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60-686: Portugal defeats Spain in Mato Grosso , Rio Negro , and Rio Pardo ; Spain defeats Portugal in Uruguay , and most of Rio Grande do Sul The Spanish–Portuguese War between 1762 and 1763 was fought as part of the Seven Years' War . Because no major battles were fought, even though there were numerous movements of troops and heavy losses among the Spanish invaders, the war is known in the Portuguese historiography as

120-513: A Portuguese force under General George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend toward the enemy's rear: the first move forced the Bourbons to withdraw from the hills east of Abrantes to Castelo Branco, while the second made them flee to Spain. The Spanish headquarters ( Castelo Branco ), was captured by the allied army, which took thousands of prisoners (2 November 1762). "The region was devastated, there were no provisions... The burning of villages punished

180-669: A Portuguese strategic victory in the short run. Apart for the forts of Santa Teresa and San Miguel, the Spanish would lose to the Portuguese all the territory conquered during the war. Colonia del Sacramento was given back by the same treaty and Rio Grande do Sul would be retaken from the Spanish Army during the undeclared war of 1763–1777 and Portugal retained all its conquests ( Rio Negro Valley and Guaporé River 's right bank/ Mato Grosso ). Mato Grosso Neighboring states (from west clockwise) are: Rondônia , Amazonas , Pará , Tocantins , Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul . The state

240-722: A few days after the adoption of the national flag. The Mato Grosso state flag was abolished by Law No. 1.046 of October 8, 1929, but reinstated by Article 140 of the Constitution of the State of Mato Grosso on July 11, 1947. Fishing in the Teles Pires , São Benedito and Azul rivers is productive practically all year long. The largest sandstone cavern in Brazil, Aroe Jari, extends nearly 1,550 m (5,090 ft), and several prehistoric inscriptions can be found inside. The Pantanal 's backbone

300-522: A remarkably varied vistas. The biologically rich Pantanal , one of the world's largest wetland/prairie ecosystems, is also located within this state. The Paraguay basin is rich in the number and diversity of fish (around 230 species), a fascinating place for fishermen and scholars. In this basin are numerous species classified as “noble” in sport fishing , others, including ornamental species, are of great interest to aquarists and still others whose rarity has led to detailed research. The fishing industry in

360-433: A value of R$ 1 billion) and tin (536 tons at a value of R$ 16 million). In addition, in gemstones, the state is the second largest national producer of diamond , having extracted 49,000 carats in the year 2017. The city of Juína is the main one in this activity in the state. The state also has a small production of sapphire and jasper . Mato Grosso had an industrial GDP of R$ 17.0 billion in 2017, equivalent to 1.4% of

420-544: Is a limestone cave with a pool of blue water and unusual cave formations. These have suffered from vandalism, causing the cave to be closed until measures to protect it could be implemented. The blue lagoon cave holds a pool of blue water formed from underground water of the Saloba River. The main entrance is filled in part by the water. The hall contains columns over 5 m (16 ft) in size and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in diameter. There may be archaeological remains in

480-492: Is a short dry season in summer, but overall plenty of precipitation annually. The average annual temperature is around 10 °C (50 °F) and the average annual rainfall is around 1,400 mm (55 in). The driest month is July, with 23 mm (0.91 in). Most precipitation falls in December, with an average of 252 mm (9.9 in). Summers are pleasant and dry, and winters are chilly and snowy. Administratively,

540-472: Is planned as of 2021. It crosses the large Rollemberg–Vuolo Bridge over the Paraná River when passing into Mato Grosso do Sul . The state flag has similar colors to the flag of Brazil , with blue symbolizing the sky, green vegetation, and white standing for peace. The star is yellow to symbolize the gold which attracted the first settlers. The flag was adopted by Decree No. 2 of January 31, 1890, just

