Misplaced Pages

#769230

60-563: During the reign of the Arrow Cross Party in World War II , four friends are chatting around the table of a bar owned by Béla (Ferenc Bencze) when a wounded photographer (István Dégi) who has just come back from the battlefront joins them. During their gathering, two Arrow Cross officers come in for a drink. After leaving, the group bitterly refer to them as murderers. One of the friends, a watchmaker named Miklós Gyuricza (Lajos Öze), poses

120-657: A " Judeo-Bolshevist conspiracy ." After the Soviet Republic was overthrown in August 1919, conservative authoritarians under the leadership of Admiral Miklós Horthy seized control. Many Hungarian military officers took part in the counter-reprisals known as the White Terror – parts of which were directed at Jews . Although the White Guard was officially suppressed, many of its most prevalent members went underground and formed

180-640: A Nazi proxy, Döme Sztójay , replacing him who quickly legalised the Arrow Cross. During the spring and summer of 1944, more than 400,000 Jews were driven into centralised ghettos and then deported from the Hungarian countryside to death camps by the Nazis, with the enthusiastic assistance of the Hungarian Interior Ministry and its gendarmerie (the csendőrség ), both of which had members closely linked to

240-515: A cosmology of seven directions. For example, among the Hopi of the Southwestern United States , the four named cardinal directions are not North, South, East and West but are the four directions associated with the places of sunrise and sunset at the winter and summer solstices. Each direction may be associated with a color, which can vary widely between nations, but which is usually one of

300-423: A dying partisan in the face in order to be freed. Gyuricza is the only one that complies. Gyuricza exits the building, severely disturbed by what transpired. As he walks through the city, buildings explode and crumble. Arrow Cross Party The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian : Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom , lit.   ' Arrow Cross Party – Hungarist Movement ' , abbreviated NYKP )

360-611: A few months. Some Arrow Cross officials were executed, including Szálasi. A memorial which was created by Gyula Pauer  [ hu ] , Hungarian sculptor, and Can Togay in 2005 on the bank of the Danube River in Budapest honors the Jews who were shot there by Arrow Cross militiamen, between 1944 and 1945. The victims were forced to remove their shoes, all of which were confiscated later, and then shot so that their bodies would fall into

420-528: A fringe element in modern Hungarian politics, and the Hungarian Welfare Association has dissolved. [REDACTED] Media related to Arrow Cross Party at Wikimedia Commons Final solution Parties Cardinal direction The four cardinal directions , or cardinal points , are the four main compass directions: north , south , east , and west , commonly denoted by their initials N, S, E, and W respectively. Relative to north,

480-412: A moral question to János (Sándor Horváth) about two hypothetical characters; Tomóceusz Katatiki and Gyugyu. Tomóceusz Katatiki was the leader of an imaginary island, and Gyugyu was his slave. The powerful and careless Katatiki treated the poor Gyugyu with extreme brutality, but never felt any remorse as he lived by the barbarian morality of his age. Gyugyu lived in misery and suffering but found comfort in

540-488: A series of four books on Hungarism, Szálasi distinguished a-Semitism, which called for a society which should be completely absent of Jews, from anti-Semitism , which, he argued, would nominally allow Jews to exist in a particular society with limited rights. He argued that a-Semitism was not opposed to the existence of Jews per se, instead, it regarded their existence as being incompatible with European society. Szálasi extended this argument to Arabs , and he also extended it to

600-466: A special word: tenggara . Sanskrit and other Indian languages that borrow from it use the names of the gods associated with each direction : east (Indra), southeast (Agni), south (Yama/Dharma), southwest (Nirrti), west (Varuna), northwest (Vayu), north (Kubera/Heaven) and northeast (Ishana/Shiva). North is associated with the Himalayas and heaven while the south is associated with the underworld or land of

660-563: A terrestrial map because one is looking up instead of down. Similarly, when describing the location of one astronomical object relative to another, "north" means closer to the North celestial pole, "east" means at a higher right ascension , "south" means closer to the South celestial pole, and "west" means at a lower right ascension. If one is looking at two stars that are below the North Star, for example,

SECTION 10

#1732859145770

720-500: Is related to I Ching , the Wu Xing and the five naked-eye planets . In traditional Chinese astrology , the zodiacal belt is divided into the four constellation groups corresponding to the directions. Each direction is often identified with a color, and (at least in China) with a mythological creature of that color . Geographical or ethnic terms may contain the name of the color instead of

