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62-674: Command of this unit was given to Colonel John Chivington , who had distinguished himself at the Battle of Glorieta Pass in the New Mexico Territory early in 1862 against Confederate forces. In early 1864, the 1st Colorado Veteran Volunteers (aka the Veterans Battalion) appears to have initiated the Colorado War by attacking Cheyenne Indians at Fremont's Orchard . The resulting hostilities and Indian retaliations brought traffic on

124-486: A $ 37,000 (~$ 706,000 in 2023) claim for Indian depredations. He returned to Omaha, but journeyed to Troy, New York , during 1869 to stay with Sarah's relatives. He borrowed money from them but did not repay. Sarah recalled that they returned to Washington in the spring of 1870 and Chivington "spent his time trying to get money without labor. ... The early spring of 1871 he skipped as I heard afterward to Canada ... Left me without means of support. I had no desire to live with

186-401: A Congressional committee that his forces had killed 500 to 600 Indians and that few of them were women or children. Others testified against him. A prominent mixed-race Cheyenne witness named Edmund Guerrier , said that about 53 men and 110 women and children were killed. With Chivington's declaring his forces had won a battle against hostile Cheyenne, the action was initially celebrated as

248-482: A circling movement, with orders to hit Sibley in the flank once Slough's main force had engaged his front at Glorieta Pass , New Mexico. Chivington got into position above the Pass, but waited in vain for either Slough or Sibley to arrive. While they waited, scouts reported that Sibley's entire supply train was nearby at Johnson's Ranch. Chivington's command, among whom there was a detail of Colorado Mounted Rangers, descended

310-795: A commission as a chaplain, but Chivington refused it, saying he wanted to fight. He was commissioned a major in the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment under Colonel John P. Slough . During Confederate General Henry Hopkins Sibley 's offensive in the East Arizona and New Mexico territories, Chivington led a 418-man detachment to Apache Canyon. On March 26, 1862, they surprised about 300 Confederate Texans under Major Charles L. Pyron . The startled Texans were routed with four killed, 20 wounded and 75 captured, while Chivington's men lost five killed and 14 wounded. This small victory raised morale in Slough's army. On March 28, Slough sent Chivington and his men on

372-573: A criminal. After living briefly in California , Chivington returned to Ohio to farm. Later he became editor of a local newspaper. In 1883, he campaigned for a seat in the Ohio legislature, but withdrew when his opponents drew attention to the Sand Creek Massacre. He returned to Denver where he worked as a deputy sheriff until shortly before his death from cancer in 1894. His funeral took place at

434-405: A foul and dastardly massacre which would have disgraced the verist [sic] savage among those who were the victims of his cruelty. Having full knowledge of their friendly character, having himself been instrumental to some extent in placing them in their position of fancied security, he took advantage of their in-apprehension and defenceless [sic] condition to gratify the worst passions that ever cursed

496-722: A group of Black Lives Matter protestors tore down a statue depicting a Civil-War-era Colorado cavalryman located in front of the Colorado State Capitol . The statue was designed by Captain Jack Howland, a member of the 1st Colorado Cavalry regiment, and had been erected in July 1909. The base of the statue listed the Sand Creek massacre among the battles commemorated by the memorial. John Chivington Indian Wars John Milton Chivington (January 27, 1821 – October 4, 1894)

558-626: A matter that affected Coloradans more directly than the Civil War, offered an opportunity. In April 1862, Chivington was appointed colonel of the 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment , and commander of the military district of Colorado. In November, Chivington was appointed brigadier general of volunteers, an appointment withdrawn in February 1863. His superiors expressed enough concern that he was putting his political interests ahead of his duties that he had to write Major General Samuel Ryan Curtis , commander of

620-684: A member of the executive board of Colorado Seminary, the historic precursor of the University of Denver and the Iliff School of Theology . His name also appears in the incorporation document issued by the Council and House of Representatives of the Colorado Territory, which was approved by then governor John Evans . When the Civil War broke out, Colorado Territorial Governor William Gilpin offered him

682-450: A victory. On the way back from the site, he wrote an official account of a long march through snow to a battle against fierce and dedicated opposition won by troops who performed "nobly". Some soldiers displayed Indian body parts as trophies in Denver saloons. However, the testimony of Soule, Cramer and his men contradicted their commander and resulted in a U.S. Congressional investigation into

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744-527: Is a nine-hole, par 36 public golf course located on South East Street. It was built in 1912. Lebanon City Schools operates the following public schools: The city is served by a lending library, the Lebanon Public Library. The 1978 movie Harper Valley PTA with Barbara Eden and the 1994 movie Milk Money with Ed Harris and Melanie Griffith were both shot in Lebanon. In October 2013,