600-574: Is roughly 82.2% of the size of its southwest neighbor, the nation of Bolivia . A state with a flat landscape that alternates between vast chapadas and plain areas, Mato Grosso contains three main ecosystems: the Cerrado , the Pantanal and the Amazon rainforest . The Chapada dos Guimarães National Park , with its caves, grottoes, tracks, and waterfalls, is one of its tourist attractions. The extreme northwest of

660-622: Is the Paraguay River , which cuts through the region from north to south. The Miranda , Aquidauna , Taquari , and Cuiabá rivers flow into the Paraguay River. From October to April, the high waters reveal outsized lakes, bays, river branches, and outlets. The Transpantaneira Highway connects the town of Poconé to Jofre Port, along the Cuiabá River bank. It is a dirt road with 126 wooden bridges, and extends for 149 km (93 mi). On

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720-658: The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), 3,441,998 people resided in the state as of 2018. The population density was 3.8 inhabitants/km . Ethnically, the state includes a relatively high proportion of caboclos (persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry), as do other areas of interior Brazil. The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 2,048,782 Brown (Mixed) people (56%); 1,181,590 White people (32.3%); 360,698 Black people (9.9%); 56,687 Amerindian people (1.5%); and 10,813 Asian people (0.3%). At

780-491: The Carnation Revolution , which saw a growth in tertiary activities. Montalegre is one of the two municipalities that compose the region of Barroso . The Peneda-Gerês National Park comprises 26,26% of its area (211,74 km² out of a total 806,19 km² belonging to that park). At an elevation of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above sea level, Montalegre has a cool Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csb ). There

840-572: The Fantastic War ( Portuguese and Spanish: Guerra Fantástica ). When the Seven Years' War between France and Great Britain started in 1756, Spain and Portugal remained neutral, their differences in South America having been settled by the Treaty of Madrid of 1750 . Ricardo Wall , prime minister to King Ferdinand VI of Spain , was opposed to the pro-French party at court who wanted to enter

900-520: The Federal University of Rondonópolis (UFR)  [ pt ] , formerly a part of UFMT until 2018. Agriculture is the largest component of the state's GDP at 40.8%, followed by the service sector at 40.2%. The industrial sector represents 19% of the GDP (2004). Mato Grosso's major exports include soybeans (83%), wood (5.6%), meats (4.8%), and cotton (3.3%) (2002). The state's share of

960-640: The House of Bourbon ) in August, and claimed compensation for attacks by English privateers in Spanish waters. This brought war with Great Britain in January 1762. Portugal had been weakened by the disastrous 1755 Lisbon earthquake , leading Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal , to direct all efforts towards the reconstruction of the country and neglected the armed forces, in which he had little interest anyhow. A new treaty between Spain and Portugal,

1020-509: The Treaty of El Pardo of 1761 , rendered the Treaty of Madrid null and void. Spain agreed with France to attack Portugal, which had been neutral, but served as an important economic ally of Great Britain. France hoped that this new front would draw away British forces, now directed against France. The third Franco-Spanish invasion of Portugal in Europe (main theatre of the war, which absorbed much of

1080-580: The Treaty of Petrópolis in 1903. This historically remote area attracted expeditions of exploration in the early 20th century that sought to find lost civilizations. A notable example was British Captain Percy Fawcett 's expedition to find the Lost City of Z which he believed existed in the jungles of Brazil. Certain proponents of the Hollow Earth hypothesis speculated that the region had sites of access to

1140-427: The 2022 census, the most commonly nominated ethnic groups as a proportion of the total population were: Portuguese is the official national language and the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also taught as part of the official high school curriculum. More than 58 universities are located in the state of Mato Grosso. Cuiabá is home to the following universities: Rondonópolis also has

1200-570: The Battle of Douro and the second was beaten off at the mountains of Montalegre . This failure and the arrival of Portuguese reinforcements (including regular troops) forced the now diminished Spanish army to retreat into Spain, abandoning all their conquests (except Chaves ). After this defeat, the Franco-Spanish commander, Sarria, was replaced by the Count of Aranda. During this first invasion of Portugal,

