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45-465: Farroupilha hosts an annual Festa Nacional do Kiwi (National Kiwifruit Festival) known as Fenakiwi . It is like the Festa da Uva in neighbor city Caxias do Sul, The area of Farroupilha was first settled in 1875 by three families (Stefano Crippa, Tomazo Radaelli, and Luigi Sperafico) that immigrated from Milan , Italy . The municipality of Farroupilha was officially created on 11 December 1934. The city

90-753: A 100-gram (3.5 oz) amount, green kiwifruit provides 255 kilojoules (61 kilocalories) of food energy , is 83% water and 15% carbohydrates , with negligible protein and fat (table). It is particularly rich in vitamin C (103% DV) and vitamin K (34% DV), has a moderate content of vitamin E (10% DV), with no other micronutrients in significant content. Gold kiwifruit has similar nutritional value to green kiwifruit, but contains higher vitamin C content (179% DV) and insignificant vitamin K content (table). Kiwifruit seed oil contains on average 62% alpha-linolenic acid , an omega-3 fatty acid . Kiwifruit pulp contains carotenoids , such as provitamin A beta-carotene , lutein and zeaxanthin . Allergy to kiwifruit

135-467: A few cultivars of A. deliciosa (fuzzy kiwifruit): 'Hayward', 'Blake' and 'Saanichton 12'. They have a fuzzy, dull brown skin and bright green flesh. The familiar cultivar 'Hayward' was developed by Hayward Wright in Avondale , New Zealand, around 1924. It was initially grown in domestic gardens, but commercial planting began in the 1940s. 'Hayward' is the most commonly available cultivar in stores. It

180-520: A few days to a week when stored at room temperature, but should not be kept in direct sunlight. Faster ripening occurs when placed in a paper bag with an apple, pear, or banana. Once a kiwifruit is ripe, however, it is preserved optimally when stored far from other fruits, as it is very sensitive to the ethylene gas they may emit, thereby tending to over-ripen even in the refrigerator. If stored appropriately, ripe kiwifruit normally keep for about one to two weeks. Pseudomonas syringae actinidiae (PSA)

225-568: A garnish. The whole fruit, including the skin, is suitable for human consumption; however, the skin of the fuzzy varieties is often discarded due to its texture. Sliced kiwifruit has long been used as a garnish atop whipped cream on pavlova , a meringue-based dessert. Traditionally in China, kiwifruit was not eaten for pleasure, but was given as medicine to children to help them grow and to women who have given birth to help them recover. Raw kiwifruit contains actinidain (also spelled actinidin ) which

270-443: A single type of flower in any foray and maybe only a few branches of a single plant. The pollen needed from a different plant (such as a male for a female kiwifruit) might never reach it were it not for the cross-pollination that principally occurs in the crowded colony; it is in the colonies that bees laden with different pollen literally cross paths. To deal with these pollination challenges, some producers blow collected pollen over

315-636: A soft texture with a sweet and unique flavour. Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China . The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to the 12th century during the Song dynasty . In the early 20th century, cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred. The fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II , and later became commonly exported, first to Great Britain and then to California in

360-510: A thin, smooth green skin. They are primarily produced by three species: Actinidia arguta (hardy kiwi), A. kolomikta (Arctic kiwifruit) and A. polygama (silver vine). They are fast-growing, climbing vines, durable over their growing season . They are referred to as "kiwi berry, baby kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, or cocktail kiwi". The cultivar 'Issai' is a hybrid of hardy kiwifruit and silver vine which can self-pollinate. Grown commercially because of its relatively large fruit, 'Issai'

405-439: Is a large, egg-shaped fruit with a sweet flavour. 'Saanichton 12', from British Columbia, is somewhat more rectangular than 'Hayward' and comparably sweet, but the inner core of the fruit can be tough. 'Blake' can self-pollinate, but it has a smaller, more oval fruit and the flavour is considered inferior. Kiwi berries are edible fruits the size of a large grape, similar to fuzzy kiwifruit in taste and internal appearance but with

450-427: Is commercially useful as a meat tenderizer and possibly as a digestive aid . Actinidain also makes raw kiwifruit unsuitable for use in desserts containing milk or any other dairy products because the enzyme digests milk proteins. This applies to gelatin -based desserts, due to the fact that the actinidain will dissolve the proteins in gelatin, causing the dessert to either liquefy or prevent it from solidifying. In

495-449: Is considered adequate. Some varieties can self pollinate, but even they produce a greater and more reliable yield when pollinated by male kiwifruit. Cross-species pollination is often (but not always) successful as long as bloom times are synchronised. In nature, the species are pollinated by birds and native bumblebees, which visit the flowers for pollen, not nectar. The female flowers produce fake anthers with what appears to be pollen on

