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80-568: Its plans were uncovered in December 1839 through betrayal before they could be carried out. Its discovery contributed to the dismissal of Greek Minister of Internal Affairs Georgios Glarakis  [ el ] and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Gregory VI . The first political parties in the nascent Greek state after the Greek War of Independence were centered around gaining

160-696: A continuous history since the founding of the city in AD 330 by Constantine the Great . After Constantine the Great had enlarged Byzantium to make it into a second capital city in 330, it was thought appropriate that its bishop, once a suffragan of the Exarch of Thrace and Macedonia, the Metropolitan of Heraclea , should be elevated to an archbishopric. For many decades the heads of the church of Rome opposed this ambition, due to their existing papal claims, and because they defended

240-600: A delegate—over any council of Orthodox primates or bishops in which he takes part and serves as primary spokesman for the Orthodox communion especially in ecumenical contacts with other Christian denominations. He has no direct jurisdiction over the other patriarchs or the other autocephalous Orthodox churches, but he, alone among his fellow primates, enjoys the right of convening extraordinary synods consisting of them or their delegates to deal with ad hoc situations and has also convened well-attended pan-Orthodox synods in

320-535: A delicate balance of neutrality in the relations between Greece and the great powers. On the other hand, members of the British and French Parties collaborated with the respective embassies of Great Britain and France to weaken the Russian Party by greatly exaggerating the scale of the conspiracy. This was done by ignoring the religious aspects of the organization, while emphasizing its irredentist character. Otto's reaction

400-574: A feast at the Royal Palace, in presence of King Otto . In the twilight of his life, Kolokotronis had learned to write in order to complete his memoirs , which constitute the second best known account of the events of the Greek Revolutionary War after the memoirs of Yannis Makriyannis , and have been translated several times in English and other languages. Kolokotronis's famed helmet, along with

480-661: A permanent bureau at the EU headquarters, in addition to enhancing the long-established Patriarchal Centre in Pregny-Chambésy , Switzerland, and also his ecological pursuits which have won him the epithet of "the Green Patriarch". When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, the patriarchate ceased to function. The Patriarchate was restored by the conquering ruler, Sultan Mehmed II , who wished to establish his dynasty as

560-675: A second capital alongside Rome and named it Constantinople . The see's ecclesiastical status as the second of five patriarchates were developed by the Ecumenical Councils of Constantinople in 381 and Chalcedon in 451 . The Turkish government recognizes him as the spiritual leader of the Greek minority in Turkey, and refer to him as the Roman (literally Rûm ) Orthodox patriarch of Fener ( Turkish : Fener Rum Ortodoks Patriği ). The patriarch

640-574: A statue in the town square commemorates the event. He is attired in the pseudo-classical uniform of the Greek Light Infantry, which he was fond of wearing. From December 1823 to February 1825, he took part in the civil wars among the various Greek factions; when his party was finally defeated, he was jailed in Hydra with some of his followers in March 1825, and was released only when an Egyptian army under

720-522: A synodical system canonically , it is significantly distinguished from the hierarchically organized Catholic Church , whose doctrine is papal supremacy and whose head is the pope . His titles primus inter pares . 'first among equals', and "ecumenical patriarch" are of honor rather than authority, and in fact the ecumenical patriarch has no real authority over churches other than the Constantinopolitan. The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople

800-772: Is also sometimes called the Greek Patriarchate of Constantinople to distinguish it from the Armenian Patriarchate and the extinct Latin Patriarchate , which was created after the Latin capture of Constantinople in 1204, during the Fourth Crusade . The see of Byzantium, whose foundation was later ascribed to Andrew the Apostle, was originally a common bishopric. It gained importance when Emperor Constantine elevated Byzantium to

880-401: Is home to 20 monasteries and numerous other monastic communities. The ecumenical patriarch has a unique role among Eastern Orthodox bishops, though it is not without its controversy. He is primus inter pares ("first among equals"), as he is senior among all Orthodox bishops. This primacy, expressed in canonical literature as presbeia ("prerogatives", literally: "seniorities"), grants to

