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39-558: Types of farmhouses in Europe include the following: A Bresse house ( French : Ferme bressane ) is a type of farmhouse found in the Bresse region and characterized by its long length, brick walls and wooden roof. A Mas is a traditional farmhouse unique to Provence and Southern France . Historically there were three main types of German farmhouses, many of which survive today. The Low German house or Niedersachsenhaus (Lower Saxony house)

78-410: A Saracen fireplace ( cheminée sarrasine ), later with an open fireplace ( cheminée à hotte ). This room was generally quite large, often measuring 4m x 4m in area just by the fireplace. There were beds in the corners and simple boxes for personal belongings. A long, narrow oak table stood in the centre of the room under the ridge purlin from which the spoons and forks hung. Against the narrow wall behind

117-480: A flue. It was also made of wood that was filled and daubed with clay. The flue began in the living room and extended in a funnel shape to the roof, where it merged into the picturesque mitra (chimney). The open fireplace was widespread throughout Europe in the Middle Ages and up to the end of the 19th century and was nothing unusual. The origin of the mitra and the term 'Saracenic' have not been clarified, however, it

156-452: A simple rectangular floor plan, usually built with local materials, and included a dominant centrally-located fireplace for cooking and heating. Bresse house A Bresse house ( French : ferme bressane or maison bressane , German : Bressehaus ) is a timber-framed house of post-and-beam construction , that is infilled with adobe bricks and is typical of the Bresse region of eastern France . A large hip roof protects

195-444: Is actually encasing and concealing the older Portico of Glory . In modern high-rise building, the exterior walls are often suspended from the concrete floor slabs. Examples include curtain walls and precast concrete walls. The façade can at times be required to have a fire-resistance rating , for instance, if two buildings are very close together, to lower the likelihood of fire spreading from one building to another. In general,

234-582: Is based on the Roman villa found in the Po Valley of northern Italy. A house called Casa colonica  [ it ] in Italy is a type of farmhouse where the residents work the land but do not own the farm. Ta' Tabibu farmhouse and Ta' Xindi Farmhouse are two typical Maltese farmhouses built with the use of Limestone material. In Maltese a farmhouse is called Razzett . Other examples of Maltese farmhouses are

273-519: Is found mainly on the North German Plain , but also in large parts of the Netherlands . It is a large structure with a sweeping roof supported by two to four rows of internal posts. The large barn door at the gable end opens into a spacious hall, or Deele , with cattle stalls and barns on either side and living accommodation at the end. The Middle German house may also be a single unit, but access

312-511: Is from the side, and the roof is supported by the outside walls. Later this type of mitteldeutsches Haus was expanded to two or more buildings around a rectangular farmyard, often with a second story. The South German house is found in southern Germany and has two main variants, the Swabian or Black Forest house and the Bavarian farmstead. A Cascina a corte is a courtyard building whose arrangement

351-474: Is often the most important aspect from a design standpoint, as it sets the tone for the rest of the building. From the engineering perspective, the façade is also of great importance due to its impact on energy efficiency . For historical façades, many local zoning regulations or other laws greatly restrict or even forbid their alteration. The word is a loanword from the French façade , which in turn comes from

390-611: Is only commonly found in the Bresse region. It is not clear whether it was actually used by the swaggering Saracens and brought to the Bresse in the 8th-12th centuries or whether it was a building feature brought back from the Crusades. The term Saracen means 'not Christian' and is equivalent to the Latin barbarus . Next to the living room there was always a second room, the stove chamber or la chambre de poêle . The family lived there in winter, since

429-487: Is typically reached within minutes of the start of a fire. Fire stops for such building joints can be qualified, too. Putting fire sprinkler systems on each floor has a profoundly positive effect on the fire safety of buildings with curtain walls. The extended use of new materials, like polymers , resulted in an increase of high-rise building façade fires over the past few years, since they are more flammable than traditional materials. Some building codes also limit

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468-694: The Italian facciata , from faccia meaning 'face', ultimately from post-classical Latin facia . The earliest usage recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is 1656. It was quite common in the Georgian period for existing houses in English towns to be given a fashionable new façade. For example, in the city of Bath , The Bunch of Grapes in Westgate Street appears to be a Georgian building, but

507-561: The Ta' Cisju Farmhouse and The Devil's Farmhouse . Types of farmhouses in North America include the following: Canadian farmhouses were influenced by European settlers. In Quebec , the style varied from Gothic to Swiss, with the kitchen being the most important room in the house. In Ontario , the farmhouses of the late 19th century were of Victorian influence. Earlier ones used clapboard and later variations had brick. Many had front porches. In