806-574: Is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km ) is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 20,033 people, 7,436 households, and 5,213 families living in the city. The population density was 1,545.8 inhabitants per square mile (596.8/km ). There were 7,920 housing units at an average density of 611.1 units per square mile (235.9 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 92.7% White , 2.6% African American , 0.2% Native American , 0.8% Asian , 1.6% from other races , and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.5% of

868-803: Is marked with a monument erected by the Warren County Historical Society. The town was laid out in September 1802 on land owned by Ichabod Corwin, Silas Hurin, Ephraim Hathaway, and Samuel Manning in Sections 35 and 35 of Town 5, Range 3 North and Sections 5 and 6 of Town 4, Range 3 North of the Between the Miami Rivers Survey. Lebanon was named after the Biblical Lebanon because of the many juniper or Eastern Red cedar trees there, similar to

930-570: Is the oldest hotel in Ohio, having been established in 1803. The present structure is built around the 1815 rebuilding of the inn and has been visited by 12 presidents. The Warren County Historical Museum includes the Harmon Museum, housed in Harmon Hall, a three-story, 28,000 square feet (2,600 m ) building with displays and exhibits of art and artifacts from prehistoric eras to the mid-20th century. The Glendower State Memorial , owned by

992-695: The Colorado Territory and settled in Denver . From there, he sought to establish missions in the South Park mining camps in Park County . He was elected Presiding Elder of the new Rocky Mountain District and served in that capacity until 1862. Controversy began to mar Chivington's appointment, who stopped performing his function as presiding elder. Chivington was not reappointed at the 1862 conference; rather, his name

1054-556: The Lebanon Cedar . It is known today as "The Cedar City". City legend has it that Lebanon didn't grow as large as Cincinnati or Dayton because of the 'Shaker Curse'. During their migration, the Shakers decided an area outside of town was a suitable place for them to create a homeland for themselves. There was a disagreement with some of the locals and it was said the Shakers placed a curse on

1116-694: The Missouri Pacific Railroad line was fairly close to the site of the massacre. In the 1920s and 1930s, it was largely depopulated by the Dust Bowl , but some buildings still remain. Because of Chivington's position as a lay preacher, in 1996 the General conference of the United Methodist Church expressed regret for the Sand Creek massacre. It issued an apology to the Southern Cheyenne for

1178-624: The War Department in Washington to request both more troops and the authority to raise more for a hundred days. The latter was granted, and Chivington formed the 3rd Colorado Cavalry Regiment from a group of volunteers who largely lacked combat experience, to protect Denver and the Platte road. For political reasons, Evans had stoked the fears of the populace regarding Indian attacks, and he and Chivington both hoped successful military engagements against

1240-695: The wagon trails into Denver to a standstill. Peace negotiations were in progress, and encampments of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians on Sand Creek had been assured by the US government that they would not be attacked. Instead, in what is known as the Sand Creek massacre , Chivington and his troops struck in November 1864, a dawn attack that massacred an estimated one-quarter of the Indian encampments, mostly old men, women, and children. Body parts were taken as souvenirs. The event

1302-493: The "actions of a prominent Methodist". In 2005, the City Council of Longmont , Colorado, agreed to change the name of Chivington Drive in the town following a two-decade campaign. Protesters had objected to Chivington being honored for the Sand Creek Massacre. The street was renamed Sunrise Drive. Lebanon, Ohio Lebanon is a city in and the county seat of Warren County, Ohio , United States. The population

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1364-530: The 1st and 3rd Colorado cavalry regiments along with a company of 1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry marched to Fort Lyon. On the way there, they learned from those going the other way how many Arapaho and Cheyenne were camped near the fort, that the Indians had not left and stated their peaceful intentions. Upon reaching the fort, with Wynkoop and Anthony still present, Chivington posted guards outside so no one could leave or enter and placed soldiers known to have helped

1426-613: The 700-man force of Colorado Territory volunteers responsible for one of the most heinous atrocities in American military history : the November 1864 Sand Creek massacre . An estimated 70 to 600 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho – about two-thirds of whom were women, children, and infants – were murdered and mutilated by Col. Chivington and the volunteer troops under his command. Chivington and his men also took scalps and many other human body parts as trophies, including unborn fetuses, as well as male and female genitalia. The Joint Committee on

1488-579: The Conduct of the War conducted an investigation of the massacre, but while they condemned Chivington and his soldiers in the strongest possible terms, no court-martial proceedings were brought against him or them. The only punishment Col. Chivington suffered was public exposure and the end of his political aspirations. Three years prior to Sand Creek, on August 2, 1861, he became the first Grand Master of Masons of Colorado. Several Freemasons, some of whom were present at