780-584: Is the interesting situation that native Japanese words ( yamato kotoba , kun readings of kanji) are used for the cardinal directions (such as minami for 南, south), but borrowed Chinese words (on readings of kanji) are used for intercardinal directions (such as tō-nan for 東南, southeast, lit. "east-south"). In the Malay language , adding laut (sea) to either east ( timur ) or west ( barat ) results in northeast or northwest, respectively, whereas adding daya to west (giving barat daya ) results in southwest. Southeast has

840-487: Is used for the center. All five are used for geographic subdivision names ( wilayahs , states, regions, governorates, provinces, districts or even towns), and some are the origin of some Southern Iberian place names (such as Algarve , Portugal and Axarquía , Spain). In Mesoamerica and North America , a number of traditional indigenous cosmologies include four cardinal directions and a center. Some may also include "above" and "below" as directions, and therefore focus on

900-733: The Hungarian Army 's Forced Labor Battalions . Most died, including many who were murdered as they were returning home after the end of the fighting. Red Army troops reached the outskirts of Budapest in December 1944, and the siege of the city began. Arrow Cross members and the Germans may have conspired to destroy the Budapest ghetto but any evidence remains disputed. Days before fleeing, Arrow Cross Interior Minister Gábor Vajna ordered that streets and squares named for Jews be renamed. As control of

960-410: The borders of the former Kingdom of Hungary . The party's ideology was similar to those of Nazism and Fascism and it combined aspects of those ideologies with Hungarian Turanism , forming an ideology which Ferenc Szálasi called "Hungarism". It combined nationalism , the promotion of agriculture, anti-capitalism , anti-communism and a special type of anti-Semitism , called a-Semitism . In

1020-479: The Arrow Cross in Budapest, yet despite this they were able to terrorize the city's population of a million. Their methods eventually became too sickening even for the German military whose commander General Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch ordered his troops not to take part in the killings. On the other hand, the German envoy to Hungary Edmund Veesenmayer received orders from Berlin to provide as much assistance as he could to

1080-415: The Arrow Cross in killing of Jews. Eventually Szálasi became concerned about the impression that neutral diplomats were forming of his government and ordered that the killings be undertaken with more discretion. The country's national police commissioner Pál Hódosy concurred, "The problem is not that the Jews are being murdered... the trouble is the method. The bodies must be made to disappear, not put out on

1140-543: The Arrow Cross were not proponents of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis, but utilised traditional stereotypes and prejudices to gain votes among voters both in Budapest and the countryside. Nonetheless, the constant bickering among these diverse fascist groups prevented the Arrow Cross Party from gaining more support and power. The Arrow Cross obtained most of its support from a disparate coalition of military officers, soldiers, nationalists and agricultural workers. It

1200-494: The Arrow Cross. Budapest Jews were forced into Yellow Star Houses, approximately 2,000 single-building mini-ghettos identified by a yellow Star of David at the entrance. In August 1944, before deportations from Budapest began, Horthy used what remaining influence he had to stop them, and force the radical antisemites out of his government. As the summer progressed, and with the Allied and Soviet armies closing in on central Europe,

1260-593: The Danube to Buda. Szálasi had escaped from Budapest on December 11, 1944, taking with him the Hungarian royal crown , while Arrow Cross members and German forces continued to fight a rear-guard action in the far west of Hungary until the end of the war in April 1945. After the war, many Arrow Cross leaders were captured and tried for war crimes and no fewer than 6,200 indictments for murder were served against Arrow Cross men in just

SECTION 20

#1732859145770

1320-543: The Germanic names for the intermediate directions. Medieval Scandinavian orientation would thus have involved a 45 degree rotation of cardinal directions. In many regions of the world, prevalent winds change direction seasonally, and consequently many cultures associate specific named winds with cardinal and intercardinal directions. For example, classical Greek culture characterized these winds as Anemoi . In pre-modern Europe more generally, between eight and 32 points of

1380-551: The Horthy leadership banned the Arrow Cross on the outbreak of World War II, forcing it to operate clandestinely. In 1944, the Arrow Cross Party's fortunes abruptly reversed when Hitler lost patience with Horthy's and his moderate prime minister's, Miklós Kállay 's, reluctance to fully toe the Nazi line. In March 1944, the Germans invaded and occupied Hungary, which resulted in Kállay fleeing, and

1440-500: The North celestial pole. Similarly, a line from the center to the South celestial pole will define the South point by its intersection with the limb. The points at right angles to the North and South points are the East and West points. Going around the disk clockwise from the North point, one encounters in order the West point, the South point, and then the East point. This is opposite to the order on

