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77-507: In its early history, Faubourg Saint-Germain was an agricultural suburb of Paris, lying west of the historical Saint-Germain-des-Prés urban district. In 1670, Louis XIV began to build a grandiose hospital and retirement home for aged and unwell soldiers: the Invalides . The king chose a site at the western end of the Faubourg and commissioned architect Libéral Bruant . The enlarged project

154-563: A château may be any stately residence built in a French style; the term is additionally often used for a winegrower's estate, especially in the Bordeaux region of France . The word château is a French word that has entered the English language, where its meaning is more specific than it is in French. The French word château denotes buildings as diverse as a medieval fortress, a Renaissance palace and

231-541: A demesne that rendered the society of the château largely self-sufficient, in the manner of the historic Roman and early medieval villa system (cf. manorialism , hacienda ). The open villas of Rome in the times of Pliny the Elder , Maecenas , and Emperor Tiberius began to be walled-in, and then fortified in the 3rd century AD, thus evolving to castellar "châteaux". In modern usage, a château retains some enclosures that are distant descendants of these fortifying outworks :

308-579: A "power house", as Sir John Summerson dubbed the British and Irish " stately homes " that are the British Isles' architectural counterparts to French châteaux. It is the personal (and usually hereditary) badge of a family that, with some official rank, locally represents the royal authority; thus, the word château often refers to the dwelling of a member of either the French nobility or royalty. However, some fine châteaux, such as Vaux-le-Vicomte , were built by

385-448: A beverage to be enjoyed, and it had a limited clientele. He left for London, and another Armenian named Maliban opened a new café on the rue de Buci , where he also sold tobacco and pipes. His café also had little commercial success, and he left for Holland. A waiter from his café, an Armenian named Grigoire, born in Persia, took over the business and opened it on rue Mazarine , near

462-621: A depot to collect and preserve the furniture, decorations, and art treasures of the nationalised churches and monasteries. The old monastery officially became the Museum of French Monuments. The paintings collected were transferred to the Louvre, where they became the property of the Central Museum of the Arts, the ancestor of the modern Louvre, which opened there at the end of 1793. The École des Beaux Arts ,

539-401: A fenced, gated, closeable forecourt, perhaps a gatehouse or a keeper's lodge, and supporting outbuildings (stables, kitchens, breweries, bakeries, manservant quarters in the garçonnière ). Besides the cour d'honneur (court of honour) entrance, the château might have an inner cour ("court"), and inside, in the private residence, the château faces a simply and discreetly enclosed park. In

616-476: A few days away. Now these political prisoners began to be viewed as a genuine threat, should any of them be conspiring with France's enemies. In what was a planned but inhumane tactic, politicians at Paris sent bands of criminals, armed mainly with pikes and axes, into each prison. Although at least one deputy from the Convention accompanied each band, the results were horrifying. Hundreds of prisoners were cut down in

693-525: A fine 19th-century country house. Care should therefore be taken when translating the French word château into English, noting the nature of the building in question. Most French châteaux are " palaces " or fine " country houses " rather than "castles", and for these, the word "château" is appropriate in English. Sometimes the word "palace" is more appropriate. To give an outstanding example, the Château de Versailles , also called in French le palais de Versailles ,

770-556: A palace with extensive gardens and established herself as a patroness of literature and the arts, until her death in 1615. In 1673 the theatrical troupe in the city, the Comédie-Française , was expelled from its building on Rue Saint-Honoré rue Saint‑Honoré and moved to the left bank, to the passage de Pont-Neuf (the present-day rue Jacques‑Callot ), just outside the Saint‑Germain quarter. Its presence displeased

847-488: A success; the café is still in business. By 1723 there were more than three hundred eighty cafés in the city. The Café Procope particularly attracted the literary community of Paris, because many book publishers, editors and printers lived in the quarter. The writers Diderot and d'Alembert are said to have planned their massive philosophical work, the Encyclopédie , at Procope, and at another popular literary meeting place,

