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67-457: The Famous Door was a jazz club on New York's 52nd Street . It opened in 1935 and was one of the major clubs on the street, hosting leading jazz musicians until 1950, through changes of location and periods of closure. The Famous Door opened at 35 West 52nd Street on March 1, 1935. Among its initial backers were the radio bandleader Lennie Hayton , who helped promote it, and musicians Jimmy Dorsey and Glenn Miller . Louis Prima performed on

134-557: A musical score , which contains all the instrument parts. Orchestral musicians play from parts which contain just the notated music for their own instrument. Some symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g., Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony , or Mahler's Second Symphony ). The word symphony is derived from the Greek word συμφωνία ( symphōnía ), meaning "agreement or concord of sound", "concert of vocal or instrumental music", from σύμφωνος ( sýmphōnos ), "harmonious". The word referred to

201-511: A New York club named Famous Door was on 52nd Street during the 1960s. Other United States cities have been the base for clubs using the name, including a venue in New Orleans. Jazz club In the 2000s, jazz clubs may be found in the basements of larger residential buildings , in storefront locations or in the upper floors of retail businesses. They can be rather small compared to other music venues, such as rock music clubs, reflecting

268-497: A ball). During the same century, African-American communities were marginalized from an economic perspective. But despite this lack of material wealth, they had thriving community and a culture based around informal music performances, such as brass band performances at funerals, music sung in church and music played for families eating picnics in parks. African-American culture developed communal activities for informal sharing, such as Saturday night fish fries, Sunday camping along

335-552: A bassoon together with a harpsichord or other chording instrument was also possible. The first additions to this simple ensemble were a pair of horns, occasionally a pair of oboes, and then both horns and oboes together. Over the century, other instruments were added to the classical orchestra : flutes (sometimes replacing the oboes), separate parts for bassoons, clarinets, and trumpets and timpani. Works varied in their scoring concerning which of these additional instruments were to appear. The full-scale classical orchestra, deployed at

402-404: A fast movement, a slow movement, and another fast movement. Over the course of the 18th century it became the custom to write four-movement symphonies, along the lines described in the next paragraph. The three-movement symphony died out slowly; about half of Haydn 's first thirty symphonies are in three movements; and for the young Mozart , the three-movement symphony was the norm, perhaps under

469-517: A single-line melody and call-and-response pattern, and the rhythms have a counter-metric structure and reflect African speech patterns. Lavish festivals featuring African-based dances to drums were organized on Sundays at Place Congo , or Congo Square , in New Orleans until 1843. Another influence on black music came from the style of hymns of the church, which black slaves had learned and incorporated into their own music as spirituals . During

536-410: A steadier "funk" style groove, which was different from the swing rhythms typical of much hard bop. Soul Jazz proved to be a boon to Jazz clubs, because since organ trios were based around the powerful Hammond organ , a three-piece organ trio could fill a nightclub with the same full sound that in previous years would have required a five- or six-piece band. The 1980s saw something of a reaction against

603-477: A storm; and, unconventionally, a fifth movement (symphonies usually had at most four movements). His Symphony No. 9 includes parts for vocal soloists and choir in the last movement, making it a choral symphony . Of the symphonies by Schubert , two are core repertory items and are frequently performed. Of the Eighth Symphony (1822), Schubert completed only the first two movements; this highly Romantic work

670-560: A variety of different concepts before ultimately settling on its current meaning designating a musical form. In late Greek and medieval theory, the word was used for consonance , as opposed to διαφωνία ( diaphōnía ), which was the word for "dissonance". In the Middle Ages and later, the Latin form symphonia was used to describe various instruments, especially those capable of producing more than one sound simultaneously. Isidore of Seville

737-464: Is an early example of a band symphony. Berlioz later added optional string parts and a choral finale. In 1851, Richard Wagner declared that all of these post-Beethoven symphonies were no more than an epilogue, offering nothing substantially new. Indeed, after Schumann's last symphony, the "Rhenish" composed in 1850, for two decades the Lisztian symphonic poem appeared to have displaced the symphony as

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804-568: Is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre , which originated in African-American communities of primarily the " Deep South " of the United States at the end of the 19th century from their spirituals , work songs , field hollers , shouts and chants and rhymed simple narrative ballads . The music of New Orleans had a profound effect on the creation of early jazz. Many early jazz performers played in venues throughout

