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23-420: (Redirected from First Five Year Plan ) First five-year plan may refer to: First five-year plan (China) First Five-Year Plans (Pakistan) First five-year plan (Soviet Union) See also [ edit ] Five-year plan (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

46-412: A rate of 9% a year. Although urbanization had not been a specific goal of the plan's focus on industrialization, industrialization also prompted extensive urban growth. Between 1952 and 1957, China's urban population grew 30%. The creation of new state industrial projects created new factory towns and new industrial districts in older cities. In the early part of the 1950s, city plans also followed

69-605: A viable economic base, the leadership under Chairman Mao Zedong , Premier Zhou Enlai , and other revolutionary veterans sought to implement what they termed a socialist transformation of China. The First Five-Year Plan was deeply influenced by Soviet methodologies and assistance from Soviet planners. Compared to the Soviet planning method, however, the Plan had less centralized planning with regard to consumer goods and regional planning authorities had greater authority. Industrial development

92-591: The Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), where it was known as the shi (石 "stone"). During the Han dynasty , one stone was equal to 120 catties . Government officials were paid in grain, counted in stones, with top ranked ministers being paid 2000 stones. As a unit of measurement, the word shi (石) can also be pronounced dan . To avoid confusion, the character is sometimes changed to 擔 ( dàn ), meaning "burden" or "load". Likewise, in Cantonese

115-612: The First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. During this Plan period, China began developing a heavy-industrial base and brought its industrial production above what it had been prior to war. Thousands of industrial and mining enterprises were constructed, including 156 major facilities. Industrial production increased at an average annual rate of 18.7% between 1953 and 1957, and national income grew at

138-442: The approach in the first Five-Year Plan was for the government to buy them out, including through coercing reluctant sellers if necessary. The key tasks highlighted in the Plan were: Accumulated investment in capital construction was 55 billion yuan and fixed asset increments reached 46.05 billion yuan, 1.9 times higher than at the end of 1952. About 595 large and medium-sized projects were completed and put into production, laying

161-426: The country's ambitious industrialization projects, CCP officials encouraged families to pool their farms into small cooperatives in order to increase farm yields. By the end of 1955 almost 2/3, about 60%, of all Chinese farmers were engaged in cooperative farming. Farming families, who previously engaged largely in subsistence farming, now began raising and selling livestock based on the increase in grain surpluses, which

184-469: The domestic economy. Picul A picul / ˈ p ɪ k əl / , dan or tam , is a traditional Asian unit of weight , defined as "as much as a man can carry on a shoulder-pole ". Historically, it was defined as equivalent to 100 or 120 catties , depending on time and region. The picul is most commonly used in southern China and Maritime Southeast Asia . The unit originated in China during

207-523: The exact definition of the picul varied historically and regionally. In imperial China and later, the unit was used for a measure equivalent to 100 catties . In 1831, the Dutch East Indies authorities acknowledged local variances in the definition of the pikul. In Hong Kong , one picul was defined in Ordinance No. 22 of 1844 as 133 + 1 ⁄ 3 avoirdupois pounds . The modern definition

230-559: The focus on developing industry, northeast China was the region which received the greatest share of state funds during the First Plan. The First Five-Year Plan phrased its developmental focus in the terminology of revolution. It attributed the backwards state of China's economy to contradictions between the developing productive forces and the capitalist relations of production . Agriculture, fishing, and forestry would be collectivized. Regarding commercial and services industries,

253-457: The framework of China's industrialization. In addition, investments in capital construction in 1956 totaled 14.735 billion yuan, increasing 70% over the previous year. Fiscal expenditure in the form of infrastructure loans rose to 48% from 30% from 1955, putting a strain on the national budget as a result. Agriculture, including water conservancy, accounted for only 4% of the government's investment budget. Its gross outputs increased by 24.7% over

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276-452: The picul of 100 catties. It was made obsolete by subsequent overriding legislation in 1885, which included the picul but not the stone, to avoid confusion with European-origin measures that are similarly called stone . Following Spanish , Portuguese , British and most especially the Dutch colonial maritime trade , the term picul was both a convenient unit, and a lingua franca unit that