1550-556: The Department of Kansas, a letter of reassurance. Damn any man who sympathizes with Indians! ... I have come to kill Indians, and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians. ... Kill and scalp all, big and little; nits make lice. Following the Hungate massacre in June 1864, tensions between settlers and Indians rose. War seemed likely, and Evans wrote to

1612-621: The Indians under arrest. Chivington then briefed the other troops on his plans to march on the Indians the next morning and slaughter as many of them as possible. Some junior officers demurred. "Any man that would take part in the murders, knowing the circumstances as we do", said Captain Silas Soule , "is a low-lived cowardly son of a bitch." Lt. Joe Cramer also said that with the Indians currently showing no signs of preparing for war, Chivington's plans amounted to mass murder. Chivington threatened to hang Soule for attempting to incite mutiny and told

1674-449: The Indians without clearing most of those actions with him, was too conciliatory with the Indians. Curtis replaced him with Major Scott Anthony, who agreed with Chivington's goal of Indian eradication. But Anthony requested that Wynkoop stay and advise him for a short period, despite being under orders from Curtis to end the protection of the Arapaho and Cheyenne encamped near Fort Lyon, and end

1736-410: The Indians would further their careers. But most of the Indian war parties and attacks were occurring hundreds of miles away. In the fall of 1864, Major Edward Wynkoop received a letter from Black Kettle requesting a peace council and an exchange of prisoners, and Wynkoop succeeded in holding a conference with multiple Cheyenne and Arapaho chiefs, including Black Kettle and Left Hand , and securing

1798-635: The Middle West. The panel of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War declared: As to Colonel Chivington, your committee can hardly find fitting terms to describe his conduct. Wearing the uniform of the United States, which should be the emblem of justice and humanity; holding the important position of commander of a military district, and therefore having the honor of the government to that extent in his keeping, he deliberately planned and executed

1860-553: The Sand Creek Massacre, objected to Chivington's actions and publicly denounced them, while others supported him. Chivington was born in Lebanon , Ohio on January 27, 1821, the son of Isaac and Jane Chivington, who had fought under General William Henry Harrison against members of Tecumseh's Confederacy at the Battle of the Thames . Drawn to Methodism , Chivington became a minister . Following ordination in 1844, his first appointment

1922-700: The Union to win the battle. A captured Confederate chaplain also complained that Chivington had threatened to kill the prisoners he took at Johnson's Ranch. The victory at Glorieta Pass gave Chivington a reputation as a bold and daring commander. Along with his ardent advocacy of statehood, he hoped it could help him become the first member of the U.S. House of Representatives elected from Colorado. To that end he cultivated his connections with political leaders like territorial governor John Evans . But he also knew that his chances would be best if he could secure another key military victory. The wars with various local Indian tribes,

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1984-572: The Warren County Historical Society, was built in 1836 by Amos Bennett for John Milton Williams, a Lebanon merchant, and named for Owain Glyndŵr . It has been called "one of the finest examples of Residential Greek Revival architecture style in the Midwest". Lebanon is home to the Lebanon Mason Monroe Railroad , where passengers follow a scenic old stagecoach route along the right-of-way of

2046-476: The aforementioned services than neighboring communities, therefore saving over $ 40 million of the residents' money. In the 2006 general election, however, voters approved the sale of this city-run telecommunications system to Cincinnati Bell . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 12.97 square miles (33.59 km ), of which 12.96 square miles (33.57 km )

2108-405: The average family size was 3.08. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 36.8% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.1 males. The median income for a household in the city

2170-590: The battle, but because of Chivington's forces, they had no supplies to sustain their advance and were forced to retreat, rendering their victory moot. Sibley's men reluctantly retreated back to Texas and never again threatened New Mexico. Chivington earned high praise for his decisive stroke at Johnson's Ranch, even though his discovery of the Confederate supply train was accidental. Critics have suggested that had Chivington returned quickly to reinforce Slough's army when he heard gunfire, his 400 extra men might have allowed

2232-408: The brutality of the massacre, particularly considering the mutilation of corpses, was intense. Even those who favored harsher action towards the Indians condemned Chivington as they knew it had cost them any trust the Indians might have had in them. It was believed to have contributed to public pressure to change Indian policy. The Congress later rejected the idea of a general war against the Indians of

2294-404: The city to hinder the city's prosperity. In reality, the Shakers thrived in the area, and built a settlement about 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Lebanon called Union Village. A local man, Malchalm Worley was their first convert. Since the Shakers did not engage in procreation, they relied on converts to increase their numbers. By 1900, there were almost no Shakers left in Ohio. The city is one of