546-452: The Bresse house. Some could reach a depth of up to 25 metres depending on the circumstances. The bakehouse is also an integral part of the Bresse house. Depending on the level of prosperity, a Bresse house may be supplemented with outbuildings or extensions. These include sheds, chicken coops, pigeon lofts or sheep and goat pens. The stables may be a separate building parallel to the residential building, about 20 to 30 metres away to reduce

585-589: The Jura. In some cases, at least the corners of the house are made of stone to increase stability. In the area towards the Mâconnais and the Chalonnais , the courtyard becomes more enclosed and one often encounters courtyard farms enclosed by a wall. The street is reached through a portal. In the marshy region of Bellevesvre and Beauvernois , small, squalid huts on stilts existed until the 1930s. These served as dwellings for

624-514: The Saracen fireplace stood the bench ( archebanc ), which was solemnly blessed when the house was moved into. The windows were small, at most they had wooden shutters , they were seldom glazed. A little light also fell through the Saracen chimney, along with rain and snow. A corner of the room was reserved for the chapel , a kind of domestic altar, with a simple figure of Mary, a stoup, a candle or two, images of saints and patriotic prints. The house altar

663-562: The appearance is only skin deep and some of the interior rooms still have Jacobean plasterwork ceilings. This new construction has happened also in other places: in Santiago de Compostela the three-metre-deep Casa do Cabido was built to match the architectural order of the square, and the main Churrigueresque façade of the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral , facing the Plaza del Obradoiro ,

702-447: The bakehouse. The bakehouse consists – especially in northern Bresse – of a double building: On one side is the rather spacious bakehouse; on the other, the oven is attached directly to it in a slightly lower annex. The chimney rises between the two parts of the building. The well has always been of great importance in Bresse, which has few springs and potable surface water. On the other hand, drinking water can be found relatively close to

741-400: The building greater stability, and on the other for decorative reasons. Especially popular were crossed struts that formed a St. Andrew's Cross . Timber-framed buildings continued to be erected until the mid-19th century. Then there was a change: in the southern Bresse rammed earth ( Stampflehm ) was increasingly used for the walls, which usually had reinforced corners of brick or stone, and

780-415: The delicate masonry from rain and snow. The house is almost always oriented in a north–south direction, the roof on the north side often being lower. This configuration offers the optimum protection from the bise , a cold northerly wind typical of the region, which is deflected over the house by the low, sweeping roof on the northern gable end. The living rooms are on the south side, the main façade facing

819-402: The farm. In southeastern Bresse, properties were occasionally built to an angular design. The main room of the farmhouse was called la maison in the south, le hutau in the north. This part of the house was regularly built of natural or fired bricks, the floor was made of packed earth. It was the largest room and served as the centre of life for the whole family. It was heated, originally with

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858-525: The farmhouses have developed differently. From Cuisery the border runs south of Louhans , via Sagy to the Jura . The construction of the walls remains the same, but there are differences in the shape of the roof. In the Bresse bourguignonne region the roofs are usually steep and high and covered with flat tiles , while in the southern Bresse the roof is flatter (< 25% slope) and covered with monk and nun tiles. Older Bressans still remember that in their youth

897-472: The façade systems that are suspended or attached to the precast concrete slabs will be made from aluminum (powder coated or anodized) or stainless steel . In recent years more lavish materials such as titanium have sometimes been used, but due to their cost and susceptibility to panel edge staining these have not been popular. Whether rated or not, fire protection is always a design consideration. The melting point of aluminum, 660 °C (1,220 °F),

936-399: The façades were covered with rammed earth. In the northern Bresse, brick has generally been used since the 19th century, albeit bricks of low quality. At the same time, the hips on the gable ends were shortened to create a half-hipped roof or even a simple gable roof , with the eaves on the gable ends disappearing almost completely. Two forms of farmstead predominated. On the one hand there

975-451: The frog catchers. It is said that the last of these houses was demolished in 1931. Fa%C3%A7ade A façade or facade ( / f ə ˈ s ɑː d / ; ) is generally the front part or exterior of a building . It is a loanword from the French façade ( pronounced [fasad] ), which means " frontage " or " face ". In architecture , the façade of a building

1014-474: The houses, builders appear to have taken account of the direction of the sun, in particular to ensure that the morning sun shone into the living rooms. As construction activity took place mainly in winter, outside the busy summer season, there was often a deviation in alignment. Very rarely, buildings oriented from northwest to southeast may be found. The farmstead consisted of at least three areas: There could be separate buildings for each of these functions, or