871-434: Is this form that is often considered as the direct forerunner of the orchestral symphony. The terms "overture", "symphony" and "sinfonia" were widely regarded as interchangeable for much of the 18th century. In the 17th century, pieces scored for large instrumental ensemble did not precisely designate which instruments were to play which parts, as is the practice from the 19th century to the current period. When composers from

938-572: Is usually called by its nickname "The Unfinished". His last completed symphony, the Ninth (1826) is a massive work in the Classical idiom. Of the early Romantics, Felix Mendelssohn (five symphonies, plus thirteen string symphonies ) and Robert Schumann (four) continued to write symphonies in the classical mould, though using their own musical language. In contrast, Berlioz favored programmatic works, including his "dramatic symphony" Roméo et Juliette ,

1005-568: The Finn Leif Segerstam , whose list of works includes 371 symphonies. Hector Berlioz originally wrote the Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale for military band in 1840. Anton Reicha had composed his four-movement 'Commemoration' Symphony (also known as Musique pour célébrer le Mémorie des Grands Hommes qui se sont Illustrés au Service de la Nation Française ) for large wind ensemble even earlier, in 1815, for ceremonies associated with

1072-451: The Jazz Age were keen on the sound of jazz music, and especially of jazz clubs. By the advent of the 20th century, campaigns to censor the "devil's music" started to appear, prohibiting when and where jazz clubs could be built. For example, a Cincinnati home for expectant mothers won an injunction to prevent construction of a neighboring theater where jazz will be played, convincing a court that

1139-712: The London Symphony Orchestra , the Boston Symphony Orchestra , the St. Louis Symphony , the Houston Symphony , or Miami's New World Symphony . For some orchestras, "(city name) Symphony" provides a shorter version of the full name; for instance, the OED gives "Vancouver Symphony" as a possible abbreviated form of Vancouver Symphony Orchestra . Additionally, in common usage, a person may say they are going out to hear

1206-463: The Symphony in C by Igor Stravinsky of 1938–40. There remained, however, certain tendencies. Designating a work a "symphony" still implied a degree of sophistication and seriousness of purpose. The word sinfonietta came into use to designate a work that is shorter, of more modest aims, or "lighter" than a symphony, such as Sergei Prokofiev 's Sinfonietta for orchestra . In the first half of

1273-490: The Third Symphony ("Eroica") that expanded the scope and ambition of the genre. His Symphony No. 5 is perhaps the most famous symphony ever written; its transition from the emotionally stormy C minor opening movement to a triumphant major-key finale provided a model adopted by later symphonists such as Brahms and Mahler . His Symphony No. 6 is a programmatic work, featuring instrumental imitations of bird calls and

1340-403: The 17th century wrote pieces, they expected that these works would be performed by whatever group of musicians were available. To give one example, whereas the bassline in a 19th-century work is scored for cellos , double basses and other specific instruments, in a 17th-century work, a basso continuo part for a sinfonia would not specify which instruments would play the part. A performance of

1407-449: The 17th century, for most of the Baroque era, the terms symphony and sinfonia were used for a range of different compositions, including instrumental pieces used in operas , sonatas and concertos —usually part of a larger work. The opera sinfonia , or Italian overture had, by the 18th century, a standard structure of three contrasting movements: fast, slow, fast and dance-like. It

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1474-501: The 1930s heyday of the Cotton Club . Soul Jazz was a development of hard bop which incorporated strong influences from blues , gospel and rhythm and blues to create music for small groups, often the organ trio of Hammond organ , drummer and tenor saxophonist. Unlike hard bop , soul Jazz generally emphasized repetitive grooves and melodic hooks, and improvisations were often less complex than in other Jazz styles. It often had

1541-440: The 19th century, before the birth of jazz, popular forms of live music for most well-to-do white Americans included classical concert music, such as concerti and symphonies , music played at performances, such as the opera and the ballet , and ballroom music. For these people, going out was a formal occasion, and the music was treated as something to listen to (if at the symphony or the opera house), or dance reservedly to (if at