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960-470: Is one of promoting and sustaining Church unity. This unique role often sees the ecumenical patriarch referred to as the "spiritual leader" of the Orthodox Church in some sources, though this is not an official title of the patriarch nor is it usually used in scholarly sources on the patriarchate. Such a title is acceptable if it refers to this unique role, but it sometimes leads to the mistaken belief that

1040-529: Is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in world history. The ecumenical patriarchs in ancient times helped in the spread of Christianity and the resolution of various doctrinal disputes. In the Middle Ages , they played a major role in the affairs of the Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as in the politics of the Orthodox world, and in spreading Christianity among

1120-587: Is the direct administrative superior of dioceses and archdioceses serving millions of Greek, Ukrainian, Rusyn and Albanian believers in North and South America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand, South Korea, as well as parts of modern Greece which, for historical reasons, do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Church of Greece . His actual position is patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople , one of

1200-645: The Church of Greece became independent from the Ottoman controlled Patriarchate. The Church of Greece was controlled by the Holy Synod which in turn gave oath to Otto. The rule of a Catholic king over a fellow Orthodox nation and the separation from the Patriarchate were seen as detrimental to the interests of the Russian state which exerted its influence through the Patriarchate. In 1838, Georgios Kapodistrias arrived in Athens with

1280-791: The Eastern Orthodox Church . The ecumenical patriarch is regarded as the representative and spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide. The term ecumenical in the title is a historical reference to the Ecumene , a Greek designation for the civilised world, i.e. the Roman Empire , and it stems from Canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon . The patriarch's see , the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

1360-483: The Millet of Rum , which included all Orthodox Christians under Ottoman rule, regardless of their ethnicity in the modern sense. This role was carried out by ethnic Greeks at their great peril, in the midst of enormous difficulties and traps and inevitably with mixed success. Several patriarchs were summarily executed by the Ottoman authorities, most notably Gregory V , who was lynched on Easter Monday 1821 in revenge for

1440-746: The Ottoman Empire . The son of a klepht leader who fought the Ottomans during the Orlov revolt , Kolokotronis also operated as a klepht and an armatolos early in his life. While serving in the British army during the Napoleonic Wars , he became influenced by the revolutionary ideas of the era. On the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, he organized a band of Moreot klephts and captured Tripolitsa in late 1821. Kolokotronis achieved his greatest success at

1520-609: The Slavs . Currently, in addition to the expansion of the Christian faith and the Eastern Orthodox doctrine , the patriarchs are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue , charitable work, and the defense of Orthodox Christian traditions. Within the five apostolic sees of the Pentarchy , the ecumenical patriarch is regarded as the successor of Andrew the Apostle . The current holder of

1600-526: The 'Petrine principle' by which all Patriarchates were derived from Saint Peter and were unwilling to violate the old order of the hierarchy for political reasons. In 381, the First Council of Constantinople declared that "The Bishop of Constantinople shall have the primacy of honour after the Bishop of Rome, because it is New Rome" (canon iii). The prestige of the office continued to grow not only because of

1680-473: The 1822 Battle of Dervenakia , where he routed the Ottoman forces under the command of Mahmud Dramali Pasha . From 1823 to 1825, he took part in the Greek civil wars and, following the defeat of his faction, he was briefly imprisoned in Hydra . In 1825, Kolokotronis was released and appointed commander-in-chief of the Greek forces in Peloponnese . He defended Greece against an Egyptian intervention . After

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1760-579: The British authorities. Who believed that members of the conspiracy had infiltrated the British controlled United States of the Ionian Islands and were planning to overthrow its government. Gregory VI had harshly criticized the influence exerted by Lutheran-Calvinist missionaries on its citizens and the changes to family law enacted in the states. The British exiled suspected members of the conspiracy to monasteries and desolate islands, cut off communication with Greece and enacted postal censorship . Gregory VI

1840-545: The Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church . Historically, the ecumenical patriarch has heard such appeals and sometimes was invited to intervene in other churches' disputes and difficulties. Even as early as the fourth century, Constantinople was instrumental in the deposition of multiple bishops outside its traditional jurisdiction. This still occurs today, as when in 2006 the patriarchate