2356-514: The city's Trinity United Methodist Church before his remains were interred at Fairmount Cemetery . To the end of his life, Chivington maintained that Sand Creek had been a successful operation. He argued that his expedition was a response to Cheyenne and Arapaho raids and torture inflicted on wagon trains and white settlements in Colorado. Chivington violated official agreements for protection of Black Kettle 's friendly band. He also overlooked how

2418-444: The city. The population density was 1,440.6 inhabitants per square mile (556.2/km ). There were 6,218 housing units at an average density of 528.1 units per square mile (203.9 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 90.98% White , 6.36% African American , 0.32% Native American , 0.64% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.37% from other races , and 1.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.13% of

2480-532: The estate. There he became an unsuccessful freight hauler. He seduced and then married his daughter-in-law, Sarah. In October 1871, she obtained a decree of divorce for non-support. Public outrage forced Chivington to withdraw from politics and kept him out of Colorado's campaign for statehood. The editor of the Omaha Daily Herald tagged Chivington a "rotten, clerical hypocrite." In July 1868, Chivington went to Washington, D.C. in an unsuccessful pursuit of

2542-408: The few in the nation to once operate a government-run cable television and telephone service, as well as being a fiber-to-the-neighborhood Internet service provider . Controversial since it began operation in 1999, the Lebanon telecommunications system had struggled to recover its expenses and had accumulated over $ 8 million in debt. However, residents in the area at the time paid up to 50% less for

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2604-619: The former Cincinnati, Lebanon and Northern Railway . The Countryside YMCA is one of the largest in the U.S. consists of: four basketball gyms, two weight rooms, five indoor pools, two outdoor pools, tennis courts, baseball fields, racquetball courts, preschool and daycare, gymnastics center, outdoor soccer fields, five aerobics rooms, senior citizen center, two waterparks (one inside, one outside), sports medicine center, rock climbing wall, two indoor tracks, outdoor track, acres of forest and trails, pond, outdoor playground, locker rooms, outdoor volleyball, and flag football fields. Harmon Golf Club

2666-537: The fort, at Big Sandy Creek . In October 1864, the 100-day enlistment of the 3rd was almost over, and Chivington's Civil War enlistment had expired, meaning he would soon lose his command position after the 3rd was disbanded. Tensions had eased even before the Camp Weld conference, meaning the battle Chivington had hoped for less likely. After learning of the agreement reached with the chiefs, Chivington complained to Curtis that Wynkoop, whom he resented for having dealt with

2728-429: The heart of man. Whatever influence this may have had upon Colonel Chivington, the truth is that he surprised and murdered, in cold blood, the unsuspecting men, women, and children on Sand creek, who had every reason to believe they were under the protection of the United States authorities. Chivington resigned from the army in February 1865. In 1865 his son, Thomas, drowned and Chivington returned to Nebraska to administer

2790-417: The incident, which concluded that Chivington had acted wrongly. Soule and some of the men whom he commanded testified against Chivington at his U.S. Army court martial . Chivington denounced Soule as a liar. Within three months, Soule was murdered by a soldier who had been under Chivington's command at Sand Creek. Some believed Chivington may have been involved. Chivington was soon condemned for his part in

2852-455: The massacre caused the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Sioux to strengthen their alliance and to accelerate their raids on white settlers. Until he died, Chivington still claimed to have been justified in ordering the attack, consistently stating, "I stand by Sand Creek." In 1887, the unincorporated settlement of Chivington , Colorado, was established and named after John Chivington. The railroad town on

2914-471: The massacre, but he had already resigned from the Army in June or July of 1865 . The general post- Civil War amnesty meant that criminal charges could not be filed against him. An Army judge publicly stated that the Sand Creek massacre was "a cowardly and cold-blooded slaughter, sufficient to cover its perpetrators with indelible infamy, and the face of every American with shame and indignation". Public outrage at

2976-523: The others who had challenged his orders that they should leave the Army. Afterwards the troops marched nearly to the reservation. On the night of November 28, after camping, Chivington's men drank heavily and celebrated the anticipated fight. The next morning Chivington ordered his troops to attack. Soule, who had come along, refused to follow Chivington's order and told his men to hold fire. Other soldiers in Chivington's force, however, immediately attacked

3038-408: The population. There were 5,887 households, out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.5% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and

3100-441: The population. There were 7,436 households, of which 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.9% were non-families. 24.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