1608-708: The Empire]". Since the normal size of the orchestra at the time was quite small, many of these courtly establishments were capable of performing symphonies. The young Joseph Haydn , taking up his first job as a music director in 1757 for the Morzin family , found that when the Morzin household was in Vienna, his own orchestra was only part of a lively and competitive musical scene, with multiple aristocrats sponsoring concerts with their own ensembles. LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson's article traces

1675-474: The age in which it was created. Five composers from across the span of the 20th century who fulfil this measure are Jean Sibelius , Igor Stravinsky , Luciano Berio (in his Sinfonia , 1968–69), Elliott Carter (in his Symphony of Three Orchestras , 1976), and Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen (in Symphony/Antiphony , 1980). From the mid-20th century into the 21st there has been a resurgence of interest in

1742-527: The beat and cadence of military marching bands and the syncopation of the ragtime piano , led to the creation of a new way to listen to live music. In the jazz history books, places such as New Orleans, Chicago, Harlem, Kansas City, U Street in Washington D.C., and the Central Avenue zone of Los Angeles are often cited as the key nurturing places of jazz. The African musical traditions primarily made use of

1809-457: The century, composers including Edward Elgar , Gustav Mahler , Jean Sibelius , Carl Nielsen , Igor Stravinsky , Bohuslav Martinů , Roger Sessions , William Walton , Sergei Prokofiev , Rued Langgaard and Dmitri Shostakovich composed symphonies "extraordinary in scope, richness, originality, and urgency of expression". One measure of the significance of a symphony is the degree to which it reflects conceptions of temporal form particular to

1876-579: The city, such as the brothels and bars of the red-light district around Basin Street , known as " Storyville ". In addition to dance bands, there were numerous marching bands who played at lavish funerals (later called jazz funerals ), which were arranged by the African-American and European American communities. The instruments used in marching bands and dance bands became the basic instruments of jazz. Despite its growing popularity, not all who lived in

1943-608: The club's opening night. "The club was intended to provide a reliable venue for swing musicians and a place where they could gather, but other customers were attracted by the door inside (autographed by visiting celebrities) which gave the club its name, the fine music, and drinks that started at fifty cents." An upstairs room was used for informal jazz sessions. In its first year, musicians such as Bunny Berigan , Georg Brunis , Bobby Hackett , Billie Holiday , Max Kaminsky , Wingy Manone , and Red Norvo helped establish its reputation. Vocalist Bessie Smith 's only 52nd Street appearance

2010-542: The clubs where it is performed in these countries provide meeting places for political dissidents , however, attendance of these clubs is minuscule compared to the popularity of jazz clubs during the Jazz Age . Known as the "birthplace of jazz," New Orleans is home to some of the oldest and most famous jazz clubs in the United States, including: Symphony A symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music , most often for orchestra . Although

2077-434: The course of 36 years , and Mozart, with at least 47 symphonies in 24 years . At the beginning of the 19th century, Beethoven elevated the symphony from an everyday genre produced in large quantities to a supreme form in which composers strove to reach the highest potential of music in just a few works. Beethoven began with two works directly emulating his models Mozart and Haydn, then seven more symphonies, starting with

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2144-599: The early 19th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play European instruments. The " Black Codes " outlawed drumming by slaves, which meant that African drumming traditions were not preserved in North America, unlike in Cuba, Haiti, and elsewhere in the Caribbean. African-based rhythmic patterns were retained in the United States in large part through "body rhythms" such as stomping, clapping, and patting juba . In

2211-440: The end of the 19th century, Gustav Mahler began writing long, large-scale symphonies that he continued composing into the early 20th century. His Third Symphony , completed in 1896, is one of the longest regularly performed symphonies at around 100 minutes in length for most performances. The Eighth Symphony was composed in 1906 and is nicknamed the "Symphony of a Thousand" because of the large number of voices required to perform

2278-405: The end of the century for the largest-scale symphonies, has the standard string ensemble mentioned above, pairs of winds ( flutes , oboes , clarinets , bassoons ), a pair of horns, and timpani. A keyboard continuo instrument (harpsichord or piano ) remained an option. The "Italian" style of symphony, often used as overture and entr'acte in opera houses , became a standard three-movement form:

2345-424: The form in Vienna included Georg Christoph Wagenseil , Wenzel Raimund Birck and Georg Matthias Monn , while later significant Viennese composers of symphonies included Johann Baptist Wanhal , Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf and Leopold Hofmann . The Mannheim school included Johann Stamitz . The most important symphonists of the latter part of the 18th century are Haydn, who wrote at least 106 symphonies over

