the Arab population. Meeting in Cairo on November and December 1947, the Arab League then adopted a series of resolutions endorsing a military solution to the conflict. Britain announced that it would accept

10920-578: Was then the northeastern edge of Jerusalem, a building that had been constructed for the Germans circa 1910. Damaged by an earthquake in 1927, this building served as the headquarters and official residence of the British High Commissioners until 1933. In that year, a new, purpose-built headquarters and official residence for the High Commissioner was completed on what was then the southeastern edge of Jerusalem. Referred to as Armon HaNetziv by

11025-444: Was used as a stevedore training ship from 1947, serving until scrapped in 1950. The ship was built in 1917 by W Harkness & Sons Ltd, Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. She was yard number 211. The ship was 315 ft 0 in (96.01 m) long, with a beam of 42 feet 4 inches (12.90 m). She had a depth of 23 feet 6 inches (7.16 m). She was assessed at 2,699 GRT , 1,696 NRT , The ship

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