1260-454: The Brazilian economy is 1.8% (2014). In 2020, Mato Grosso was the leader in national grain production, with 28.0%. It's the largest producer of soy in Brazil, with 26.9% of the total produced in 2020 (33.0 million tons); the largest producer of maize in the country; the largest producer of cotton in Brazil, with around 65% of national production (1.8 out of the 2.8 million tons harvested in

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1320-705: The Pantanal plays an important role in the region's economy and, for local people, fish is a staple food. The Pantanal has a habitat similar to the Everglades in Florida in the United States, although the Pantanal is much larger. The Bororo Indians live in the Mato Grosso area. As late as 1880, soldiers patrolled lands on the outskirts of Cuiabá , Mato Grosso's capital and largest city, to protect settlers from Bororo raids. By

1380-485: The Portuguese in the possession of the disputed territory. Rolim Moura was rewarded with the vice-royalty of Brazil for this victory. The Portuguese conquered most of the valley of Rio Negro , expelling the Spaniards from S. Gabriel and S. josé de Maribatanas (1763) and building two fortresses there with the Spanish cannons. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris , relations between Spain and Portugal were restored to

1440-614: The Portuguese occupied again the border posts with the exception of Chaves and Almeida ...", The total Franco-Spanish losses in this second invasion were evaluated by a contemporaneous Bourbon source as 15,000 men ( Charles François Dumouriez in 1766), while the total casualties for both the invasions were about 30, 000 men, according to the British minister in Portugal, Edward Hay (8 November 1762). As explained by historians Danley Mark and Patrick Speelman: "... Bourbon casualties mounted because

1500-427: The Portuguese peasantry waged a relentless war of revenge against deserters and retreating soldiers who they captured and massacred in large numbers (p. 452)....The Portuguese campaign, indeed the entire Spanish war, lay in ruins (p. 521)." During the third Spanish offensive (November 1762), the Spaniards attack by surprise two Portuguese towns ( Ouguela and Marvão ) – but were defeated - and had to retreat again before

1560-465: The Spanish Cevallos expedition (3,900 men) was more successful. In present-day Uruguay, they captured Colónia do Sacramento (with 767 defenders) and two other fortresses: fort of Santa Teresa (with 400 defenders), on 19 April 1763; and fort of San Miguel (with 30 defenders), in 23 April. Cevallos advanced and won a still greater victory when he conquered most of the vast and rich territory of

1620-824: The Spanish war effort), on 5 May 1762, was followed by a Spanish invasion of Portuguese territories in South America (a secondary theatre of the war). While the first ended in humiliating defeat, the second represented a stalemate: Portuguese victory in northern and western Brazil; Spanish victory in southern Brazil and Uruguay. During the war, a Franco-Spanish army of about 42,000 men, first led by Nicolás de Carvajal, Marquis of Sarria and then by Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda , invaded Portugal in 1762, in three different regions at three different times: provinces of Trás-os-Montes (May–June 1762), province of Beira (July–November 1762) and Alentejo (November 1762). They were faced by ferocious popular resistance and, from

1680-582: The Terras da Piconha region. It was only in September 1273 that King Afonso III bestowed on the citizens a foral (charter), founding the town of Montalegre and making the local sheriff the master of the Terras de Barroso . The foral was later confirmed by King Denis in 1289, and renewed by Afonso IV (in 1340), John II (in 1491), and Manuel (in 1515). After the Portuguese Interregnum , during

1740-585: The allied army (from 14 to 15,000 men) was delivered to one of the best soldiers of his time: the Count of Lippe . In the beginning of the second invasion (province of Lower Beira , July–November 1762), the Franco-Spaniards captured several poorly equipped Portuguese fortresses and towns, including Almeida . However, the Anglo-Portuguese army defeated a Spanish corps which was preparing another invasion through