3162-436: The promised distribution of provisions. After resettling his mostly Southern Cheyenne people, and hearing from Major Anthony that the distribution of provisions was ended, Black Kettle sent most of his warriors to hunt, leaving only 60 men in the village, most of them too old or too young to hunt. Dog soldiers and other Indian warriors were not part of the Sand Creek encampment. In November, Chivington and his 800 troops of

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3224-733: The release of some prisoners who had been taken during earlier Dog Soldier raids. Wynkoop and Captain Silas Soule , after the peace conference, traveled to Denver with both the returned prisoners and some of the chiefs. Wynkoop convinced a reluctant Evans, along with Chivington, to meet with the chiefs. Known as the Camp Weld Conference, it resulted in Evans making an offer of protection to those Indians who would surrender to Wynkoop at Fort Lyon . The chiefs agreed, and, after gathering their peaceful tribes, camped about 40 mi (64 km) north of

3286-437: The slope and crept up on the supply train. They waited for an hour in concealment, then attacked, driving off or capturing the small Confederate guard detail without any casualties. Chivington ordered the supply wagons burned, and the horses and mules slaughtered. Meanwhile, the Battle of Glorieta Pass was raging at Pigeon's Ranch. Chivington returned to Slough's main force to find it rapidly falling back. The Confederates had won

3348-662: The village. Ignoring the U.S. flag, and a white flag they raised shortly after the soldiers began firing, Chivington's soldiers massacred the majority of the mostly unarmed Cheyenne, taking scalps and other body parts as battle trophies, including human fetuses and male and female genitalia . The attack became known as the Sand Creek Massacre . The Colorado forces lost 15 killed and more than 50 wounded, mostly due to friendly fire (likely caused by their heavy drinking). Between 150 and 200 Indians were estimated dead, nearly all women and children. Chivington testified before

3410-561: Was $ 46,856, and the median income for a family was $ 52,578. Males had a median income of $ 40,361 versus $ 27,551 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 20,897. About 4.7% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those aged 65 or over. Prisons operated by the Ohio Department of Corrections in the area include Lebanon Correctional Institution and Warren Correctional Institution . The Golden Lamb Inn

3472-399: Was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.12. The median age in the city was 34.7 years. 29.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.5% were from 25 to 44; 23.9% were from 45 to 64; and 10.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 16,962 people living in

3534-601: Was 20,841 at the 2020 census . It is part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area . Lebanon is in the Symmes Purchase . The first European settler in what is now Lebanon was Ichabod Corwin, uncle of Ohio Governor Thomas Corwin , who came to Ohio from Bourbon County , Kentucky , and settled on the north branch of Turtle Creek in March 1796. The site of his cabin is now on the grounds of Berry Intermediate School on North Broadway and

3596-745: Was a Methodist pastor and Mason who served as a colonel in the United States Volunteers during the New Mexico Campaign of the American Civil War . He led a rear action against a Confederate supply train in the Battle of Glorieta Pass that had the effect of ending the Confederacy's campaigns in the Western states , and was then appointed a colonel of cavalry during the Colorado War . Colonel Chivington gained infamy for leading

3658-765: Was persuaded to leave the Kansas Territory for the Nebraska Territory. As a result, the Methodist Church transferred Chivington to a parish in Omaha , Nebraska . Chivington left this position after a year. Historian James Haynes said of Chivington's pastoral abilities: "Mr. Chivington was not as steady in his demeanor as becomes a man called of God to the work of the ministry, giving his ministerial friends regret and even trouble in their efforts to sustain his reputation." In May 1860, Chivington moved, with his family, to

3720-433: Was recorded as "located." According to early Methodist polity, describing a minister as "located" means that the minister has effectively been retired. Historian of Methodism Isaac Beardsley, a personal friend of Chivington, suggested that Chivington was "thrown out" because of his involvement with the armed forces. Chivington's status as being "located" did not remove him completely from Methodist politics. His name appears as

3782-485: Was the basis of the slaughter of an Indian village in the movies Soldier Blue and Little Big Man . Initial reports of the battle were taken as a victory among the American public, but as details came out, opinions changed. A subsequent Congressional investigation resulted in a scorching castigation of the event, Colonel John Chivington, and the 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment. In the night between June 24th and 25th, 2020,

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3844-742: Was to Payson Circuit in the Illinois Conference. On the journey from Ohio to Illinois , Chivington contracted smallpox . He served the Illinois conference for ten years. In 1853, he worked in a Methodist missionary expedition to the Wyandot people in Kansas , a part of the Kansas–Nebraska Annual Conference. His outspoken views in favor of abolitionism put him in danger, and upon the advice of "Congressman Craig and other friends," Chivington

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