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924-608: A wide south to north axis from the Montparnasse railroad station to the Seine. which became the rue de Rennes . The rue de Rennes was only completed as far as the parvis in the front of the Church of Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés by the end of the Second Empire in 1871, and stopped there, sparing the maze of narrow streets between boulevard Saint‑Germain and the river. The quarter

1001-514: Is a royal château in Versailles , in the Île-de-France region of France. When the château was built, Versailles was a country village; today, however, it is a wealthy suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of the French capital. The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to

1078-490: Is first mentioned in writing in the 11th century. The current château was built in 1514–1522 on the foundations of an old mill and was later extended to span the river. The bridge over the river was built from 1556 to 1559 to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l'Orme , and the gallery on the bridge, built from 1570 to 1576 to designs by Jean Bullant . Built by Jules Hardouin-Mansart , 1675–1683 for

1155-590: Is one of the four administrative quarters of the 6th arrondissement of Paris , France , located around the church of the former Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés . Its official borders are the River Seine on the north, the rue des Saints-Pères on the west, between the rue de Seine and rue Mazarine on the east, and the rue du Four on the south. Residents of the quarter are known as Germanopratins . The Latin quarter's cafés include Les Deux Magots , Café de Flore , le Procope , and

1232-420: Is so sale , so utterly depressing, so hopeless. Pray do what you can." He corrected proofs of his earlier work, but refused to write anything new. "I can write, but have lost the joy of writing", he told his editor. He kept enough sense of humor to remark: "My wallpaper and I are fighting a duel to the death. One of us has got to go." He died on 30 November 1900, and was first buried in a small cemetery outside

1309-454: Is so-called because it was located in the countryside when it was built, but it does not bear any resemblance to a castle, so it is usually known in English as the Palace of Versailles. When clarification is needed in French, the term château fort is used to describe a fortified castle, such as the Château fort de Roquetaillade . The urban counterpart of a château is a palais in French, which

1386-987: Is used with its original definition. In Canada, especially in English, château usually denotes a hotel, not a house, and applies only to the country's most elaborate railway hotels , built during the Canadian railroad golden age, such as the Château Lake Louise in Lake Louise, Alberta , the Château Laurier in Ottawa, the Château Montebello in Montebello, Quebec , and most famously, the Château Frontenac in Quebec City . There are many estates with true châteaux on them in

1463-399: Is usually applied only to very grand residences in a city. This usage is again different from that of the term "palace" in English, where there is no requirement that a palace must be in a city, but the word palais is rarely used for buildings other than the grandest royal residences. The term hôtel particulier is used in French for an urban "private house" of a grand sort. A château is

1540-504: The Brasserie Lipp and Les Deux Magots , where the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and writer Simone de Beauvoir held court. Sartre (1905–1980) was the most prominent figure of the period; he was a philosopher, the founder of the school of existentialism , but also a novelist, playwright, and theater director. He also was very involved in the Paris politics of the left; after the war he

1617-673: The 6th arrondissement 's border. The neighborhood is more precisely bounded by the Seine River on the north, the Esplanade des Invalides /Boulevard des Invalides on the west, Rue de Babylone on the south, and the Boulevard Raspail and Boulevard Saint-Germain on the east. 48°51′29″N 2°19′12″E  /  48.8580°N 2.3200°E  / 48.8580; 2.3200 Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s Saint-Germain-des-Prés ( French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ de pʁe] )

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1694-572: The Bordeaux wine regions , but it is customary for any wine-producing estate since the 19th century, no matter how humble, to prefix its name with "Château". This term became the default way of designating an estate in Bordeaux , in the same way that Domaine did in Burgundy . Both Château and Domaine are aristocratic in implication, but Bordeaux had a better claim to the association: nobles had owned Bordeaux's best vineyards for centuries. Most of Burgundy's best vineyards, in contrast, had been owned by

1771-683: The Brasserie Lipp , as well as many bookstores and publishing houses. In the 1940s and 1950s, it was the centre of the existentialist movement (associated with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir ). It is also home to the École des Beaux-Arts , Sciences Po , the Saints-Pères biomedical university center of the University of Paris , the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences , and

