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29-568: Khedrub Je is considered to be an emanation of Manjusri , the Buddha of Wisdom. Khedrub Je was posthumously decided by the 5th Dalai Lama to have been a previous incarnation of Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, 4th Panchen Lama (1570–1662). Like all the Panchen Lamas , he is considered to be an incarnation of Amitābha Buddha. Traditionally, there were considered to be four Indian and three Tibetan incarnations before Khedrup, starting with Subhuti , one of

58-561: A popular place of pilgrimage, but patriarchs including Linji Yixuan and Yunmen Wenyan declared the mountain off limits. Mount Wutai was also associated with the East Mountain Teaching . Mañjuśrī has been associated with Mount Wutai since ancient times. Paul Williams writes: Apparently the association of Mañjuśrī with Wutai (Wu-t'ai) Shan in north China was known in classical times in India itself, identified by Chinese scholars with

87-476: Is Saraswati . The Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa , which later came to be classified under Kriyātantra , states that mantra s taught in the Śaiva , Garuḍa, and Vaiṣṇava tantra s will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Mañjuśrī. Mañjuśrī is depicted as a male bodhisattva wielding a flaming sword in his right hand, representing the realization of transcendent wisdom which cuts down ignorance and duality. The scripture supported by

116-724: Is also an yidam . The Emperor Manjushri as a honorific title was also given to Qing emperors such as the Qianlong Emperor . In the Taoist pantheon, Mañjuśrī is adopted as a Taoist deity known as Wenshu Guangfa Tianzun . This deity appears in the Ming Dynasty novel Fengshen Yanyi as a senior disciple of Yuanshi Tianzun , the highest deity in Taoism. However, the books Qunxian Xianpo Tianmen and Western Tang Dynasty Biography state that Wenshu Guangfa Tianzun and Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva are not

145-548: Is also known by the fuller name of Mañjuśrīkumārabhūta ( मञ्जुश्रीकुमारभूत ), literally "Mañjuśrī, Still a Youth" or, less literally, "Prince Mañjuśrī". Another name of Mañjuśrī is Mañjughoṣa. Scholars have identified Mañjuśrī as the oldest and most significant bodhisattva in Mahāyāna literature. Mañjuśrī is first referred to in early Mahāyāna sūtras such as the Prajñāpāramitā sūtra s and through this association, very early in

174-428: Is compared to riding or subduing a ferocious lion. In Chinese and Japanese Buddhist art, Mañjuśrī's sword is sometimes replaced with a ruyi scepter, especially in representations of his Vimalakirti Sutra discussion with the layman Vimalakirti . According to Berthold Laufer , the first Chinese representation of a ruyi was in an 8th-century Mañjuśrī painting by Wu Daozi , showing it held in his right hand taking

203-550: Is sometimes depicted in a trinity with Avalokiteśvara and Vajrapāṇi . A mantra commonly associated with Mañjuśrī is the following: The Arapacana is a syllabary consisting of forty-two letters, and is named after the first five letters: a, ra, pa, ca, na . This syllabary was most widely used for the Gāndhārī language with the Kharoṣṭhī script but also appears in some Sanskrit texts. The syllabary features in Mahāyāna texts such as

232-657: Is still used by the current 14th Dalai Lama , as the basis for his public empowerments into the practice of the Kalachakra Tantra. Khedrub Je also wrote a root text on mahamudra . Khedrup Je was unanimously chosen as Ganden Monastery 's third abbot (after Tsongkhapa and Gyaltsab Je ) by its monks, and also became the Ganden Tripa , the leader of the Gelug tradition. He also founded Palcho Monastery in Gyantse in 1418 as well as

261-688: Is the Samadhi of One Act ( 一行三昧 ; Yīxíng sānmèi ). Within Vajrayāna Buddhism, Mañjuśrī is a meditational deity and considered a fully enlightened Buddha. In Shingon Buddhism , he is one of the Thirteen Buddhas to whom disciples devote themselves. He figures extensively in many esoteric texts such as the Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa and the Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti . His consort in some traditions