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540-478: Is generally rejected. Zhong hua ( Chinese gooseberry ), jing li (northern pear gooseberry), ruan zao ( soft date gooseberry ), and mao hua (may be tight- or loose-haired) are the four main cultivars of this species in China. 'Abbott', 'Allison', 'Bruno', 'Hayward', Monty ('Montgomery'), and 'Greensill' are the most significant cultivars in New Zealand . In 1847, specimens of the plant were collected by

585-401: Is less hardy than most hardy kiwifruit. Actinidia chinensis (yellow kiwi or golden kiwifruit) has a smooth, bronze skin, with a beak shape at the stem attachment. Flesh colour varies from bright green to a clear, intense yellow. This species is 'sweeter and more aromatic' in flavour compared to A. deliciosa . One of the most attractive varieties has a red 'iris' around the centre of

630-429: Is no guarantee that the fruit will have the same quality as the parent. Additionally, seedlings take seven years before they flower, so determining whether the kiwifruit is fruit bearing or a pollinator is time-consuming. Therefore, most kiwifruits, with the exception of rootstock and new cultivars , are propagated asexually . This is done by grafting the fruit producing plant onto rootstock grown from seedlings or, if

675-416: Is one of the few commercially significant pests of this plant. Fungal pathogen Fusarium acuminatum has been found to be a ripe rot pathogen of Actinidia deliciosa in New Zealand. Its leaves are alternate, long-petioled, deciduous, oval to nearly circular, cordate at the base, and 7.5–12.5 cm (3–5 in) long. Young leaves are coated with red hairs; mature leaves are dark-green and hairless on

720-497: Is the edible berry of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia . The most common cultivar group of kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward') is oval, about the size of a large hen's egg : 5–8 centimetres (2–3 inches) in length and 4.5–5.5 cm ( 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 2 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) in diameter. Kiwifruit has a thin, fuzzy, fibrous, tart but edible, light brown skin and light green or golden flesh with rows of tiny, black, edible seeds. The fruit has

765-475: The fuzzy kiwifruit , is a fruiting vine native to Southern China . Other species of Actinidia are also found in China and range east to Japan and north into southern areas of Russian Far East . This species grows naturally at altitudes between 600 and 2,000 metres (2,000 and 6,600 ft). Actinidia deliciosa is a vigorous, woody, twining vine or climbing shrub reaching 9 metres (30 ft). The black-lyre leafroller moth ( "Cnephasia" jactatana )

810-635: The PSA bacterium. A new cultivar of golden kiwifruit, Gold3 , was found to be more disease-resistant and most growers have now changed to this cultivar. 'Gold3', marketed by Zespri as SunGold is not quite as sweet as 'Hort16A', and lacks its usually slightly pointed tip. Clones of the new variety SunGold have been used to develop orchards in China, resulting in partially successful legal efforts in China by Zespri to protect their intellectual property . In 2021, Zespri estimated that around 5,000 hectares of Sungold orchards were being cultivated in China, mainly in

855-510: The Sichuan province . Kiwifruit can be grown in most temperate climates with adequate summer heat. Where fuzzy kiwifruit ( A. deliciosa ) is not hardy, other species can be grown as substitutes. Often in commercial farming, different breeds are used for rootstock , fruit bearing plants and pollinators . Therefore, the seeds produced are crossbreeds of their parents. Even if the same breeds are used for pollinators and fruit bearing plants, there

900-458: The 1940s. In 1959, Turners and Growers named it kiwifruit, after New Zealand's national bird, the kiwi —brown and furry. In 2006 Italy had been the leading producer of kiwifruit in the world, followed by New Zealand, Chile, France, Greece, Japan, and the United States. In 2016, global production of kiwifruit was 4.3 million metric tons (4.7 million short tons), led by China with 56% of

945-453: The 1960s. Early varieties discovered and cultivated in China, were described in a 1904 nursery catalogue as having "...edible fruits the size of walnuts , and the flavour of ripe gooseberries ", leading to the name Chinese gooseberry . In the late 1950s, a major New Zealand exporter began calling it "kiwifruit" ( Māori : huakiwi ) after being advised by a United States client that border officials might associate gooseberries with

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990-431: The United States and Canada, the shortened name kiwi is commonly used when referring to the fruit. Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China. The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to 12th century China during the Song dynasty . As it was usually collected from the wild and consumed for medicinal purposes, the plant was rarely cultivated or bred . Cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China in