1848-651: The Cordeliers Section of what is now the 6th arrondissement , became centers of revolutionary activity after 1789; they produced thousands of pamphlets, newspapers, and proclamations which influenced the Parisian population and that of France as a whole. The prison of the Abbey of Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés, a two-storey building near the church, was filled with persons who had been arrested for suspicion of counter-revolutionary motives: former aristocrats, priests who refused to accept

1925-428: The Faubourg and a passive but brilliant social life. Thereafter, the Faubourg remained the center of French upper class social life. Nowadays, the Faubourg – as with the rest of the 7th arrondissement – is still one of the most exclusive districts of Paris. The Faubourg Saint-Germain is the eastern part of the current 7th arrondissement , roughly the area between the Invalides , the 15th arrondissement and

2002-448: The Musée national Eugène Delacroix , in the former apartment and studio of painter Eugène Delacroix . Until the 17th century the land where the quarter is located was prone to flooding from the Seine, and little building took place there; it was largely open fields, or prés , which gave the quarter its name. The Saint-Germain-des-Prés Abbey in the center of the quarter was founded in

2079-713: The Ultra-royalist Party, it was the political center of the country. The Ultra pushed towards counter-revolutionary laws, reinforcing the Catholic Church's power ( Anti-Sacrilege Act ) and enacting the Loi du milliard aux émigrés  [ fr ] (literally, the "Law of the Billion to the Emigrants" [meaning "Exiles"]), which allowed the French nobility to return from exile and compensated them for their loss of fortune and land in

2156-447: The duc de Chevreuse , Colbert 's son-in-law, the Château de Dampierre is a French Baroque château of manageable size. Protected behind fine wrought iron double gates, the main block and its outbuildings ( corps de logis ), linked by balustrades, are ranged symmetrically around a dry paved and gravelled cour d'honneur . Behind, the central axis is extended between the former parterres , now mown hay. The park with formally shaped water

2233-565: The 10th and 20th centuries, firstly by the French kings followed soon thereafter by the nobility; hence, the Valley is termed " The Valley of the Kings ". Alternatively, due to its moderate climate, wine-growing soils and rich agricultural land, the Loire Valley is referred to as " The Garden of France ". The châteaux range from the very large (often now in public hands) to more 'human-scale' châteaux such as

2310-461: The 6th century by the son of Clovis I , Childebert I (ruled 511–558). In 542, while making war in Spain , Childebert raised his siege of Zaragoza when he heard that the inhabitants had placed themselves under the protection of the martyr Saint Vincent . In gratitude the bishop of Zaragoza presented him with the saint's stole . When Childebert returned to Paris, he caused a church to be erected to house

2387-408: The Abbey developed into a major center of scholarship and learning. A village grew up around the Abbey, which had about six hundred inhabitants by the 12th century. The modern rue du Four is the site of the old ovens of the monastery, and the dining hall was located along the modern rue de l'Abbaye . A parish church, the church of Saint-Pierre, also was built on the left bank, at the site of

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2464-544: The American Thomas Eakins . Architects graduated from the school included Gabriel Davioud , Charles Garnier , and the Americans Julia Morgan , Richard Morris Hunt and Bernard Maybeck . The painter Eugène Delacroix established his residence and studio at 6 rue de Furstenberg and lived there from 1857 until his death in 1863. The vast public works projects of Napoleon III and his Prefect of

2541-595: The Café Carrefour, an all-night restaurant. Because of its low rents and proximity to the University, the quarter was also popular with students from the French colonies in Africa. There were between three and five thousand African students in the city; their association had its headquarters at 184 boulevard Saint‑Germain and 28 rue Serpente . Because of the number of workers, it also hosted an important bureau of

2618-779: The Café Landelle on the rue de Buci . A significant event in American history took place on 3 September 1783 at the Hotel York at 56 rue Jacob ; the signing of the Treaty of Paris between Britain and the United States, which ended the American Revolution and granted the U.S. its independence. The signing followed the American victory at the Siege of Yorktown , won with assistance of