1920-641: The Ottoman military), and as a kápos (a militiaman employed by Greek notables of the Peloponnese). As a kapos, Kolokotronis worked for the Deligiannis family. He acquired wealth by stealing sheep and marrying the daughter of a wealthy Peloponnesian notable. In 1805 he joined the Russian Navy during the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) . In 1806 Ottoman attacks against the klefts forced Kolokotronis to flee to

2000-462: The Ottomans as long as he could, but towards the end of the month had to sneak his men out in the middle of the night. Dramali's men plundered the castle the next day, and he was now free to march them toward the coast to resupply (the Greeks had pursued a scorched earth policy, and the large Ottoman force was eating through its food supplies rather quickly). Ypsilantis's defense had bought Kolokotronis and

2080-536: The Ottomans in the pass and annihilated them in the Battle of Dervenakia . A devastated Sultan Mahmud II in Constantinople was forced to turn to Muhammad Ali , ruler of the nominally Ottoman pashaluk of Egypt , for help. The Greeks resumed the siege against the fortresses at Nafplio, which fell in December. Kolokotronis is said to have ridden his horse up the steep slopes of Palamidi to celebrate his victory there;

2160-701: The Patriarchate, are also cited by human rights groups. However, in 2004 Patriarch Bartholomew, with the help of the Turkish government, succeeded, after eighty years, in altering the composition of the twelve-member Standing Synod of Metropolitan Bishops in Constantinople so that it can include six bishops from outside Turkey. He has also been convening biennially in Constantinople convocations of all bishops in his jurisdiction. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople has suffered attacks from 1993 to 2004, including desecration of patriarchal cemeteries as well as assaults on

2240-554: The Peloponnese. After the war, Kolokotronis became a supporter of Count Ioannis Kapodistrias and a proponent of alliance with Russia . When the count was assassinated on 8 October 1831, Kolokotronis created his own administration in support of Prince Otto of Bavaria as a King of Greece. Before Otto's arrival in Greece however, Alexandros Mavrokordatos and Ioannis Kolettis , considering Kolokotronis as an obstacle to their plans to cover

2320-624: The Phanar" or "Roman Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople" ( Turkish : Fener Rum Ortodoks Patriği ; Phanar is the neighbourhood in Istanbul where the patriarchate is located). According to Turkish law, still in force today, he is subject to the authority of the Republic of Turkey; however, Turkey allows the Standing Synod of Metropolitan Bishops to elect the patriarch. To be electable, Turkish law requires

2400-576: The Philorthodox Society on their own accord and that the formation of the secret society had not been completed. They therefore could not be persecuted for forming a criminal organization and were subsequently acquitted. While Otto considered the conspiracy as a considerable threat to this rule, the Minister of Justice Andronikos Paikos tried to portray it as insignificant event caused by a small group of radicals to foreign diplomats. So as to maintain

2480-576: The United Kingdom in a dispute with his superior in Moscow, though the result of that appeal – and the right to make it – were both rejected by the latter. The ecumenical patriarch has no direct jurisdiction outside the Patriarchate of Constantinople granted to him in Orthodox canonical literature, but his primary function regarding the whole Orthodox Church is one of dealing with relations between autocephalous and autonomous churches. That is, his primary role

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2560-400: The absence of his legates . In the sixth century, the official title became that of "archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome, and ecumenical patriarch". The current patriarch (since 1991) is Bartholomew I who has become better-known than any of his predecessors in modern times as a result of his numerous pastoral and other visits to numerous countries in five continents and his setting up of

2640-474: The age of 15, he was taken in and mentored by Mitros Petrovas (Μήτρος Πέτροβας). It was Mitro Petrovas that taught him his first lessons about fighting. Theodoros always called him "uncle" (μπάρμπα) and had him by his side, as an adviser and fighter, throughout his life. Prior to the Greek Revolution, Theodoros Kolokotronis operated as a klepht (a warrior-bandit), an armatolos (a Christian irregular of

2720-589: The annexation of Ottoman controlled Thessaly , Macedonia and Epirus into the Greek state. To this effect anonymous pamphlets calling for a revolt were distributed in the aforementioned regions. It also pursued the strengthening of Orthodox Christianity and the eventual replacement of King Otto by an Orthodox ruler. The religious aspect of the conspiracy was the dominant one, uniting an otherwise heterodox group of people. It also sought to ban all American religious schools and books printed by Protestant missions. While Stamatelopoulos and Kapodistrias officially controlled