299-464: The plan period. The gross value of industrial products in 1957 increased 128.6% from 1952. Total production of coal and steel exceeded more than double of the planned growth. Gross output value from industry and agriculture rose from 30% in 1949 to 56.5% in 1957, while that of heavy industry increased from 26.4% to 48.4%. In 1957, grain production reached 195 billion kilograms and cotton output 32.8 million dan (1 dan = 50 kilograms), both surpassing

322-493: The reorganization and cooperation achieved through cooperative farming. As the First Five-Year Plan had worn on, however, Chinese leaders became increasingly concerned over the relatively sluggish performance of agriculture and the inability of state trading companies to increase significantly the amount of grain procured from rural units for urban consumption, and for funding the many large urban industrialization projects. By 1956, China had completed its socialist transformation of

345-489: The same period, the handicraft industries were organized into cooperatives, which accounted for 91.7% of all handicraft workers by 1956. The Plan strained agricultural production. Because the Plan set a goal of food self-sufficiency, food imports were restricted. At the same time, the growing industrial labor force and urban population stretched China's technological undeveloped agricultural production. Since traditional family farming practices were not sufficient to support

368-640: The second Five Year Plan. In the agricultural producers' cooperatives, income shares were designed to be based only on the amount of labor contributed. In reality, small farming markets that revolved around cooperative surpluses, sprang up across the nation. The land reforms from 1949 to 1951 increased private land ownership, with typical results increasing land ownership of farmers from just under one acre to approximately three acres. The cooperative process, began in 1953, accelerated quickly, slowly from 1955 to 1956. By 1957 about 93.5% of all farm households had joined producers' cooperatives. In terms of economic growth,

391-437: The socialist city planning principles from the Soviet 1935 Moscow Master Plan . These principles included maintaining the old city core as administrative areas while building industry on the periphery with green space and residences between the two. During the First Five-Year Plan period, China raised its agricultural production to above prewar levels. This growth resulted primarily from gains in efficiency brought about by

414-474: The targets set in the Plan. Government control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of private, modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises under state control. By 1956, approximately 67.5% of all modern industrial enterprises were state owned, and 32.5% were under joint public-private ownership, with no privately owned firms remaining. During

437-503: The title First five-year plan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_five-year_plan&oldid=1259458918 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages First five-year plan (China) Having restored

460-559: The word is pronounced sek (石) or daam (擔), and in Hakka it is pronounced tam (擔). The word picul appeared as early as the mid 9th century in Javanese . In modern Malay , pikul is also a verb meaning 'to carry on the shoulder'. In the early days of Hong Kong as a British colony, the stone (石, with a Cantonese pronunciation given as shik ) was used as a measurement of weight equal to 120 catties or 160 pounds (72.6  kg ), alongside

483-439: Was directly responsible for the practices popularity and rapid rate of enrollment. Central committee planning dictated that from the loosely structured, tiny mutual aid teams, villages were to advance first to lower-stage, agricultural producers' cooperatives, in which families still received some income on the basis of the amount of land they contributed, and eventually to advanced cooperatives, or collectives beginning in 1958 with

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506-434: Was the primary goal. The Plan's highest industrial sector priorities included: power plants, steel, mining, machinery, chemicals, and national defense, centered on steel and coal. To support these priorities, transportation, communication, and mining surveys also received significant state support. With Soviet assistance in the form of both funds and experts, China began to develop industries from scratch. Consistent with

529-686: Was widely understood and employed by other Austronesians (in modern Malaysia and the Philippines ) and their centuries-old trading relations with Indians , Chinese and Arabs . It remained a convenient reference unit for many commercial trade journals in the 19th century. One example is Hunts Merchant Magazine of 1859 giving detailed tables of expected prices of various commodities, such as coffee, e.g. one picul of Javanese coffee could be expected to be bought from 8 to 8.50 Spanish dollars in Batavia and Singapore . As for any traditional measurement unit ,

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