2695-508: The Church. The term Château became a permanent verbal fixture in Bordeaux, and it was emulated in other French regions and outside France. The winery denomination Château is now protected by French law, and confirmed in 1981 by European Union law, as "traditional appellation". The term Château may be used only if two conditions are fulfilled: The Loire Valley (Vallée de la Loire) is home to more than 300 châteaux . They were built between

2772-612: The Château de Beaulieu in Saumur or the medieval Château du Rivau close to Chinon which were built of the local tuffeau stone. The Château de Chenonceau is a French château spanning the river Cher, near the small village of Chenonceaux in the Indre-et-Loire department of the Loire Valley in France. It is one of the best-known châteaux of the Loire Valley. The estate of Chenonceau

2849-683: The Cordeliers Section. The Monastery of Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés was closed and its religious ornaments were taken away. The buildings of the monastery were declared national property and sold or rented to private owners. One large building was turned into a gunpowder storeroom; it exploded, wrecking a large part of the monastery. Another large monastery in the quarter, that of the Petits-Augustins, had been closed and stripped of its religious ornamentation. The empty buildings were taken over by an archaeologist, Alexandre Lenoir , who turned it into

2926-697: The French aristocracy that the phrase le Faubourg has been used to describe French nobility ever since. The oldest and most prestigious families of the French nobility built residences in the area, such as the Hôtel Matignon , the Hôtel de Salm or the Hôtel Biron . Riots that occurred on September 14, 1788, instigated by the retirement of the publicly-hated, royalist minister Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes , resulted in troops being called into Faubourg Saint-Germain, and, according to Peter Kropotkin , "in

3003-693: The French Communist Party. Immediately after the War, Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés and the nearby Saint-Michel neighbourhood became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly located in cellars, due to the shortage of any suitable space, and because the music at late hours was less likely to disturb the neighbors. The first to open in 1945 was the Caveau des Lorientais, near boulevard Saint‑Michel , which introduced Parisians to New Orleans Jazz, played by clarinetist Claude Luter and his band. It closed shortly afterwards, but

3080-502: The French fleet and French army. The American delegation included Benjamin Franklin , John Adams and John Jay . After the signing, they remained for a commemorative painting by the American artist Benjamin West , but the British delegates refused to pose for the painting, so the painting was never finished. Because of its numerous printers and publishers, Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés, and especially

3157-650: The Paris intellectual community, and celebrities from the Paris cultural world. They soon had doormen who controlled who was important or famous enough to be allowed inside into the cramped, smoke-filled cellars. A few of the musicians went on to celebrated careers; Sidney Bechet was the star of the first jazz festival held at the Salle Pleyel in 1949, and headlined at the Olympia music hall in 1955. The musicians were soon divided between those who played traditional New Orleans jazz, and those who wanted more modern varieties. Most of

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3234-456: The Revolution in 1789, when it was closed down permanently. At the end of the 16th century, Margaret of Valois (1553–1615) the estranged wife of King Henry IV of France but still officially Queen of France, decided to build a residence in the quarter, in lands belonging to the Abbey near the Seine just west of the modern rue de Seine , near the present Institut de France . She built

3311-518: The Revolution. However, after the fall of Charles X in 1830 during the July Revolution , the district lost most of its political influence. During the July Monarchy , from 1830 to 1848, when the junior Orleanist branch held the throne, the Faubourg was politically marginalized , many noble families withdrawing from active participation in political life to their châteaux , urban mansions in

3388-633: The Rue Mélée and the Rue de Grenelle there was a horrible slaughter of poor folk who could not defend themselves." During the French Revolution , many of these mansions , offering large reception rooms and exquisite decoration, were confiscated and turned into national institutions. The French expression "les ors de la Republique" (literally, "the golds of the Republic"), referring to the luxurious environment of

3465-485: The Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann in the 1860s dramatically changed the map of the quarter. To reduce the congestion of the narrow maze of streets on the Left Bank, Haussmann had intended to turn the rue des Ecoles into a major boulevard, but the slope was too steep, and he decided instead to construct boulevard Saint‑Germain through the heart of the neighborhood. It was not completed until 1889. He also began