2800-569: The archdioceses in North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania where growing Greek and other migrant communities have gradually constituted a significant orthodox diaspora. After the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923, the Turkish state only recognises the patriarch as the spiritual leader of the Greek minority in Turkey , and officially refers to him as the "Greek Orthodox Patriarch of

2880-442: The candidates to be Turkish citizens. Since the establishment of modern Turkey, the position of the ecumenical patriarch has been filled by Turkish-born citizens of Greek ethnicity. As nearly all Greek Orthodox have left Turkey (see Population exchange between Greece and Turkey and Istanbul Pogrom ), this considerably narrows the field of candidates for succession. Human rights groups have long protested against conditions placed by

2960-576: The command of Ibrahim Pasha invaded the Morea. His eldest son, Panos Kolokotronis , was killed during the second civil war. Ibrahim was fresh from fighting the Wahhabi rebels in Arabia , and so was used to fighting guerrillas. His troops were armed with the most modern equipment and trained by European experts. The sultan had promised his father the island of Crete as an appanage for young Ibrahim if he could crush

3040-593: The direct heirs of the Eastern Roman emperors, and who adopted the imperial title Kayser-i-Rûm "caesar of the Romans", one of his subsidiary titles but a significant one. In 1454 he bestowed the office upon an illustrious Byzantine scholar-monk who was well known for his opposition to union with the Latin West, Gennadius Scholarius , who became Patriarch Gennadius II. The patriarch was designated millet-başı ( ethnarch ) of

3120-407: The ecumenical patriarch the right to preside at pan-Orthodox synods . Additionally, the canonical literature of the Orthodox Church grants to the ecumenical patriarch the right to hear appeals in cases of dispute between bishops. However, whether these canonical rights are limited only to his own patriarchate or are universal throughout the Orthodox Church is the subject of debate, especially between

3200-519: The ecumenical patriarch, the only bishop who has jurisdiction over them. Athos, officially the "Autonomous Monastic State of the Holy Mountain” ( Ancient Greek : Αυτόνομη Μοναστικὴ Πολιτεία Ἁγίου Ὄρους ), is a self-governed polity within the Greek state subject to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in its political aspect and to the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople as regards to its religious aspect and

3280-460: The ecumenical patriarch. After the protests from Turkey, the signature of the Ecumenical Patriarchate has been removed from the statement of the June 2024 Ukraine peace summit . Theodoros Kolokotronis Theodoros Kolokotronis ( Greek : Θεόδωρος Κολοκοτρώνης ; 3 April 1770 – 4 February 1843) was a Greek general and the pre-eminent leader of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) against

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3360-534: The favor of one of the three Great Powers , namely France, Great Britain and Russia. The Russian Party 's support base centered around Spetses , central Peloponnese and Phocis . Similarly to the French and English Parties , it supported the irredentist concept of Megali Idea , under the terms of which all areas with large ethnic Greek populations were to be incorporated into the Greek state. The Russian Party supporters (or "Napaioi") believed that Orthodox Christianity

3440-532: The fortress before moving on. Scaling the cliffs, breaching the castle's stout walls and overcoming its resolute defenders would be no easy task. Yet, there was one weakness Dramali was unaware of: Larissa, unlike the Acropolis in Athens, had no spring and consequently fresh water had to be supplied from cisterns . Unfortunately for the Greeks, it was July and no rains were falling to fill the cisterns. Ypsilantis bluffed

3520-403: The fourteen autocephalous and several autonomous churches and the most senior (though not oldest) of the four orthodox ancient primatial sees among the five patriarchal Christian centers comprising the ancient Pentarchy of the undivided Church. In his role as head of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, he is known as the "archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome ". The Ecumenical Patriarchate

3600-490: The function of the patriarchate, since clergy coming from abroad are not eligible to apply for residence and work permits. In its early days the Turkish state promoted a rival Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate , whose congregation, however, has remained limited. Expropriation of Church property and the conditions of state control imposed on the Orthodox Theological School of Halki that have led to its closure by