2412-437: The four-movement form to orchestral or multi-instrument chamber music such as quartets, though since Beethoven solo sonatas are as often written in four as in three movements. The composition of early symphonies was centred on Milan, Vienna, and Mannheim . The Milanese school centred around Giovanni Battista Sammartini and included Antonio Brioschi , Ferdinando Galimberti and Giovanni Battista Lampugnani . Early exponents of

2479-437: The fusion and free jazz that had dominated the 1970s. Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis emerged early in the decade, and strove to create music within what he believed was the tradition, rejecting both fusion and free jazz and creating extensions of the small and large forms initially pioneered by such artists as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington , as well as the hard bop of the 1950s. Whether Marsalis' critical and commercial success

2546-450: The gradual expansion of the symphonic orchestra through the 18th century. At first, symphonies were string symphonies, written in just four parts: first violin, second violin, viola, and bass (the bass line was taken by cello(s), double bass(es) playing the part an octave below, and perhaps also a bassoon). Occasionally the early symphonists even dispensed with the viola part, thus creating three-part symphonies. A basso continuo part including

2613-448: The influence of his friend Johann Christian Bach . An outstanding late example of the three-movement Classical symphony is Mozart's Prague Symphony , from 1786. The four-movement form that emerged from this evolution was as follows: Variations on this layout, like changing the order of the middle movements or adding a slow introduction to the first movement, were common. Haydn, Mozart and their contemporaries restricted their use of

2680-410: The intimate atmosphere of jazz shows and long-term decline in popular interest in jazz. Despite being called " clubs ", these venues are usually not exclusive. Some clubs, however, have a cover charge if a live band is playing. Some jazz clubs host " jam sessions " after hours or on early evenings of the week. At jam sessions, both professional musicians and amateurs will typically share the stage. In

2747-847: The late 16th century to the 18th century. In the sense of "sounding together", the word begins to appear in the titles of some works by 16th- and 17th-century composers including Giovanni Gabrieli 's Sacrae symphoniae , and Symphoniae sacrae, liber secundus , published in 1597 and 1615, respectively; Adriano Banchieri 's Eclesiastiche sinfonie, dette canzoni in aria francese, per sonare, et cantare , Op. 16, published in 1607; Lodovico Grossi da Viadana 's Sinfonie musicali , Op. 18, published in 1610; and Heinrich Schütz 's Symphoniae sacrae , Op. 6, and Symphoniarum sacrarum secunda pars , Op. 10, published in 1629 and 1647, respectively. Except for Viadana's collection, which contained purely instrumental and secular music, these were all collections of sacred vocal works, some with instrumental accompaniment. In

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2814-421: The leading form of large-scale instrumental music. However, Liszt also composed two programmatic choral symphonies during this time, Faust and Dante . If the symphony had otherwise been eclipsed, it was not long before it re-emerged in a "second age" in the 1870s and 1880s, with the symphonies by Bruckner , Brahms , Tchaikovsky , Saint-Saëns , Borodin , Dvořák , and Franck —works which largely avoided

2881-517: The mountains and Alan Hovhaness 's Symphony No. 9, Saint Vartan —originally Op. 80, changed to Op. 180—composed in 1949–50, is in twenty-four. A concern with unification of the traditional four-movement symphony into a single, subsuming formal conception had emerged in the late 19th century. This has been called a "two-dimensional symphonic form", and finds its key turning point in Arnold Schoenberg 's Chamber Symphony No. 1 , Op. 9 (1909), which

2948-410: The music was dangerous to fetuses. By the end of the 1920s, at least 60 communities across the nation enacted laws prohibiting jazz in public dance halls. Prohibition in 1920 fostered the emergence of the underground, gangster-run jazz clubs. These venues served alcohol, hired black musicians, and allowed whites, blacks and audiences of all social classes to mingle socially for the first time. Although

3015-458: The piece might be done with a basso continuo group as small as a single cello and harpsichord . However, if a bigger budget was available for a performance and a larger sound was required, a basso continuo group might include multiple chord-playing instruments (harpsichord, lute , etc.) and a range of bass instruments, including cello, double bass, bass viol or even a serpent , an early bass wind instrument. LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson write in