290-646: Is very popular in Nepal , where Vāgīśvara Mañjuśrī is a popular deity. Another Mañjuśrī mantra is the mantra for Mañjuvajra, a tantric form of Mañjuśrī associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, it is: Oṃ Mañjuvajra Hūṃ Mañjuśrī is known in China as Wenshu ( Chinese : 文殊 ; pinyin : Wénshū ). Mount Wutai in Shanxi , one of the four Sacred Mountains of China , is considered by Chinese Buddhists to be his bodhimaṇḍa . He

319-650: The Lotus Sūtra , Mañjuśrī also leads the Nagaraja's daughter to enlightenment. He also figures in the Vimalakīrti Sūtra in a debate with Vimalakīrti where he is presented as a Bodhisattva who discusses non-duality with him. An example of a wisdom teaching of Mañjuśrī can be found in the Saptaśatikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra ( Taishō Tripiṭaka 232). This sūtra contains a dialogue between Mañjuśrī and

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348-645: The Prambanan . Sewu is the second largest Buddhist temple in Central Java after Borobudur . The depiction of Mañjuśrī in Sailendra art is similar to those of the Pala Empire style of Nalanda , Bihar . Mañjuśrī was portrayed as a youthful handsome man with the palm of his hands tattooed with the image of a flower. His right hand is facing down with an open palm while his left-hand holds an utpala (blue lotus). He also uses

377-453: The padma (lotus) held in his left hand is a Prajñāpāramitā sūtra , representing his attainment of ultimate realization from the blossoming of wisdom. Mañjuśrī is often depicted as riding or seated on a blue lion , as can be seen at Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum in Singapore . (see opposite), or sitting on the skin of a lion. This represents the use of wisdom to tame the mind, which

406-581: The Buddha on the One Samādhi (Skt. Ekavyūha Samādhi ). Sheng-yen renders the following teaching of Mañjuśrī, for entering samādhi naturally through transcendent wisdom: Contemplate the five skandhas as originally empty and quiescent, non-arising, non-perishing, equal, without differentiation. Constantly thus practicing, day or night, whether sitting, walking, standing or lying down, finally one reaches an inconceivable state without any obstruction or form. This

435-507: The Qing dynasty, named his tribe after Mañjuśrī as the Manchus . The true origin of the name Manchu is disputed. Monk Hanshan ( 寒山 ) is widely considered to be a metaphorical manifestation of Mañjuśrī. He is known for having co-written the following famous poem about reincarnation with monk Shide : Drumming your grandpa in the shrine, Cooking your aunts in the pot, Marrying your grandma in

464-459: The education of the First Dalai Lama, who was the youngest of Tsongkhapa's five chief disciples. Before becoming Tsongkhapa's foremost disciple, Khedrup Je had been a learned Sakya scholar. Altogether, Khedrub Je's collected works total nine volumes in all, comprising a total of fifty-eight treatises. He also wrote many prayer books. Khedrub Je wrote an important text on Kalachakra that

493-578: The great Swayambhunath Stupa, and the valley thus became habitable. In eighth century Java during the Mataram Kingdom , Mañjuśrī was a prominent deity revered by the Sailendra dynasty , patrons of Mahayana Buddhism. The Kelurak inscription (782) and Manjusrigrha inscription (792) mentioned about the construction of a grand Prasada named Vajrāsana Mañjuśrīgṛha (Vajra House of Mañjuśrī) identified today as Sewu temple, located just 800 meters north of

522-686: The large Riwo Chöling Monastery in the Yarlung Valley , which is now just a heap of ruins. Samding Dorje Phagmo Manjusri Manjushri ( Sanskrit : मञ्जुश्री , romanized :  Mañjuśrī ) is a bodhisattva who represents prajñā (transcendent wisdom) of the Buddhas in Mahāyāna Buddhism . The name "Mañjuśrī" is a combination of Sanskrit word " mañju " and an honorific " śrī "; it can be literally translated as "Beautiful One with Glory" or "Beautiful One with Auspiciousness". Mañjuśrī

551-792: The longer Prajñāpāramitā texts, the Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra , the Lalitavistara Sūtra , the Avataṃsaka Sūtra , the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya , and the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya . In some of these texts, the Arapacana syllabary serves as a mnemonic for important Mahāyāna concepts. Due to its association with him, Arapacana may even serve as an alternate name for Mañjuśrī. The Sutra on Perfect Wisdom (Conze 1975) defines

