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30-397: Fell terrier refers to a regional type of long-legged working terrier , not a specific breed of dog . Fell terriers are types of small working terriers developed in the fell country of Northern England and used as hunting dogs . They may be crossbred or purebred. Fell terrier types are typically small, usually 10- 15 lbs/6.5 kg, and with a narrow chest, so as to fit into

60-402: A "type" fixes a name to a taxon . Dog fanciers use the term "breed type" in the sense of "qualities (as of bodily contour and carriage) that are felt to indicate excellence in members of a group". "Breed type" is specific to each dog breed's written standard . A dog that closely resembles the appearance laid out in the standard is said to be "typey". "Type" also is used to refer to "dogs of

90-418: A scent trail —is deep and booming and can be distinct from their barking voice, which itself can have variations in tone, from excited to nervous or fearful. As they are bred to "give voice" when excited, scent hounds may bark much more frequently than other dog breeds. Although this can be a nuisance in settled areas, it is a valuable trait that allows the dog's handler to follow the dog or pack of dogs during

120-530: A Fell Terrier standard. In Germany, the Jagdterrier was developed out of Fell terrier stock in the 1920s. Fell terriers may be descended from a very old type of long-legged terrier referred to as the rough-coated Black and Tan, similar to today's Welsh Terrier . Dog type Dog types are broad categories of domestic dogs based on form, function, or style of work, lineage, or appearance. Some may be locally adapted dog types (or landraces ) that may have

150-590: A distinctive conformation." Human manipulation was very indirect. In a very few cases emperors, monasteries, or wealthy hunters might maintain lines of special dogs, from which we have today's Pekingese , St. Bernards , and foxhounds . At the beginning of the 19th century, there were only a few dogs identified as breeds, but when dog fighting was outlawed in England in 1835, a new sport of dog showing began. Along with this sport came rules, written records, and closed stud books . Dog fanciers began refining breeds from

180-441: A given group. Scent hounds specialize in following a smell or scent. Most of these breeds have long, drooping ears. One theory says that this trait helps to collect scent from the air and keep it near the dog's face and nose. They also have large nasal cavities, which helps them scent better. Their typically loose, moist lips are said to assist in trapping scent particles. Because scent hounds tend to walk or run with their noses to

210-550: A hunt even when they are out of sight, such as when following a fox or raccoon through woodland. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) places scent hounds into their classification "Group 6". This includes a subdivision, "Section 2, Leash Hounds", some examples of which are the Bavarian Mountain Hound (Bayrischer Gebirgsschweisshund, no. 217), the Hanover Hound (Hannover'scher Schweisshund, no. 213), and

240-496: A scent and follow it for long distances over rough terrain. The best scent hounds can follow a scent trail even across running water and even when it is several days old. Most scent hounds are used for hunting in packs of multiple dogs. Longer-legged hounds run more quickly and usually require that the hunters follow on horseback; shorter-legged hounds allow hunters to follow on foot. Hunting with some breeds, such as German Bracke , American Foxhounds , or coonhounds , involves allowing

270-483: A specific working ability rather than appearance may not closely resemble other dogs doing the same work, or any of the dogs of the analogous breed group of purebred dogs. The earliest books in the English language to mention numbers of dog types are from the "Cynegetica" (hunting literature), namely, The Art of Venery (1327) by Twiti (Twici), a treatise that describes hunting with the limer (a leashed bloodhound type);

300-416: A well established line", an identifiable style of dog within the "breed type", usually from a specific kennel. In 2011, a study found that herding dogs were more trainable than hounds , toy dogs, and non-sporting dogs. Sporting dogs were more trainable than non-sporting dogs. Terriers were bolder than hounds and herding dogs. Breeds with ancient Asian or African origin were less trainable than breeds in