3082-720: The post-Civil War period (after 1865), African Americans were able to obtain surplus military bass drums, snare drums and fifes, and an original African-American drum and fife music emerged, featuring tresillo and related syncopated rhythmic figures. The abolition of slavery in 1865 led to new opportunities for the education of freed African Americans. Although strict segregation limited employment opportunities for most blacks, many were able to find work in entertainment. Black musicians were able to provide entertainment in dances, minstrel shows , and in vaudeville , during which time many marching bands were formed. Black pianists played in bars, clubs and brothels, as ragtime developed. Blues

3149-429: The programmatic elements of Berlioz and Liszt and dominated the concert repertory for at least a century. Over the course of the 19th century, composers continued to add to the size of the symphonic orchestra. Around the beginning of the century, a full-scale orchestra would consist of the string section plus pairs of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, and lastly a set of timpani. This is, for instance,

3216-1096: The reburial of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette After those early efforts, few symphonies were written for wind bands until the 20th century when more symphonies were written for concert band than in past centuries. Although examples exist from as early as 1932, the first such symphony of importance is Nikolai Myaskovsky 's Symphony No. 19, Op. 46, composed in 1939. Some further examples are Paul Hindemith 's Symphony in B-flat for Band , composed in 1951; Morton Gould 's Symphony No. 4 "West Point", composed in 1952; Vincent Persichetti 's Symphony No. 6, Op. 69, composed in 1956; Vittorio Giannini 's Symphony No. 3, composed in 1958; Alan Hovhaness 's Symphonies No. 4, Op. 165, No. 7, "Nanga Parvat", Op. 175, No. 14, "Ararat", Op. 194, and No. 23, "Ani", Op. 249, composed in 1958, 1959, 1961, and 1972 respectively; John Barnes Chance 's Symphony No. 2, composed in 1972; Alfred Reed 's 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th symphonies, composed in 1979, 1988, 1992, and 1994 respectively; eight of

3283-519: The scoring used in Beethoven's symphonies numbered 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , and 8 . Trombones, which had previously been confined to church and theater music, came to be added to the symphonic orchestra, notably in Beethoven's 5th , 6th , and 9th symphonies. The combination of bass drum, triangle, and cymbals (sometimes also: piccolo), which 18th-century composers employed as a coloristic effect in so-called " Turkish music ", came to be increasingly used during

3350-623: The second edition of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians that "the symphony was cultivated with extraordinary intensity" in the 18th century. It played a role in many areas of public life, including church services, but a particularly strong area of support for symphonic performances was the aristocracy. In Vienna, perhaps the most important location in Europe for the composition of symphonies, "literally hundreds of noble families supported musical establishments, generally dividing their time between Vienna and their ancestral estate [elsewhere in

3417-476: The second half of the 19th century without any such connotations of genre. By the time of Mahler (see below), it was possible for a composer to write a symphony scored for "a veritable compendium of orchestral instruments". In addition to increasing in variety of instruments, 19th-century symphonies were gradually augmented with more string players and more wind parts, so that the orchestra grew substantially in sheer numbers, as concert halls likewise grew. Towards

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3484-411: The shores of Lake Pontchartrain at Milneburg and Bucktown, making red beans and rice banquettes on Mondays, and holding nightly dances at neighborhood halls all over town. This long and deep commitment to music and dance, along with the mixing of musical traditions like spiritual music from the church, the blues carried into town by rural guitar slingers, the minstrel shows inspired by plantation life,

3551-572: The symphony with many postmodernist composers adding substantially to the canon, not least in the United Kingdom: Peter Maxwell Davies (10), Robin Holloway (1), David Matthews (9), James MacMillan (5), Peter Seabourne (6), and Philip Sawyers (6). British composer Derek Bourgeois has surpassed the number of symphonies written by Haydn, with 116 symphonies. The greatest number of symphonies to date has been composed by