3542-562: The area. Gentrifying real estate values then intervened. By 2009 many publishers, including Hachette Livre and Flammarion had moved out of the community. Ch%C3%A2teaux A château ( French pronunciation: [ʃɑto] ; plural: châteaux ) is a manor house , or palace , or residence of the lord of the manor , or a fine country house of nobility or gentry , with or without fortifications , originally, and still most frequently, in French-speaking regions. Nowadays,

3619-527: The authorities of the neighboring Collége des Quatres-Nations (the present Institut de France ) and in 1689 they moved again, this time to the rue des Fossés des Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés (the modern rue de l'Ancienne‑Comédie ), where they remained until 1770. The poor condition of the theater roof forced them to move in that year to the right bank, to the Hall of machines of the Tuileries Palace, which

3696-415: The case of Nicolas Grenier . Egyptian writer Albert Cossery spent the later part of his life living in a hotel in this district. James Baldwin frequented the cafés, written about in Notes of a Native Son . Charles Dickens describes the fictional Tellson's Bank as "established in the Saint Germain Quarter of Paris" in his novel A Tale of Two Cities . At one time numerous publishers were located in

3773-533: The cellars on the rue de Rennes . Jean-Paul Sartre , Simone de Beauvoir , Juliette Gréco , Léo Ferré , Jean-Luc Godard , Boris Vian , and François Truffaut were all at home there. But there were also poets such as Jacques Prévert and artists such as Giovanni Giacometti . As a residential address Saint‑Germain is no longer quite as fashionable as the area further south towards the Jardin du Luxembourg , partly due to Saint‑Germain's increased popularity among tourists. On 29 November 1965, Mehdi Ben Barka ,

3850-402: The city of Paris, the Louvre (fortified) and the Luxembourg Palace (the latter originally suburban) were originally referred to as châteaux, but became "palaces" when the city enclosed them. In other French-speaking European regions, such as Wallonia ( Belgium ), the word château is used with the same definition as in France. In Belgium, a strong French architectural influence is evident in

3927-458: The city, before being reburied in 1909 at Pere Lachaise . The small hotel where Wilde died became famous; later guests included Marlon Brando and Jorge Luis Borges . It was completely redecorated by Jacques Garcia , and is now a five-star luxury hotel called L'Hotel . In the first half of the 20th century, Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés and nearly the whole of the 6th arrondissement, was a densely populated working‑class neighborhood, whose population

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4004-416: The clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll. The literary life of Paris after World War II was centered in Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés, both because of the atmosphere of non-conformism and because of the large concentration of book stores and publishing houses. Because most writers lived in tiny rooms or apartments, they gathered in cafés, most famously the Café de Flore ,

4081-448: The essentially high- bourgeois —people but recently ennobled : tax-farmers and ministers of Louis XIII and his royal successors. The quality of the residences could vary considerably, from grand châteaux owned by royalty and the wealthy elite near larger towns to run-down châteaux vacated by poor nobility and officials in the countryside, isolated and vulnerable. A château was historically supported by its terres (lands), composing

4158-456: The first week in September. As Englishman Arthur Young noted, the street outside one prison literally ran red with blood. The former Cordeliers Convent , closed by the revolutionaries, became the headquarters of one of the most radical factions, whose leaders included Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins , though both would be run out by ever more extreme factions. The radical revolutionary firebrand, Swiss physician Jean-Paul Marat , lived in

4235-524: The jazz clubs of the neighborhood, but Sartre wrote that he rarely visited them, finding them too crowded, uncomfortable and loud. Simone de Beauvoir (1902–1986), famous philosopher, the lifelong companion of Sartre, was another important literary figure, both as an early proponent of feminism and as an autobiographer and novelist. After the Second World War, the neighbourhood became the centre of intellectuals and philosophers, actors, singers and musicians. Existentialism co-existed with jazz and chanson in