330-409: Is a greyhound, a bastard, a mongrel , a mastiff, a limer, a spaniel, " raches " (small-to-medium-sized scenthounds), "kennets" (small hunting dogs), terriers , "butcher's hounds", dung-heap dogs, "trundel tails" ( lapdogs ?) and prick-eared curs , and small ladies puppies that bear away the fleas and diverse small sorts." Almost 100 years later, another book in English, De Canibus Britannicus , by

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360-418: Is compared against the ideal of the written standard, and awards are based on how closely the dog resembles the standard. Their origin comes from the earliest European cynegetica: on a "sound hunting dog" see Xenophon , and the "correct type" of good sighthound, the vertragus , see Arrian . Note 2 : Many modern breeds of dogs still use the names of early types, although they may or may not resemble

390-643: The Alpine Dachsbracke (Alpenländische Dachsbracke, no. 254). In addition, the Dalmatian and the Rhodesian Ridgeback are placed in Group 6 as "Related breeds". Genetic studies indicate that the scent hounds are more closely related to each other than they are with other branches on the dog family tree. The scent hound type includes the following breeds: The Scenthound Group is the group category used by

420-517: The Canis melitaeus of lapdogs descended from ancient Roman pet dogs to the even more ancient Canis molossus , the Molossan types, to the Canis saultor , the dancing mongrel of beggars. These types were uniform enough to appear to have been selectively bred, but as Raymond Coppinger wrote, "Natural processes can produce, could produce, and do produce populations of unusual and uniform dogs, that is, dogs with

450-594: The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) alone. Dog types today are recognized in the names of Group or Section categories of dog breed registries . Named types of dogs that are not dog breeds are still being used where function or use is more important than appearance, especially for herding or hunting, as with the herding dog types of New Zealand that are described by their exact function (Heading Dog, Huntaway , Stopping Dog, etc.—functional terms, not necessarily breed names). For biologists,

480-605: The United Kennel Club (US), which it divides into two categories. The first includes the American hunting dogs known as coonhounds and the European hounds from which they were developed. These are referred to as Tree Hounds. The category also includes curs , American dogs bred for hunting a variety of game, such as squirrels , raccoons , opossums , bobcats , cougars , American black bears , and feral pigs . The second category

510-685: The United States for several generations hunting small game and have been known under the name Patterdale terrier. For the most part remain unchanged by the hunter who keeps the standard. Several named breeds have been developed from the fell terrier type, such as the Border Terrier , Lakeland Terrier , Patterdale Terrier , scorrier terrier , Welsh Terrier , and other locally developed breeds. All are sometimes called "fell terrier" interchangeably with their breed name. The "National Terriers Club LLC", The "American Fell Terrier International" has published

540-491: The author/physician John Caius , translated (Fleming) from Latin in 1576, attempted the first systematic approach to defining different types of dogs in various categories, demonstrating an apparent increase in types and population. "English dogs": the gentle (i.e., well-bred) kind, serving game— harriers , terriers, bloodhounds , gazehounds , greyhounds, limers, tumblers, and stealers; "the homely kind"; "the currish kind", toys ; "Fowling dogs"— setters and spaniels; as well as

570-733: The fox in a stony underground den. In the hunt, a terrier follows the red fox underground into its den, where it either kills the fox, bolts it or holds it until the hunter (terrierman) digs the dog and fox up. The original fell terrier bloodlines extend down from Harry Hardisty Turk and Sid Wilkinson's Rock, Wilkinson's Rock the most important stud dog of his Era bred down from Fred Barker and Anthony Barker's chowt-face rock terriers. Others who have contributed are Garry Middleton, Brian Nuttall, John Park, Ken Gould, Frank Buck, Cyril Breay, Joe Armstrong, Anthony Barker, Fred Barker, Maurice Bell, Anthony Chapman, John Cowen, Tommy Dobson, Eddie Pool, Graham Ward, and Sid Wilkinson. Fell terriers have been used in