3680-440: The government and the notoriously quarrelsome nature of the klephtic bands. Even the troublesome Souliotes lent a hand. The Ottoman army from the north commanded by Mahmud Dramali Pasha , after taking Corinth , had marched to the plain of Argos. The castle of Larissa was an excellent position, commanding the whole plain. To leave such a stronghold straddling Ottoman supply lines was far too dangerous. Dramali would have to reduce

3760-537: The intent of claiming the property of his assassinated older brother Ioannis who had served as the first Governor of Greece. The Russian Party which was at the helm of the Greek government wished to use the prestige Kapodistrias' name carried in Greek society to further its goals. Kapodistrias' arrival served as the impetus for the creation of the conspiracy. The Philorthodox Society was founded in June 1839 by Nikitas Stamatelopoulos and Georgios Kapodistrias. Its aims included

3840-465: The island of Zakynthos (or Zante). When Zakynthos was occupied by the British , he obtained useful military experience while serving under the command of Richard Church, a philhellene , in the 1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry ; in 1810, Kolokotronis was promoted to the rank of major. From his service in the British Army, he adopted his characteristic red helmet. While in the Heptanese (a French protectorate from 1807 to 1814), he came in contact with

3920-469: The klephts valuable time. To his dismay, Dramali found himself cut off from his supply fleet, which had intended to land at Nafplio but was successfully blockaded by the Greek fleet under Admiral Andreas Miaoulis . Dramali reluctantly decided upon a retreat toward Corinth through the Dervenaki Pass, through which he had just come unmolested. This was exactly what Kolokotronis had been hoping for. In August 1822, his quicker-moving guerrilla forces trapped

4000-413: The last 40 years. His unique role often sees the ecumenical patriarch referred to as the spiritual leader of the Orthodox Church in some sources, though this is not an official title of the patriarch nor is it usually used in scholarly sources on the patriarchate. The Orthodox Church is entirely decentralized: it has no central authority, earthly head, or single bishop in a leadership role. Because it has

4080-426: The mainland just prior to the outbreak of the war (officially, 25 March 1821) and formed a confederation of irregular Moreot klepht bands. These he tried to train and organize into something resembling a modern army. In May, he was named archistrategos or commander-in-chief. He was already 50 years old by this time, a fact which contributed to his sobriquet O Geros tou Morea or "The Elder of Morea," whereby Morea

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4160-497: The military and political aspects of the society, the de facto leadership was held by Minister of Internal Affairs Georgios Glarakis  [ el ] and Gennaios Kolokotronis . Other notable personalities implicated in the conspiracy included cleric Konstantinos Oikonomos  [ el ] , Theodoros Kolokotronis , Michael Soutzos , Andreas Metaxas , admiral Georgios Androutsos  [ el ] and politician Nikolaos Renieris  [ el ] . Initiation into

4240-407: The new year's liturgy and force him to either convert to Orthodoxy or abdicate. Soon after the decision to act was taken, one of the plotters Emmanouil Pappas gave the documents revealing the conspiracy's existence to Tsamis Karatasos. Karatasos in turn gave the documents to the king who ordered an investigation of the affair. Pappas had decided to betray the plot after being denied a high rank within

4320-422: The obvious patronage of the Byzantine Emperor but because of its overwhelming geographical importance. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 established Constantinople as a patriarchate with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Asia Minor (the dioceses of Asiane and Pontus) and Thrace as well as over the barbaric territories, non-converted lands outside the defined area of the Western Patriarchate (Old Rome) and

4400-478: The office is Bartholomew I , the 270th bishop of that see. Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople is first among equals , or first in honor among all Eastern Orthodox bishops, who presides in person—or through

4480-503: The office is thus the equivalent of an Orthodox pope. There is, however, no Orthodox notion equivalent to the papacy: the Orthodox churches operate in the synodical system, whereby ecclesiastical matters are settled by the competent synod of bishops, in which each bishop has one vote. The five patriarchs of the ancient Pentarchy (Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, in that order) are to be given seniority of honour, but have no actual power over other bishops other than

4560-399: The organization. On 23 December having gathered additional evidence, Greek authorities arrested Kapodistrias, Stamatelopoulos and Renieris. A trial of the plotters began on 11 July 1840. Most of the defendants were acquitted early on, with the exception of Kapodistrias and Stamatelopoulos. The judges accepted the argument that Kapodistrias and Stamatelopoulos had declared themselves leaders of