1800-706: The castros began to be converted into Roman encampments, later the nuclei of formalized settlements. Remains of the Roman civitas are still common: Praesidium (in Vila da Ponte, popularly known as Sabaraz ) and Caladunum (in Cervos). There were no overt indications that the Moors settled in this region, although oral tradition inferred as much. With the establishment of the Christian kingdom of Portugal, Afonso Henriques donated portions of

1860-436: The cattle herd from Mato Grosso reached the mark of 30 million cattle, the largest cattle herd in the country, representing almost 14% of national production alone. In 2018, Mato Grosso was the fifth largest pork producer in the country, with a herd of around 2.5 million animals. In 2017, Mato Grosso had 1.15% of the national mineral participation (fifth place in the country). Mato Grosso had production of gold (8.3 tons at

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1920-484: The cave. The park has several other limestone caves. It is covered with deciduous forests, and is home to howler monkeys , tapirs , jaguars , and macaws . Cuiabá was one of 12 cities chosen to host the games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Brazil. In the state were born the medalists of the World Championships Felipe Lima in swimming and David Moura in judo, in addition to

1980-432: The country).; the sixth largest producer of sugarcane in the country, 16 million tons harvested in the 2019/20 harvest.; and the third largest producer of beans , with 10.5% of Brazilian production. In sunflowers , the state was the largest national producer in 2019, with 60,000 tons. In cassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Mato Grosso produced 287,000 tons that year. In 2009,

2040-428: The end of the 19th century, although severely reduced by disease and by warfare with explorers, slave traders , prospectors , settlers , and other indigenous groups , as many as five to 10 thousand Bororo continued to occupy central and eastern Mato Grosso, as well as western Goiás . The southwestern part of this state was ceded by Brazil to Bolivia in exchange for the then-Bolivian territory of Acre , according to

2100-529: The enemy with two battalions and four cavalry regiments. Then, taking advantage of the disorder caused by the withdrawal, The Count of Lippe outlined a plan that would imprison Aranda and all his army in Castelo Branco [The Spanish headquarters]. Bad weather delayed the operation and an informer reported the Spanish commander about the intentions of Lippe. The Spanish army hastily retreated to his own country. The last enemy troops withdrew ... and shortly after,

2160-414: The entire province, except in the fortress of Miranda do Douro . However, guerrillas exploited the mountainous nature of the province to cut off the invaders' supply and communication lines with Spain as well as to inflict heavy losses. The Portuguese abandoned their villages, inducing famine among the Spaniards, who launched two offensives towards Oporto: the first was defeated by the militia and peasants at

2220-559: The excellent Anglo-Portuguese defensive positions in the mountains near Abrantes] was forced to choose between withdrawing or starve to death in Beira. (...). General Loudon [Townshend] managed to occupy Fundão , making the Spanish advanced guards withdraw. The Spanish army retreated [towards Castelo Branco, closer to the Spanish border], and the Portuguese troops advanced, reoccupying Vila Velha, and Loudon's force recovered Penamacor and Monsanto ; while another officer, Field Marshal Fraser, chased

2280-529: The fortress of Conceição (the "door" for the gold-rich Province of Mato Grosso). The 100 defenders, after receiving reinforcements, not only resisted but conquered and occupied – until the end of the war – the reductions of San Miguel and San Martin, which were main sources of Spanish supply and were located on the left bank of the river Guaporé, the Spanish side. They also engaged in biological warfare. The Spaniards withdrew – after losing half of their men from hunger, disease and desertion – leaving

2340-420: The interior of the earth and its settlements. In 1977, the state was split into two halves, and the neighboring state of Mato Grosso do Sul was created from the other part of its territory. Mato Grosso had a high rate of population growth in the 20th century due to timber, ranching and agricultural development. The state as a whole has one of the lowest population densities of any Brazilian state. According to