580-482: The mantra and is chanted with greater emphasis and also repeated a number of times as a decrescendo . According to the Mañjuśrī­mūlakalpa , "the ultimate heart essence of Mañjuśrī, which accomplishes all endeavors" is the following mantra: Namaḥ sarvabuddhānām oṁ maṁ The Sādhanamālā also contains a popular mantra which refers to Mañjuśrī as the "lord of speech" (Vāgīśvara): Oṃ Vāgīśvara Mūḥ This mantra

609-503: The mountain in the 'north-east' (when seen from India or Central Asia ) referred to as the abode of Mañjuśrī in the Avataṃsaka Sūtra . There are said to have been pilgrimages from India and other Asian countries to Wutai Shan by the seventh century. According to official histories from the Qing dynasty , Nurhaci , a military leader of the Jurchens of Northeast China and founder of what became

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638-525: The necklace made of tiger canine teeth . Harrison, Paul M. (2000). Mañjuśrī and the Cult of the Celestial Bodhisattvas , Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 13, 157-193 Taish%C5%8D Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka The Taishō Tripiṭaka ( Chinese : 大正新脩大藏經 ; pinyin : Dàzhèng Xīnxīu Dàzàngjīng ; Japanese : Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō ; lit. " Taishō Revised Tripiṭaka ") is a definitive edition of

667-407: The original disciples of Gautama Buddha . According to the legend, after Tsongkhapa died in 1419, his disciple Khedrub Jey on five occasions met with him in mystical states. Kedrub Jey is most remembered for his charisma as a teacher, as well as for the many excellent commentaries that he wrote on the tantric lineages which Tsongkhapa gathered together and elucidated. He played an important role in

696-505: The past, Should I laugh or not? 堂上打鼓打公皮， 鍋內煎煮是姑娘， 三世祖母娶為婦， 我今不笑等何時。 In Tibetan Buddhism , Mañjuśrī manifests in a number of different Tantric forms. Yamāntaka (meaning 'terminator of Yama i.e. Death') is the wrathful manifestation of Mañjuśrī, popular within the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. Other variations upon his traditional form as Mañjuśrī include Namasangiti , Arapacana Manjushri, etc. In Tibetan Buddhism, Mañjuśrī

725-467: The place of the usual sword. In subsequent Chinese and Japanese paintings of Buddhas, a ruyi was occasionally represented as a Padma with a long stem curved like a ruyi . He is one of the Four Great Bodhisattvas of Chinese Buddhism , the other three being Kṣitigarbha , Avalokiteśvara , and Samantabhadra . In China, he is often paired with Samantabhadra . In Tibetan Buddhism , Mañjuśrī

754-476: The same person. According to Swayambhu Purana , the Kathmandu Valley was once a lake. It is believed that Mañjuśrī came on a pilgrimage from his earthly abode- Wutaishan (five-peaked mountain) in China. He saw a lotus flower in the center of the lake, which emitted brilliant radiance. He cut a gorge at Chovar with his flaming sword to allow the lake to drain. The place where the lotus flower settled became

783-459: The significance of each syllable thus: Tibetan pronunciation is slightly different and so the Tibetan characters read: oṃ a ra pa tsa na dhīḥ ( Tibetan : ༀ་ཨ་ར་པ་ཙ་ན་དྷཱི༔ , Wylie : om a ra pa tsa na d+hIH ). In Tibetan tradition, this mantra is believed to enhance wisdom and improve one's skills in debating, memory, writing, and other literary abilities. " Dhīḥ " is the seed syllable of

812-509: The tradition he came to symbolize the embodiment of prajñā (transcendent wisdom). The Lotus Sutra assigns him a pure land called Vimala , which according to the Avatamsaka Sutra is located in the East. His pure land is predicted to be one of the two best pure lands in all of existence in all the past, present, and future. When he attains Buddhahood his name will be Universal Sight . In

841-564: Was said to bestow spectacular visionary experiences to those on selected mountain peaks and caves there. In Mount Wutai's Foguang Temple , the Manjusri Hall to the right of its main hall was recognized to have been built in 1137 during the Jin dynasty . The hall was thoroughly studied, mapped and first photographed by early twentieth-century Chinese architects Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin . These made it

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