1500-706: The Republic's leader and instigator of the Terror, had a secular Jewish father and a mother who, despite converting to the Reformed Church of Hungary , was still seen as being a Jew. Many antisemitic writers before the Second World War, such as Leon de Poncins used this fact to propagate the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory . The Hungarian Soviet Republic 's policies were credited by some anti-communists as being part of

1560-460: The ability of the Nazis to devote resources to Hungary's "Jewish Solution" waned, but they still carried out many massacres. Jews were often rounded up on the streets by Arrow Cross men, and their standard procedure was to take children away from their parents, then killing or beating any parent or child who protested. The Arrow Cross repeatedly organized mass murders next to the Danube , shooting people in

1620-576: The additional directions of up and down . Each of the ten directions has its own name in Sanskrit . Some indigenous Australians have cardinal directions deeply embedded in their culture. For example, the Warlpiri people have a cultural philosophy deeply connected to the four cardinal directions and the Guugu Yimithirr people use cardinal directions rather than relative direction even when indicating

1680-433: The basic colors found in nature and natural pigments, such as black, red, white, and yellow, with occasional appearances of blue, green, or other hues. There can be great variety in color symbolism, even among cultures that are close neighbors geographically. Ten Hindu deities , known as the " Dikpālas ", have been recognized in classical Indian scriptures, symbolizing the four cardinal and four intercardinal directions with

1740-415: The center as a fifth cardinal point . Central Asian , Eastern European and North East Asian cultures frequently have traditions associating colors with four or five cardinal points. Systems with five cardinal points (four directions and the center) include those from pre-modern China , as well as traditional Turkic , Tibetan and Ainu cultures. In Chinese tradition, the five cardinal point system

1800-515: The central role of the swastika in Nazi ideology, the arrow cross also alluded to the purported racial purity of the Magyars, in the same way that the swastika was intended to allude to the purported racial purity of the Germans. The arrow cross symbol had other ideological implications, including a desire to nullify the Treaty of Trianon , and expand the Hungarian state in all cardinal directions , out to

1860-506: The chronically unemployed, alcoholics, ex-convicts, prisoners, rapists, and the uneducated. These members later committed some of the most brutal crimes against Jews, intellectuals, socialists, and other civilians. The Arrow Cross subscribed to the Nazi ideology of " master races ", which, in Szálasi's view, included the Hungarians and Germans, and also supported the concept of an order based on

The Fifth Seal - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-458: The city's institutions weakened, the Arrow Cross trained their guns on the most helpless possible targets including patients in the city's two Jewish hospitals on Maros Street and Bethlen Square, remaining women and children, and residents in the Jewish poorhouse on Alma Road. As order collapsed, Arrow Cross members continued their attacks on Jews so that the majority of Budapest's Jews were only saved by

1980-466: The co-operation of nationalist movements. Consequently, the party judged Jews in racial as well as religious terms. It believed that Jews were incapable of being integrated into any society which was outside the place and culture of their historical origins . Although the Arrow Cross Party was certainly far more racist than the Horthy regime was, it differed from the German Nazi Party . It

2040-658: The compass – cardinal and intercardinal directions – were given names. These often corresponded to the directional winds of the Mediterranean Sea (for example, southeast was linked to the Sirocco , a wind from the Sahara). Particular colors are associated in some traditions with the cardinal points. These are typically " natural colors " of human perception rather than optical primary colors . Many cultures, especially in Asia , include

2100-496: The core membership of a spreading nationalist antisemitic movement. During the 1930s, the Arrow Cross began to dominate Budapest 's working class neighborhoods, defeating the Social Democrats . The Social Democrats did not contest elections effectively and they were forced into a pact with the conservative Horthy regime in order to prevent their abolition. The Arrow Cross recruited from the poorest members of society, including

2160-589: The covert Operation Panzerfaust which took Horthy into "protective custody" in Germany and forced him to abdicate. Szálasi was made "Leader of the Nation" and prime minister of an Arrow Cross-dominated " Government of National Unity " the same day. By this time, Soviet and Romanian forces had pushed deep into Hungarian territory. As a result, the Szálasi government's authority was limited to an ever-narrowing band of territory around Budapest. In this context, Arrow Cross rule

2220-424: The directions east, south, and west are at 90 degree intervals in the clockwise direction. The ordinal directions (also called the intercardinal directions ) are northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW). The intermediate direction of every set of intercardinal and cardinal direction is called a secondary intercardinal direction. These eight shortest points in the compass rose shown to