1053-422: The living quarters, fodder store and stables could be arranged one after another to form an elongated building. The living quarters were usually found along the western side of the farmyard. Where the buildings were separate, the threshing barn and stables would be built in succession along the eastern side of the yard. The bakehouse and quarters for the smaller livestock were usually found in the northeastern part of

1092-405: The living room as a summer residence. Many simple Bresse houses only had these two rooms. If the house had several rooms, the stove chamber was adjoined by the maid's room. Wall to wall with the parents, it enabled care and parental supervision, especially since the maids' room was often only accessible via the stove room and had no outside door of its own. The farm hands and maids always lived in

1131-414: The living room, but if the house was spacious and the family was wealthy, they were allocated a room next to the living room - opposite the maids' room. The grandparents' room was often in an annex or squeezed in between the other utility rooms. This usance shows how high esteem was for the older family members of a poor farming family who were no longer able to work. The well was a fundamental part of

1170-435: The majority of the farms were thatched. Characteristic of a Bresse house in northern Bresse is the roof decoration . Very often a small brick tower or a finial is attached at the crossing point of the roof ridge and hip , but often the ridge is also decorated along its entire length. In the border area with the Jura , the house is often built of natural stone, mainly broken limestone , which can be easily obtained from

1209-435: The morning sun. Usually each room has one or two outside doors, so that no space is sacrificed for passages. The large cantilevered roof is supported on corbels or buttresses , the eaves being further supported on a second set of shorter rafters , resulting in a double-pitched roof. The eaves enable equipment or supplies to be stored around the outside of the house and kept dry. They also enable corn cobs to be hung from

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1248-600: The percentage of window area in exterior walls. When the exterior wall is not rated, the perimeter slab edge becomes a junction where rated slabs are abutting an unrated wall. For rated walls, one may also choose rated windows and fire doors , to maintain that wall's rating. On a film set and within most themed attractions, many of the buildings are only façade, which are far cheaper than actual buildings, and not subject to building codes (within film sets). In film sets, they are simply held up with supports from behind, and sometimes have boxes for actors to step in and out of from

1287-446: The rafters to dry out. The countryside of the Bresse is characterized by agricultural buildings; the villages often suffer from overdevelopment; the farmsteads are usually far from these villages, by lakes, streams, woods and where possible on slight eminences. Whilst the timber framing of the 14th and 15th centuries was still simple and large-scale, in the 16th to 18th centuries ever more complicated designs evolved, on one hand to give

1326-453: The risk of fire. They are generally low and may have infills of twigs covered with clay, or infills of natural or baked adobe bricks. Hay and straw are stored under the large roof. In the southeast of the Bresse region, the stables are often attached to the house at right angles and thus form an angular building. The bakehouse is always a separate building, often combined with the pigsty and/or chicken coop. This allows pig feed to be prepared in

1365-422: The room was heated by the next-door fireplace, but was enclosed and itself had no fireplace opening through which the cold could penetrate. If the family had servants and maids, the living room was reserved for them as a bedroom, while the master's family slept in the stove room. If the family had no employees, there was often a move twice a year from the living room into the stove room as a winter quarter and back to

1404-400: The surface almost everywhere. The well was usually covered, at least by a roof overhang or sometimes by a separate roof. Long balancing poles with counterweights were originally common in northern Bresse, but today the wells are all equipped with cranks and chains. Due to the historical division of the Bresse into the Bresse bourguignonne and the Bresse de l'Ain , the architectural styles of

1443-464: The west, dwellings varied from single-story wooden homesteads to straw huts. Wooden houses were built later as railroads brought wood from the Rockies ( Alberta , British Columbia). By the early 1900s houses could be purchased as kits from several Canadian and American companies. American farmhouses had a straightforward construction designed to function amidst a working farm in a rural setting. They had

1482-420: Was regularly whitewashed on the eve of Kermesse . The Saracen fireplace was an open fireplace of substantial size, which was heated in the centre of the hearth. In addition, the chimneys above the roof were adorned with picturesque decorations. The living room was bisected by the ridge purlin, the fireplace placed in one half of the room. A huge, inverted funnel, attached to the ridge and middle purlins, acted as

1521-423: Was the unit farmhouse , which was partitioned transversely and where, in most cases, the threshing floor was in the middle of the house; on the other hand there was the two-sided farm with the farmhouse on one side and outbuildings on the other. The main farmhouse was usually oriented in a north–south direction, but there were often variations in which the building was oriented northeast to southwest. When erecting

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