2400-444: The invaders: peasants abandoned their villages, destroying or taking with them all the food, while the guerrillas attacked their logistic lines. The invaders had to choose between stay and starve or withdraw. The outcome was the destruction of the Franco-Spanish army, whose remnants – leaving their wounded and sick behind – were chased to Spain by the Anglo-Portuguese army and peasants, after two encirclement movements undertaken by

2460-554: The land for charitable hospices (Salto), hospitals (Vilar de Perdizes and Dornelas) or monasteries (Pitões). Owing to its location, on the border with Galiza , defense fortifications were constructed, including the Castles of Gerês and Piconha, and later in Portelo and the village of Montalegre. A lighthouse was also constructed in Tourém, likely by King Sancho in 1187, since he was the master of

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2520-412: The largest cities in the state, Rondonópolis , then to the border with Mato Grosso do Sul . Some of the main roads are: Marechal Rondon International Airport , located 10 km (6.2 mi) from the city center of Cuiabá , in the suburb of Várzea Grande , started receiving international flights in 1996. It now serves more than half a million passengers a year. The runway at Marechal Rondon

2580-532: The middle of the second invasion onwards, by an Anglo-Portuguese army of nearly 15,000 men commanded by William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe . In the first invasion, the Spanish ;– whose final goal was Oporto , the second city of the kingdom – occupied without opposition several undefended towns and ruined fortresses of the Trás-os-Montes Province ; there were neither regular soldiers nor gunpowder in

2640-402: The national industry. It employs 141,121 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (32.0%), Food (27.9%), Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (18.6%), Beverages (4.5%) and Oil Products Oil and Biofuels (3.9%). These five sectors concentrate 86.9% of the state's industry. Mato Grosso had, in 2020, 141,171 km of municipal roads; on

2700-405: The neighbouring municipality of Vieira do Minho , and later the parish of Couto Misto de Santiago de Rubiás, was also de-annexed. Contemporary history of the municipality has been marked by growing emigration, the result of the lack of economic recourse and the abandonment of traditional activities. The institutionalization of local government permitted a revitalization in the municipality, after

2760-514: The only remaining Portuguese territory in Rio Grande do Sul: seven cannons, 9,000 head of cattle and 5,000 horses were captured. This huge territory would be completely retaken by the Portuguese during the so-called " deaf war " (1763–1777). A Spanish army of 600 or 1,200 men (according to the sources) tried to retake the territory of Mato Grosso , in the right bank of the Guaporé River , besieging

2820-504: The province of Alentejo at the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara , and foiled the Spanish attempt to cross the river Tagus , defeating them at Vila Velha . The allied army eventually stopped the Bourbon army's march toward Lisbon in the mountains near Abrantes (which by its position dominated the country) and used a scorched earth strategy – in cooperation with the rural population – to starve

2880-568: The reign of John I , the Terras de Barroso were offered as a gift to Nuno Álvares Pereira for his support. In 1809, French troops had problems in the region, during the Peninsular Wars , fighting off the Barrosões , in Misarela. On 6 November 1836, the municipality of Montalegre was divided, in order to create the municipality of Boticas . In course, the parishes of Vilar de Vacas was lost to

2940-427: The reinforced and advancing Anglo-Portuguese army, which took some prisoners. Additional Spanish prisoners were taken when a Portuguese force led by British Colonel Wrey entered Spain and attacked the region of Codicera on 19 November. Thus, Aranda, with his forces ruined and demoralized, sent to Lippe an emissary proposing an armistice on 24 November, which was accepted and signed on 1 December 1762. In South America,

3000-411: The roads of the state of Mato Grosso there were 22,399 km of unpaved roads, 7,281 km of paved roads and 81 km of duplicated highways . In the federal road network, there were 3,649 km of roads, including 330 km of duplicated highways . Mato Grosso, despite being a more recently occupied state, already has a 2-lane highway in each direction connecting the capital Cuiabá to one of