2280-497: The fact that whatever cruelty happens to him it is never caused by him and he is still a guiltless person with a clear conscience. What would he choose, if he had to die and reincarnate as one of them? The photographer says that he would choose Gyugyu, but the others don't believe him. As they go home we get to know some of the deepest secrets of their lives. It turns out that Gyuricza is hiding Jewish children at his flat. Meanwhile, László (László Márkus) drinks excessively, plagued with

2340-591: The fathers (Pitr loka). The directions are named by adding "disha" to the names of each god or entity: e.g. Indradisha (direction of Indra) or Pitrdisha (direction of the forefathers i.e. south). The cardinal directions of the Hopi language and the Tewa dialect spoken by the Hopi-Tewa are related to the places of sunrise and sunset at the solstices, and correspond approximately to the European intercardinal directions. Use of

2400-782: The following degrees of a compass: The intercardinal (intermediate, or, historically, ordinal ) directions are the four intermediate compass directions located halfway between each pair of cardinal directions. These eight directional names have been further compounded known as tertiary intercardinal directions, resulting in a total of 32 named points evenly spaced around the compass: north (N), north by east (NbE), north-northeast (NNE), northeast by north (NEbN), northeast (NE), northeast by east (NEbE), east-northeast (ENE), east by north (EbN), east (E), etc. Cardinal directions or cardinal points may sometimes be extended to include vertical position ( elevation , altitude , depth ): north and south , east and west , up and down; or mathematically

2460-404: The head, with the bodies falling into the river. To save bullets, their favorite method was to tie the waists of three people together with wire and shoot only the middle person, who would fall forward into the river drowning the other two as the weight of the copse dragged them to the bottom of the Danube. It has been estimated that during the autumn of 1944 there were no more than 4,000 members of

The Fifth Seal - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-655: The heroic efforts of a handful of Jewish leaders and foreign diplomats, most famously Sweden's special envoy Raoul Wallenberg , the Papal Nuncio Monsignor Angelo Rotta , Swiss Consul Carl Lutz , Spanish Consul Ángel Sanz Briz and the Italian cattle trader Giorgio Perlasca . The Arrow Cross government effectively fell at the end of January 1945, when the Soviet Army took Pest and the Axis forces retreated across

2580-454: The intercardinal directions have names that are not compounds of the names of the cardinal directions (as, for instance, northeast is compounded from north and east ). In Estonian, those are kirre (northeast), kagu (southeast), edel (southwest), and loe (northwest), in Finnish koillinen (northeast), kaakko (southeast), lounas (southwest), and luode (northwest). In Japanese, there

2640-422: The name of the corresponding direction. East: Green ( 青 "qīng" corresponds to both green and blue); Spring; Wood South: Red ; Summer; Fire West: White ; Autumn; Metal North: Black ; Winter; Water Center: Yellow ; Earth Countries where Arabic is used refer to the cardinal directions as Ash Shamal (N), Al Gharb (W), Ash Sharq (E) and Al Janoob (S). Additionally, Al Wusta

2700-606: The one that is "east" will actually be further to the left. During the Migration Period , the Germanic names for the cardinal directions entered the Romance languages , where they replaced the Latin names borealis (or septentrionalis ) with north, australis (or meridionalis ) with south, occidentalis with west and orientalis with east. It is possible that some northern people used

2760-484: The position of an object close to their body. (For more information, see: Cultures without relative directions .) The precise direction of the cardinal points appears to be important in Aboriginal stone arrangements . Many aboriginal languages contain words for the usual four cardinal directions, but some contain words for 5 or even 6 cardinal directions. In some languages , such as Estonian , Finnish and Breton ,

2820-482: The power of the strongest – what Szálasi called a "brutally realistic étatism ". But its espousal of territorial claims under the banner of a " Greater Hungary " and Hungarian values ("Hungarizmus" or "Hungarianism") clashed with Nazi ambitions, delaying Hitler's endorsement of that party by several years. The German Foreign Office instead endorsed the pro-German Hungarian National Socialist Party , which had some supporters among ethnic Germans . Before World War II ,

2880-476: The question Gyuricza posed, and experiences hallucinations in his drunken stupor. Upset that the four bar attendees didn't believe him about Gyugyu, the photographer reports the four of them to the Arrow Cross Party for calling the Arrow Cross officers 'murderers'. The next evening, the four friends are at the bar again when Arrow Cross officers arrest them. They are taken to an office of the party where an Arrow Cross official ( Zoltán Latinovits ) forces them to slap