1035-472: The agent for the Royal Horticultural Society , London . Cultivation spread from China in the early 20th century when seeds were introduced to New Zealand by Isabel Fraser, the principal of Wanganui Girls' College, who had been visiting mission schools in China. The seeds were planted in 1906 by a Wanganui nurseryman, Alexander Allison, with the vines first fruiting in 1910. People who tasted

1080-473: The development of commercially viable cultivars, agricultural practices, shipping, storage, and marketing. The genus Actinidia comprises around 60 species. Their fruits are quite variable, although most are easily recognised as kiwifruit because of their appearance and shape. The skin of the fruit varies in size, hairiness and colour. The flesh varies in colour, juiciness, texture and taste. Some fruits are unpalatable, while others taste considerably better than

1125-476: The early 20th century to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred. After the Hayward variety was developed, the fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II. Kiwifruit were later exported, first to Great Britain and then to California in the 1960s. In New Zealand during the 1940s and 1950s, the fruit became an agricultural commodity through

1170-457: The female flowers. Most common, though, is saturation pollination , in which the honey bee populations are made so large (by placing hives in the orchards at a concentration of about 8 hives per hectare) that bees are forced to use this flower because of intense competition for all flowers within flight distance. Kiwifruit is picked by hand and commercially grown on sturdy support structures, as it can produce several tonnes per hectare, more than

1215-512: The flesh is bright-green, or sometimes yellow, brownish or off-white, except for the white, succulent center from which radiate many fine, pale lines. The flavor is subacid to quite acid; the flavor is suggested to be similar to that of the gooseberry or strawberry . Four botanical varieties , Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa , Actinidia deliciosa var. chlorocarpa , Actinidia deliciosa var. longipila and Actinidia deliciosa var. coloris were suggested. However, this subdivision

1260-505: The fruit and yellow flesh outside. The yellow fruit obtains a higher market price and, being less hairy than the fuzzy kiwifruit, tastes better without peeling. A commercially viable variety of this red-ringed kiwifruit, patented as EnzaRed, is a cultivar of the Chinese hong yang variety. 'Hort16A' is a golden kiwifruit cultivar marketed worldwide as Zespri Gold . This cultivar suffered significant losses in New Zealand in 2010–2013 due to

1305-515: The fruit thought it had a gooseberry flavour, so began to call it the Chinese gooseberry, but being from the genus Actinidia , it is not related to the gooseberry family, Grossulariaceae . The familiar cultivar Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward' was developed by Hayward Wright in Avondale, New Zealand, around 1924. This is the most widely grown cultivar in the world. Chinese gooseberry was initially grown in domestic gardens, but commercial planting began in

1350-577: The government and fruit growers so that the industry could continue. Scientists reported they had worked out the strain of PSA affecting kiwifruit from New Zealand, Italy and Chile originated in China. In 2022, world production of kiwifruit was 4.5 million tonnes , led by China with 52% of the total. In China, kiwifruit is grown mainly in the mountainous area upstream of the Yangtze River , as well as Sichuan . Other major producers were New Zealand and Italy . Kiwifruit exports rapidly increased from

1395-508: The infrastructure and techniques required to support grape production were adapted to the kiwifruit. This, coupled with being close to the European kiwifruit market, led to Italians becoming the leading producer of kiwifruit in 1989. The growing season of Italian kiwifruit does not overlap much with the New Zealand or the Chilean growing seasons, therefore direct competition between New Zealand or Chile

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1440-422: The late '1960s to early 1970s' in New Zealand. By 1976, exports exceeded the amount consumed domestically. Outside of Australasia , New Zealand kiwifruit are marketed under the brand-name label Zespri . The general name, "Zespri", has been used for marketing of all cultivars of kiwifruit from New Zealand since 2012. In the 1980s, many countries outside New Zealand began to grow and export kiwifruit. In Italy,

1485-507: The majority of commercial cultivars. The most commonly sold kiwifruit is derived from A. deliciosa (fuzzy kiwifruit). Other species that are commonly eaten include A. chinensis (golden kiwifruit), A. coriacea (Chinese egg gooseberry), A. arguta (hardy kiwifruit), A. kolomikta (Arctic kiwifruit), A. melanandra (purple kiwifruit), A. polygama (silver vine) and A. purpurea (hearty red kiwifruit). Most kiwifruit sold belongs to

1530-423: The more labour-intensive hand pollination is sometimes employed. Male flowers are gathered and processed to extract their pollen. This is then sprayed back on to the female flowers. The oblong fruits are up to 6.25 cm (2.5 in) long. The russet-brown skin of the fruits is densely covered with short, stiff, brown hairs. The flesh is firm until fully ripened; it is glistening, juicy and luscious. The color of