4640-406: The other three patriarchates, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, gave it appellate jurisdiction extraterritorially over canon law decisions by the other patriarchs and granted it honours equal to those belonging to the first Christian see, Rome, in terms of primacy, Rome retaining however its seniority (canon xxviii). Leo I refused to accept this canon, basing himself on the fact that it was made in

4720-411: The outbreak of the Greek Revolution . In the 19th century, the rising tide of nationalism and secularism among the Balkan Christian nations led to the establishment of several autocephalous national churches, generally under autonomous patriarchs or archbishops, leaving the ecumenical patriarch only direct control over the ethnically Greek-originated Orthodox Christians of Turkey, parts of Greece and

4800-418: The patriarch is a validly consecrated bishop in Roman ecclesiology, and there is merely an imperfect ecclesial communion between Constantinople and Rome, which exists nevertheless and which may be improved at some point in history. The Ecumenical Patriarch bears the name: "(name), by the grace of God Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch" The (arch)bishopric of Constantinople has had

4880-410: The plot, the Ottoman Empire augmented its garrisons in Thessaly. Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople ( Greek : Οἰκουμενικός Πατριάρχης , romanized :  Oikoumenikós Patriárchēs ) is the archbishop of Constantinople and primus inter pares (first among equals) among the heads of the several autocephalous churches that comprise

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4960-603: The positions of power, slandered him and sent a letter to Munich that he was preparing an army in order to prevent Otto from setting foot in Greece. When Kolokotronis realized this he put on his uniform and helmet and went to Nafplio to welcome Otto and pay his respects. Then he left to a farm he had outside the city as he writes: As much as I could I paid my debt: I saw my homeland free, I saw what I and my father and my grandfather and my whole generation and all Greeks longed for. And so I decided to go to an orchard I had outside Anapli. I went, studied and spent my time cultivating. And I

5040-428: The power of the synod they are chairing (and in which they also wield one vote). In 2007, the patriarch gave his approval to the Ravenna Document , a Catholic–Orthodox document re-asserting that the bishop of Rome is indeed the prōtos ("first") of the Church, as in "first among equals", although future discussions are to be held on the concrete ecclesiological exercise of papal primacy. According to Lumen Gentium ,

5120-445: The rebels. With his eye on the prize, he burned his way through the Peloponnese, gaining much territory but arousing much hostility in western European public opinion , which in the long run proved disastrous for the Ottomans. The island of Sphacteria and Navarino had already fallen into Ibrahim's hands, and to make matters worse for Kolokotronis, he still had to be on guard against the machinations of Petros Mavromichalis even as he

5200-435: The revolutionary ideas of the era and was influenced by them: According to my judgement, the French Revolution and the doings of Napoleon opened the eyes of the world. The nations knew nothing before, and the people thought that kings were gods upon the earth and that they were bound to say that whatever they did was well done. Through this present change it is more difficult to rule the people. Kolokotronis returned to

5280-440: The secular government of Turkey on the ecumenical patriarch, a religious office. The same policy also applied to the institution of the Islamic Caliphate, which was abolished by Turkey. For example, the ecumenical status accorded him traditionally within Eastern Orthodoxy, and recognized previously by the Ottoman governments, has on occasion been a source of controversy within the Republic of Turkey. This policy results in problems in

5360-419: The society was performed in front of an icon of the Holy Trinity through a series of questions and answers which ended in an oath. In December 1839, the Philorthodox Society's members decided to act upon their plans in anticipation of a rumored Russian army attack on Constantinople . The plotters met in the house of a secretary of the Russian embassy Lelis. They decided to arrest Otto on 1 January 1840, during

5440-413: The style, which has been used occasionally for other prelates since the middle of the fifth century, is nowhere officially defined but, according to the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, the title has been criticized in the Catholic Church as incompatible with the claims of the Holy See . The monastic communities of Mount Athos are stauropegic and they are directly under the jurisdiction of

5520-490: The surrounding areas in the 18th century. Their legendary pride and insubordination is commemorated in a well-known folk song of that time: "On a horse they go to church, On a horse they kiss the icons, On a horse they receive communion From the priest's hand." The Turks chased the family, which was forced to leave the tower – Kolokotronis was ten years old at the time – and took refuge in Milea, Mani. His father, Konstantinos Kolokotronis ,