3060-509: The so-called "Continente de São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul" – the present-day Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul , where the Portuguese had only up to 1,000 men (soldiers and militia). São José do Norte and the capital – S. Pedro do Sul - were abandoned without a fight. However, the Spaniards were routed by the Portuguese in the Battle of Santa Bárbara (1 January 1763), when an invading army of 500 Spaniards and 2,000 Indians, in cooperation with Cevallos, tried to conquer Rio Pardo , nearly

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3120-603: The state has a small part of the Amazonian forest. The Xingu Indigenous Park and the Araguaia River are in Mato Grosso. Farther south, the Pantanal , the world's largest wetland , is the habitat for nearly one thousand species of animals and many aquatic birds. The varied terrain of Mato Grosso includes cliffs, canyons, and waterfalls. It is home to the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park , its sandstone mountains have eroded into

3180-475: The status quo ante bellum. Spain was forced to return to Portugal the small cities of Almeida and Chaves on the Spanish-Portuguese frontier. All the other cities and strongholds had been retaken by Anglo-Portuguese forces during the chase of the remnants of the Franco-Spanish troops. The Spanish-Portuguese colonial conflict during the Seven Years' War ended in a tactical stalemate, but it would represent

3240-512: The total Spanish casualties, according to a contemporaneous French source, Charles François Dumouriez , were 10,000 men: prisoners, deserters or deaths by hunger, guerrilla ambushes and disease (8,000 according to modern Spanish military historian José Luis Terrón Ponce). At the request of Portugal, one British force of 7,107 soldiers and officers landed in Lisbon, deeply reorganizing the Portuguese army (7 to 8,000 regular soldiers). The supreme command of

3300-443: The vengeance of the inhabitants; but these punishments only made crueler the fate of the Spanish armies. Then the small Anglo-Portuguese army took the offensive. The Count of Lippe gave the order to attack. Loudon [in reality it was Townshend] was ordered to join the troops of General Lennox and to place himself between Almeida and Badajoz . This way, the line of retreat of Aranda's army... would be threatened. Aranda [immobilized by

3360-527: The villages of Mourela, Veiga and Vila da Ponte, buried their dead in funeral mounds. Vestiges of this culture predominate the region, and suggest that settlements have been ongoing since the Metal Ages. Celt colonies began to appear afterward, constructing castros in many of the places that developed into formal settlements. With the arrival of the Romans, bridges and formal roads began to appear, while many of

3420-493: The war on the side of France. All this changed when Ferdinand died in 1759 and was succeeded by his younger half-brother Charles III . The more ambitious Charles was motivated to preserve Spain's prestige as a European and colonial power. By 1761 France looked to be losing the war against Great Britain. Fearing a British victory over France, Charles signed the Family Compact with France (both countries were ruled by branches of

3480-508: The way, it is possible to observe wild animals, especially alligators , capybaras , and birds, among other wild animals. The 1,487 ha (3,670 acres) Águas Quentes State Park , the first protected area in Mato Grosso, is known for the healing powers of its thermal waters. The Gruta da Lagoa Azul State Park ( Portuguese : Parque Estadual Gruta da Lagoa Azul ) is a state park in the municipality of Nobres , Mato Grosso, with an area of 12,513 ha (30,920 acres). Its primary attraction

3540-484: The world champions of futsal Vinícius and Lenísio . Montalegre Montalegre ( Portuguese pronunciation: [mõtɐˈlɛɣɾɨ] ) is a municipality in northern Portugal , located in the district of Vila Real , along the border with Spain. The population in 2011 was 10,537, in an area of 805.46 km². Early construction in Montalegre date back 3500–4000 years when early inhabitants, around

3600-493: Was opened to traffic in 1956. In February 1975, Infraero took over the airport's administration and began various upgrades to meet the needs of the airport complex. The 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) Northern Brazil Railway  [ pt ] connects Mato Grosso with the state of São Paulo and sea ports. Rumo Logística only operates freight trains on the line, which runs as far inland as Rondonópolis . An extension northward to Cuiabá and Lucas do Rio Verde

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