600-458: The ground, many scent hound breeds have been developed such that the dog will hold their tail upright when on a scent. In addition, some breeds (e.g., beagle) have been bred to have white hair on the tips of their tails. These traits allow the dog's master to identify it at a distance or in longer grass. Scent hounds do not need to be as fast as sighthounds, because they do not need to keep prey in sight, but they need endurance so they can stick with

630-402: The herding/sighthound cluster and the hunting breeds. Breeds in the mastiff/terrier cluster were bolder than the ancient breeds, the breeds in the herding/sighthound cluster, and the hunting breeds. Note 1 : Every modern dog breed has a written "standard" that describes in detail aspects of its appearance. Modern breed standards are the basis of the sport of dog showing, as each dog

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660-511: The original types. Scent hound Hounds are hunting dogs that hunt either by following the scent of a game animal ( scent hounds ) or by following the animal by sight ( sighthounds ). There are many breeds in the scent hound type , and scent hounds may do other work as well, so exactly which breeds should be called scent hound can be controversial. Kennel clubs assign breeds of dogs to groups , which are loosely based on breed types . Each kennel club determines which breeds it will place in

690-403: The pack of running hounds , which included barcelets and brachetz (both scent hounds ); and the sighthound and greyhound . More significant in recording the use and description of various dog types is The Master of Game (circa 1406) by Edward of York , a treatise that describes dogs and their work, such as the alaunt , greyhound, pack scent hounds, spaniel , and mastiff , used by

720-448: The pack of dogs to run freely while the hunters wait in a fixed spot until the dogs' baying announces that the game has been " treed ". The hunters then go to the spot on foot, following the sound of the dogs' baying. Most scent hounds have a range of vocalizations, which can vary depending upon the situation the dog finds itself in. Their baying voice—most often used when excited and useful in informing their master that they are following

750-450: The pastoral or shepherd types, mastiffs or bandogs , and various village dogs. Subtypes describing the function of dogs in each group were also included. "It is important", reminded Anne Rogers Clark and Andrew Brace, "not to claim great age for breeds, though it is quite legitimate to claim considerable antiquity for types of dogs". Attempts to classify dogs into different 'species' show that dog types could be quite distinctive, from

780-469: The privileged and wealthy for hunting purposes. The Master of Game is a combination of the earlier Art of Venery and the French hunting treatise Livre de Chasse by Gaston Phoebus (circa 1387). The Book of Saint Albans , published in 1486, a "school" book about hawking , hunting, fishing, and heraldry , attributed to Juliana Berners (Barnes), lists dogs of the time mainly by function: "First there

810-472: The tunnels of the animals they hunt. Fell terriers are long-legged, with a rough textured coat, often red or black in colour. The tail traditionally is docked ; in the United States the tail is not required to be docked. Crossbreeding with other hunting terriers in the beginning caused the appearance to vary. Fell terriers are bred for hunting ability and gameness rather than to a standard of appearance (breed type). They hunt in packs or alone. The fell terrier

840-418: The various types of dogs in use. Some of the old types no longer needed for work (such as the wolfhound ) were remade and kept from extinction as show dogs, and other old types were refined into many new breeds. Sometimes, multiple new breeds might be born in the same litter of puppies. In 1873, only forty breeds and varieties were known; today, there are many hundreds of breeds, some 400 of them recognized by

870-473: The visual characteristics of a modern purebred dog. In contrast, modern dog breeds strictly adhere to long-established breed standards , that began with documented foundation breeding stock sharing a common set of inheritable characteristics, developed by long-established, reputable kennel clubs that recognize the dog as a purebred. A "dog type" can be referred to broadly, as in gun dog , or more specifically, as in spaniel . Dogs raised and trained for

900-414: Was originally developed by Ullswater Hunt Master Joe Bowman, an early Border Terrier breeder, where he used the best red fell terriers available to him, so that he could continue his efforts to refine the fell terrier even further to hunt the large fell fox that was believed to cause serious losses for sheep stockmen. The dog needed long legs to follow hunters through heavy snow, and a narrow chest to follow

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