1575-453: The plant is desired to be a true cultivar, rootstock grown from cuttings of a mature plant. Kiwifruit plants generally are dioecious , meaning a plant is either male or female. The male plants have flowers that produce pollen, the females receive the pollen to fertilise their ovules and grow fruit; most kiwifruit requires a male plant to pollinate the female plant. For a good yield of fruit, one male vine for every three to eight female vines

1620-486: The rather weak vines can support. These are generally equipped with a watering system for irrigation and frost protection in the spring. Kiwifruit vines require vigorous pruning, similar to that of grapevines. Fruit is borne on 'one-year-old and older' canes, but production declines as each cane ages. Canes should be pruned off and replaced after their third year. In the northern hemisphere the fruit ripens in November, while in

1665-421: The risk of anthrax. The name was first registered by Turners & Growers on 15 June 1959 and commercially adopted in 1974. In New Zealand and Australia, the word kiwi alone either refers to the bird or is used as a nickname for New Zealanders ; it is almost never used to refer to the fruit. Kiwifruit has since become a common name for all commercially grown green kiwifruit from the genus Actinidia . In

1710-586: The southern it ripens in May. Four year-old plants can produce 15 tonnes of fruit per hectare (14,000 lb per acre) while eight year-old plants can produce 20 tonnes (18,000 lb per acre). The plants produce their maximum at eight to ten years old. The seasonal yields are variable; a heavy crop on a vine one season generally comes with a light crop the following season. Fruit harvested when firm will ripen when stored properly for long periods. This allows fruit to be stored up to 8 weeks after harvest. Firm kiwifruit ripen after

1755-604: The tips in order to attract the pollinators, although these fake anthers lack the DNA and food value of the male anthers. Kiwifruit growers rely on honey bees , the principal ‘for-hire’ pollinator, but commercially grown kiwifruit is notoriously difficult to pollinate. The flowers are not very attractive to honey bees, in part because the flowers do not produce nectar and bees quickly learn to prefer flowers with nectar. Honey bees are inefficient cross-pollinators for kiwifruit because they practice “floral fidelity”. Each honey bee visits only

1800-608: The upper surface, and downy-white with prominent, light-colored veins beneath. The flowers are fragrant, dioecious or unisexual, borne singly or in threes in the leaf axils, are five- to six-petalled, white at first, changing to buff-yellow, 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) broad, and both sexes have central tufts of many stamens, though those of the female flowers with no viable pollen. The flowers also lack nectar. Male and female flowers appear on different plants (dioecious), and both sexes have to be planted in close proximity for fruit set. Bees are normally used by commercial orchards, although

1845-536: The world total—followed by Italy and New Zealand being the other major producers . In China, it is grown mainly in the mountainous area upstream of the Yangtze River. It is also grown in other areas of China, including Sichuan . In 2010 and 2011, kiwifruit vines worldwide, in Italy, France, and New Zealand, suffered devastating attacks by a bacterial disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae , with some of

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1890-560: Was first described in 1981, and there have since been reports of the allergy presenting with numerous symptoms from localized oral allergy syndrome to life-threatening anaphylaxis. The actinidain found in kiwifruit can be an allergen for some individuals, including children. The most common symptoms are unpleasant itching and soreness of the mouth, with wheezing as the most common severe symptom; anaphylaxis may occur. Actinidia deliciosa Actinidia chinensis var deliciosa (A.Chev.) A.Chev. Actinidia deliciosa ,

1935-649: Was first identified in Japan in the 1980s. This bacterial strain has been controlled and managed successfully in orchards in Asia. In 1992, it was found in northern Italy. In 2007/2008, economic losses were observed, as a more virulent strain became more dominant (PSA V). In 2010 it was found in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty Region kiwifruit orchards in the North Island. The yellow-fleshed cultivars were particularly susceptible. New, resistant varieties were selected in research funded by

1980-614: Was named "Farroupilha" after the Centennial anniversary of the Ragamuffin War that was celebrated in the subsequent year. Farroupilha is twinned with: 29°14′S 51°21′W  /  29.233°S 51.350°W  / -29.233; -51.350 This geographical article relating to Rio Grande do Sul is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kiwifruit Kiwifruit (often shortened to kiwi outside Australia and New Zealand), or Chinese gooseberry ,

2025-586: Was not a significant factor. Much of the breeding to refine the green kiwifruit was undertaken by the Plant & Food Research Institute (formerly HortResearch) during the decades of '1970–1999'. In 1990, the New Zealand Kiwifruit Marketing Board opened an office for Europe in Antwerp , Belgium . Kiwifruit may be eaten raw, made into juices, used in baked goods, prepared with meat or used as

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