2940-519: The right are: Points between the cardinal directions form the points of the compass . Arbitrary horizontal directions may be indicated by their azimuth angle value. The directional names are routinely associated with azimuths , the angle of rotation (in degrees ) in the unit circle over the horizontal plane . It is a necessary step for navigational calculations (derived from trigonometry ) and for use with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers . The four cardinal directions correspond to

3000-586: The river. In 2006, a former high-ranking member, Lajos Polgár , was found in Melbourne , Australia . He died of natural causes in July of that year after the war crimes case against him was dropped. To some extent, the ideology of the Arrow Cross has resurfaced in recent years, with the neofascist Hungarian Welfare Association being prominent in reviving Szálasi's "Hungarizmus" through its monthly magazine, Magyartudat (" Hungarian Awareness ") but "Hungarism" remains

3060-404: The six directions of the x-, y-, and z-axes in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates . Topographic maps include elevation, typically via contour lines . Alternatively, elevation angle may be combined with cardinal direction (or, more generally, arbitrary azimuth angle) to form a local spherical coordinate system . In astronomy , the cardinal points of an astronomical body as seen in

SECTION 50

#1732859145770

3120-449: The sky are four points defined by the directions toward which the celestial poles lie relative to the center of the disk of the object in the sky. A line (a great circle on the celestial sphere ) from the center of the disk to the North celestial pole will intersect the edge of the body (the " limb ") at the North point. The North point will then be the point on the limb that is closest to

3180-494: The streets." This view was shared by parliamentarian Károlyl Maróthy who said "We must not allow individual cases to create comparison for them... something must be done to stop the death rattle going on in the ditches day and night... the population must not be able to see them dying" In October 1944, Horthy negotiated a cease-fire with the Soviets and ordered Hungarian troops to lay down their arms. In response, Nazi Germany launched

3240-453: The war , Szálasi and other Arrow Cross leaders were tried as war criminals by Hungarian courts. Final solution Parties The party was founded by Ferenc Szálasi in 1935 as the Party of National Will . It had its origins in the political philosophy of pro-German extremists such as Gyula Gömbös , who coined the term "national socialism" in the 1920s. The party was outlawed in 1937 but

3300-427: The whole " semitic race ". The party and its leader originally opposed German geopolitical ambitions, so Hitler was slow to accept Szálasi's connationalism , the support of nationalist movements within their historical territories and spheres of influence on the grounds of historical evidence of cultural dominance. This concept was poorly understood by the Germans because it combined nationalism and internationalism ,

3360-578: Was a far-right Hungarian ultranationalist party led by Ferenc Szálasi , which formed a government in Hungary they named the Government of National Unity . They were in power from 15 October 1944 to 28 March 1945. During its short rule, ten to fifteen thousand civilians were murdered outright, including many Jews and Romani , and 80,000 people were deported from Hungary to concentration camps in Austria. After

3420-549: Was also more economically radical than other fascist movements were, and advocated some workers' rights and land reforms . The roots of Arrow Cross influence can be traced to the antisemitism that followed the Communist putsch , the creation of the Hungarian Soviet Republic , and Red Terror during the spring and summer of 1919. Most Communist leaders were from Jewish families such as Tibor Szamuely . Béla Kun ,

3480-561: Was only one of several similar fascist factions in Hungary but was by far the most prominent, through effective recruiting. In the only election it participated in, in May 1939, the party won 15% of the vote and 29 seats in the Hungarian Parliament but this was only superficially impressive as most Hungarians were not permitted to vote. It did become one of the most powerful parties in Hungary but

3540-551: Was reconstituted in 1939 as the Arrow Cross Party, and was modelled fairly explicitly on the Nazi Party of Germany , although Szálasi often harshly criticized the Nazi regime of Germany. The party's iconography was clearly inspired by that of the Nazis. The Nyilaskereszt ("arrow cross") emblem was considered to be a symbol of the Magyar tribes who, from the late 9th century, conquered and settled in what became Hungary. In emulating

3600-421: Was short and brutal. In under three months, their death squads killed as many as 38,000 Hungarian Jews. Arrow Cross officers helped Adolf Eichmann re-start deportations from which the Jews of Budapest had thus far been spared, sending some 80,000 Jews out of the city on slave labour details and many more straight to death camps. Virtually all Jewish males of conscription age were already serving as slave labour for

#769230