4312-422: The king soon after the end of the Hundred years war. The French dramatist Alexandre Dumas made the château de Montsoreau world famous with his trilogy on the French Wars of Religion of which the lady of Monsoreau is the second volume. The Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte is a baroque French château located in Maincy , near Melun , 55 km southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne département of France. It

4389-417: The leader of opposition to the government of the King of Morocco, was kidnapped as he emerged from the door of the Brasserie Lipp. His body was never found. The area is served by the stations of the Paris Métro : Many writers have written about this Parisian district in prose such as Boris Vian , Marcel Proust , Gabriel Matzneff (see La Nation française ), Jean-Paul Caracalla or in Japanese poetry in

4466-442: The modern rue Mabillon . There were three hundred forty stalls at the fair of 1483; Special buildings were erected for the fair in 1512, which contained 516 stalls. The fair was also famous for the gambling, debauchery, and the riots that ensued when groups of rowdy students from the nearby university invaded the fair. The buildings burned on the night of 17–18 March 1762, but were quickly rebuilt. The fair continued annually until

4543-457: The national palaces (official residences and institutions), comes from that time. One of the few hôtels particuliers that was not confiscated was the Hôtel de Besenval , as it belonged to Pierre Victor, Baron de Besenval de Brunstatt , a Swiss military officer in French service. During the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty , the Faubourg recovered its past glory as the most exclusive high nobility district of Paris. Moreover, as home to

4620-470: The national school of architecture, painting and sculpture, was established after the Revolution at 14 rue Bonaparte , on the site of the former monastery of the Petits-Augustins. Its faculty and students included many of the most important artists and architects of the 19th century; the faculty included Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Gustave Moreau . The students included painters Pierre Bonnard , Georges Seurat , Mary Cassatt , Edgar Degas , and

4697-400: The new home of Comédie-Française . When the theater moved in 1689, he moved the café to the same location, on the rue des Fossés‑Saint‑Germain . The café was then taken over by a Sicilian, Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli, who had worked as a waiter for Pascal in 1672. He renamed the café Procope, and expanded its menu to include tea, chocolate, liqueurs, ice cream and configures. It became

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4774-429: The new monument and the old city limit. During the 18th century, French high nobility started to move from the central Marais , the then-aristocratic district of Paris where nobles used to build their urban mansions (see Hotel de Soubise ) to the clearer, less populated and less polluted Faubourg Saint-Germain that soon became the new residence of French highest nobility. The district became so fashionable within

4851-525: The present Ukrainian catholic church; its parish covered most of the modern 6th and 7th arrondissements . The fortifications of King Philip Augustus (1180–1223), the first recorded walls to be built around the entire city, left Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés just outside the walls. Beginning in the Middle Ages, Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés was not only a religious and cultural center, but also an important marketplace, thanks to its annual fair, which attracted merchants and vendors from all over Europe. The Foire Saint-Germain

4928-404: The quarter; 18.1 percent in 1962. In the years after World War II, Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés was known primarily for its cafés and its bars, its diversity and its non-conformism. The bars were a popular destination for American soldiers and sailors after the war. It was also known as a meeting place for the largely-clandestine gay community of Paris, which at the time frequented the Café de Flore and

5005-474: The relic, dedicated to the Holy Cross and Saint Vincent, placed where he could see it across the fields from the royal palace on the Île de la Cité . In 558, St. Vincent's church was completed and dedicated by Germain, Bishop of Paris on 23 December; on the same day, Childebert died. Close by the church a monastery was erected. The Abbey church became the burial place of the dynasty of Merovingian Kings. Its abbots had both spiritual and temporal jurisdiction over

5082-429: The residents of Saint-Germain (which they kept until the 17th century). Since the monastery had a rich treasury and was outside the city walls , it was plundered and set on fire by the Normans in the ninth century. It was rebuilt in 1014 and rededicated in 1163 by Pope Alexander III to Bishop Germain, who had been canonized. The church and buildings of the Abbey were rebuilt in stone c.  1000   AD , and