5600-417: The war, Kolokotronis became a supporter of Ioannis Kapodistrias and a proponent of alliance with Russia . After Kapodistrias's assassination in 1831, Kolokotronis backed Prince Otto of Bavaria for the Greek throne. He later turned against Otto's regency , for which he was charged with treason and sentenced to death, but in 1835 he was pardoned. Kolokotronis died in 1843 in Athens . Theodoros Kolokotronis

5680-399: Was a former captain of the Armatoloi in Corinth , who took part in an armed rebellion, the Orlov Revolt , instigated by the administration of Catherine the Great of Russia. He was killed in 1780 in an engagement with Ottoman troops, along with two of his brothers, George and Apostolis. Theodoros was named in honour of Fyodor Orlov  [ ru ] . Following his father's death, at

5760-509: Was another name describing the Peloponnese . Kolokotronis's first action was the defense of Valtetsi , the village near Tripoli where his army was mustering. Later, he was also the Commander of the Greek forces during the Siege of Tripolitsa . Kolokotronis gathered the klephts together to march to the relief of Demetrios Ypsilantis . This was quite a feat in itself, considering the near-collapse of

5840-475: Was born at Ramavouni ( Ραμαβούνι ), a mountain in Messenia , and was baptised in the village of Piana . He descended from a family of klephts , originally from the historical village of Roupaki at the border of Messenia and Arcadia , located nearby the settlement of Tourkoleka . He grew up in the village of Libovitsi, Arcadia, in the central Peloponnese. The Kolokotroneoi were a powerful and respected clan in

5920-442: Was bracing himself against the new threat. Kolokotronis decided to not confront Ibrahim in an open field battle and used guerrilla tactics and scorched earth policy against him; but given his limited resources, was unable to prevent the widespread destruction that Ibrahim left in his wake. Still, in 1825, in recognition of his military acumen and many services to the Greek cause, he was appointed commander-in-chief of Greek forces in

6000-486: Was directly tied with Greek national identity and saw the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as de facto the leader of the Greek national liberation struggle. They also believed that a Russian intervention would eventually lead to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of a powerful Greek state governed by an Orthodox king. King Otto , a devout Catholic had ruled the Kingdom of Greece since 1832. In 1833,

6080-451: Was eventually removed from his position by the Ottomans due to pressure exerted by British diplomats. The Philorthodox Society scandal gave fuel to rumors that the Greek state would destabilize the Balkans and caused damage to external trade. Otto was forced to publicly espouse irredentist policies, in order to stymie private initiatives which could lead to his dethronement. After the discovery of

6160-403: Was invited to assist in declaring the archbishop of the Church of Cyprus incompetent due to his having Alzheimer's disease . Additionally, in 2005, the Ecumenical Patriarchate convoked a pan-Orthodox synod to express the Orthodox world's confirmation of the deposition of Patriarch Irenaios of Jerusalem . In 2006, the patriarchate was invited to hear the appeal of a Russian Orthodox bishop in

6240-492: Was limited to replacing Minister of Internal Affairs Georgios Glarakis with Nikolaos Theocharis  [ el ] . He refused to publicly implicate Russia in the affair or purge Russian Party members from the political scene. Because doing so would reveal his unpopularity and cause animosity in Russia. The discovery of a letter written by Georgios Kapodistrias to Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Gregory VI greatly troubled

6320-482: Was pleased to see the progress of the little trees I planted. However, later he opposed the Bavarian -dominated regency . On 7 June 1834, he was accused, with Dimitrios Plapoutas , for conspiracy against the regency, charged with treason and sentenced to death, though they were ultimately pardoned in 1835. Theodoros Kolokotronis died in 1843 in Athens one day after his son Konstantinos's (Kollinos) wedding and after

6400-422: Was subject to the authority of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, until the declaration of Turkish Republic in 1923. Today, according to Turkish law, he is subject to the authority of the state of Turkey and is required to be a citizen of Turkey to be patriarch. The patriarch of Constantinople has been dubbed the ecumenical patriarch since the sixth century. The exact significance of

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