20-470: The flame-throated bulbul ( Rubigula gularis ) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds and the state bird of Goa . It is found only in the forests of the Western Ghats in southern India. Formerly included as a subspecies of Pycnonotus flaviventris it has since been elevated to the status of a full species. They are olive-backed with yellow undersides, a triangular orange-red throat and
40-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
60-738: A white iris that stands out against the contrasting black head. They are usually seen foraging in groups in the forest canopy for berries and small insects. They have a call often with two or three tinkling notes that can sound similar to those produced by the red-whiskered bulbul . The species has been referred to in the past by names such as ruby-throated bulbul and black-headed bulbul, but these are ambiguous and could apply to other species such as Rubigula flaviventris and R. dispar . Pycnonotus erythropthalmos Pycnonotus squamatus Pycnonotus cyaniventris Pycnonotus flaviventris Pycnonotus gularis Pycnonotus melanicterus Pycnonotus dispar Pycnonotus montis The species
80-415: Is a bird of forest that is only rarely seen at the edges of forests or inside coffee plantations. The flame-throated bulbul keeps in small flocks and feeds on berries, including those of Lantana sp. It inhabits evergreen forests often along streams and valleys. The flame-throated bulbul feeds on fruit and insects, sometimes in mixed species foraging flocks . Populations appear to move seasonally within
100-483: Is about 18 cm long with an olive-green back and yellow underparts, a squarish black head without a crest, an orange-red throat. The iris is white and contrasts with the dark head. The legs are brown and the gape is yellowish-pink. The bill is dark brown to black. The plumage of young birds has not been described. The flame-throated bulbul is found in the Western Ghats from southern Maharashtra and Goa southwards. It
120-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
140-603: Is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical Asia to Indonesia, and north as far as Japan. A few insular species occur on the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. There are 166 species in 32 genera . While different species are found in a wide range of habitats, the African species are predominantly found in rainforest , whereas Asian bulbuls are predominantly found in more open areas. The family Pycnonotidae
160-480: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
180-704: The Eastern Ghats and Himalayas that lack the red throat which were treated as subspecies flaviventris were also elevated into full species as Pycnonotus flaviventris . Pycnonotus melanicterus in this newer and narrower circumscription followed by Pamela Rasmussen in Birds of South Asia (2005) and the Handbook of the Birds of the World (2005) only included the Sri Lankan population which
200-547: The sombre greenbul ( Andropadus importunus ), was retained in Andropadus . A study by Subir Shakya and Frederick Shelden published in 2017 found that species in the large genus Pycnonotus formed several deeply divergent clades. The genus was split and six genera were resurrected to accommodate these clades. The family forms two main clades. One clade contains species that are only found in Africa; many of these have greenbul in
220-479: The "ruby-throated bulbul" (although this name was published later). This was subsequently included as a subspecies of a larger number of similar bulbuls in the Asian region under a broadly circumscribed Pycnonotus melanicterus . With a resurgence in the application of the phylogenetic species concept, the isolated population in the Western Ghats of India was separated as the flame-throated bulbul. The crested populations in
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#1732859054659240-511: The Western Ghats. The breeding season is mostly from February to April. The nest is a small cup, placed in undergrowth from 1 to 3 metres from the ground level and is usually made of yellowing leaves bound with cobwebs and can easily be mistaken for a wind-blown accumulation of dry leaves. Bulbul See text The bulbuls are members of a family , Pycnonotidae , of medium-sized passerine songbirds , which also includes greenbuls , brownbuls , leafloves , and bristlebills . The family
260-1924: The common name. The second clade contains mostly Asian species but includes a few species that are found in Africa. Pycnonotidae – bulbuls (167 species) Paradoxornithidae – parrotbills and myzornis (38 species) Sylviidae – sylviid babblers (32 species) Zosteropidae – white-eyes (152 species) Timaliidae – tree babblers (58 species) Pellorneidae – ground babblers (68 species) Alcippeidae – Alcippe fulvettas (10 species) Leiothrichidae – laughingthrushes and allies (133 species) Currently, there are 167 recognized species in 32 genera: Andropadus – sombre greenbul Calyptocichla – golden greenbul Stelgidillas – slender-billed greenbul Neolestes – black-collared bulbul Phyllastrephus – greenbuls, brownbuls, leaflove (20 species) Criniger – greenbuls (5 species) Eurillas – greenbuls (5 species) Bleda – bristlebills (5 species) Arizelocichla – greenbuls (12 species) Atimastillas – yellow-throated leaflove Ixonotus – spotted greenbul Thescelocichla – swamp palm bulbul Arizelocichla montana – Cameroon greenbul Chlorocichla – greenbuls (5 species) Baeopogon – greenbuls (2 species) Chlorocichla simplex – simple greenbul Brachypodius – (4 species) Poliolophus – yellow-wattled bulbul Euptilotus – puff-backed bulbul Microtarsus – black-and-white bulbul Ixodia – (3 species) Rubigula – (5 species) Pycnonotus – (34 species) Nok – bare-faced bulbul Spizixos – finchbills (2 species) Tricholestes – hairy-backed bulbul Alophoixus – (8 species) Setornis – hook-billed bulbul Alcurus – striated bulbul Iole – (7 species) Acritillas – yellow-browed bulbul Hemixos – (4 species) Hypsipetes – (25 species) Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
280-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
300-477: The genus Phyllastrephus are now placed in the family Bernieridae . In addition, the genus Nicator containing three African species is now placed in a separate family Nicatoridae . A study published in 2007 by Ulf Johansson and colleagues using three nuclear markers found that the genus Andropadus was non-monophyletic . In the subsequent revision, species were moved to three resurrected genera: Arizelocichla , Stelgidillas and Eurillas . Only
320-567: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
340-541: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
360-601: Was described by John Gould in December 1835 (but published in 1836) based on a specimen in the Zoological Society of London that had been obtained from Travancore State . Gould noted that it was very similar to Brachypus dispar (now Rubigula dispar ) that had been described by Thomas Horsfield and placed the new species likewise in the genus Brachypus as B. gularis . Viscount Walden suggested that this had already been described by Jerdon as Brachypus rubineus and called
380-593: Was introduced by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840 as a subfamily Pycnonotinae of the thrush family Turdidae . The Arabic word bulbul (بلبل) is sometimes used to refer to the " nightingale " as well as the bulbul, but the English word bulbul refers to the birds discussed in this article. A few species that were previously considered to be members of the Pycnonotidae have been moved to other families. Several Malagasy species that were formerly placed in
400-442: Was referred to as the black-capped bulbul . A 2017 study noted that the Western Ghats P. gularis and Sri Lankan P. melanicterus were closely related within a clade (the age of divergence from the common ancestor of its sister clades, however, has not been estimated in the study) that includes P. montis , P. dispar , and P. flaviventris leading to a placement of these species in a new genus Rubigula . The flame-throated bulbul
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