5159-481: The revolutionary Constitution, foreigners, and so forth. By September 1792, Paris prisons were quite full. The former king and queen were political prisoners and were moved from the Tuileries Palace to the old Knights Templar towers on the right bank, where there was less risk of rescue or escape. France was at war; the Duke of Brunswick had just issued his menacing manifesto, stating that if the former monarchy were not restored, he would raze Paris, and his troops were only

5236-408: The seventeenth-century Château des Comtes de Marchin and the eighteenth-century Château de Seneffe . In the United States, the word château took root selectively – in the Gilded Age resort town of Newport, Rhode Island , large manor homes were called "cottages", but north of Wilmington, Delaware , in the rich, rural "Château Country" centred upon the powerful Du Pont family , the word château

5313-431: Was a follower (though not a member) of the Communist Party, then broke with the communists after the Soviet invasion of Hungary, and became an admirer of Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution, then of Mao-tse Tung. In 1968 he joined the demonstrations against the government, standing on a barrel to address striking workers at the Renault factory in Billancourt. The legends of Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés describe him as frequenting

5390-405: Was already famous in 1176, when it allocated half of its profits to the King. The fair opened fifteen days after Easter, and lasted for three weeks. The dates and the sites varied over the years; beginning in 1482 it opened on 1 October and lasted eight days; in other years it opened 11 November or 2 February. Beginning in 1486, it was held in a portion of the gardens of the Hôtel de Navarre, close to

5467-480: Was also the temporary home of many musicians, artists and writers from abroad, including Richard Wagner who lived for several months on rue Jacob . The writer Oscar Wilde spent his last days in the quarter, at the small, run-down hotel called the Hotel d'Alsace at 13 rue des Beaux‑Arts , near the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He wandered the streets alone, and spent what money he had on alcohol. He wrote to his editor, "This poverty really breaks one's heart: it

5544-473: Was built by Louis Le Vau from 1658 to 1661 for Nicolas Fouquet , Marquis de Belle-Isle ( Belle-Île-en-Mer ), Viscount of Melun and Vaux, the superintendent of finances of Louis XIV . The interior was lavishly decorated by painter Charles Le Brun . Louis Le Vau as well as Charles Le Brun were later called by Louis XIV to work at Versailles. The Palace of Versailles , or in French Château de Versailles ,

5621-534: Was completed in 1676. Stretching 196 metres along the Seine River , the complex had 15 courtyards, the largest being the cour d'honneur ("court of honour") for military parades. Jules Hardouin Mansart assisted the aged Bruant, and the chapel was finished in 1679 to Bruant's designs after the elder architect's death. The construction of the Invalides opened a new district to urbanizing, offering large empty spaces between

5698-413: Was declining. The population of the 6th arrondissement was 101,584 in 1921, and dropped to 83,963. In the postwar years, the housing was in poor condition; only 42 percent of residences had indoor toilets, and only 23 percent had their own showers or baths. By 19-0 the population of the 6th fell to 47,942, a drop of fifty percent in seventy years. In 1954 workers represented 19.2 percent of the population of

5775-448: Was laid out by André Le Notre . The Château de Montsoreau is the only Château of the Loire Valley to have been built directly in the Loire riverbed. It is also one of the first example of a renaissance architecture in France. Montsoreau was built in 1453 by Jean II de Chambes (first counsellor of Charles VII of France and ambassador of France to Venice and to Turkey ) by order of

5852-469: Was much too large for them. In 1797 they moved back to the Left Bank, to the modern Odéon Theatre. The first café in Paris appeared in 1672 at the Saint-Germain Fair, served by an Armenian named Pascal. When the fair ended he opened a more permanent establishment on the quai de l'Ecole, where he served coffee for two sous and six deniers per cup. It was considered more of a form of medication than

5929-535: Was soon followed by cellars in or near Saint‑Germain‑des‑Prés; Le Vieux-Columbier, the Rose Rouge, the Club Saint-Germain; and especially, Le Tabou . The musical styles were both traditional New Orleans jazz and bebop , led by Sydney Bechet and trumpeter Boris Vian ; Mezz Mezzrow , André Rewellotty, guitarist Henri Salvador , and singer Juliette Gréco . The clubs attracted students from the nearby university,

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