3618-681: The ten numbered symphonies of David Maslanka ; five symphonies to date by Julie Giroux (although she is currently working on a sixth ); Johan de Meij 's Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings" , composed in 1988, and his Symphony No. 2 "The Big Apple", composed in 1993; Yasuhide Ito's Symphony in Three Scenes 'La Vita', composed in 1998, which is his third symphony for wind band; John Corigliano 's Symphony No. 3 'Circus Maximus , composed in 2004; Denis Levaillant 's PachaMama Symphony, composed in 2014 and 2015, and James M. Stephenson's Symphony No. 2 which

3685-536: The term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late 18th century the word had taken on the meaning common today: a work usually consisting of multiple distinct sections or movements , often four, with the first movement in sonata form . Symphonies are almost always scored for an orchestra consisting of a string section ( violin , viola , cello , and double bass ), brass , woodwind , and percussion instruments which altogether number about 30 to 100 musicians. Symphonies are notated in

3752-541: The underground jazz clubs encouraged the intermingling of races in the Jazz Age, there were other jazz clubs, such as the Cotton Club in New York, that were white-only. By the 1940s, jazz music as a form of popular music was on the decline, and so was the popularity of jazz clubs. In the early 1940s, bebop-style performers began to shift jazz from danceable popular music towards a more challenging "musician's music." Since bebop

3819-429: The viola symphony Harold en Italie and the highly original Symphonie fantastique . The latter is also a programme work and has both a march and a waltz and five movements instead of the customary four. His fourth and last symphony, the Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale (originally titled Symphonie militaire ) was composed in 1840 for a 200-piece marching military band , to be performed out of doors, and

3886-514: The work. The 20th century saw further diversification in the style and content of works that composers labeled symphonies . Some composers, including Dmitri Shostakovich , Sergei Rachmaninoff , and Carl Nielsen , continued to write in the traditional four-movement form, while other composers took different approaches: Jean Sibelius ' Symphony No. 7 , his last, is in one movement, Richard Strauss ' Alpine Symphony , in one movement, split into twenty-two parts, detailing an eleven hour hike through

3953-400: Was a cause or a symptom of the reaction against Fusion and Free Jazz and the resurgence of interest in the kind of jazz pioneered in the 1960s (particularly Modal Jazz and Post-Bop ) is debatable; nonetheless there were many other manifestations of a resurgence of traditionalism, even if fusion and free jazz were by no means abandoned and continued to develop and evolve. Well into the 1980s,

4020-486: Was asked to get rid of him because he was playing augmented ninths, etc. They thought he was hitting bad notes." In November 1943, the Famous Door moved to 201 West 52nd Street, but this survived for only a short time into 1944. The club was revived in 1947, this time at 56 West 52nd Street. This again featured leading jazz figures of the time, this time in the swing and bebop styles. It closed in 1950. The final location for

4087-501: Was at the Famous Door – for a single date in February 1936. The club was predominantly for white musicians; black musicians Holiday and pianist Teddy Wilson were fired for mingling with Charlie Barnet , a white bandleader who was in the audience. Financial problems led to the club closing on May 10, 1936. A new version of the club opened at 66 West 52nd Street in December 1937. Its capacity

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4154-509: Was facilitated by a representative of the MCA booking agency, which paid for the club to make alterations, including the installation of air conditioning. A failure to pay wages to the musicians meant that the club was closed from June to September 1940. The club was part of the scene in which bebop developed: Benny Carter reported that he was asked to dismiss the experimenting trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie from his band when playing there around 1942: "I

4221-481: Was followed in the 1920s by other notable single-movement German symphonies, including Kurt Weill 's First Symphony (1921), Max Butting 's Chamber Symphony, Op. 25 (1923), and Paul Dessau 's 1926 Symphony. Alongside this experimentation, other 20th-century symphonies deliberately attempted to evoke the 18th-century origins of the genre, in terms of form and even musical style, with prominent examples being Sergei Prokofiev 's Symphony No. 1 "Classical" of 1916–17 and

4288-452: Was meant to be listened to, not danced to, it could use faster tempos. Drumming shifted to a more elusive and explosive style and highly syncopated music. While bebop did not draw the huge crowds that had once flocked to Swing-era dance clubs, the bebop style was based around small combos such as the jazz quartet . With these smaller combos on stage, smaller clubs could afford to pay the ensembles even with much smaller clubs than were common in

4355-420: Was no more than sixty. Prima was again the first to be given a residency, with pianist Art Tatum playing between sets. Big bands also played there in the 1930s and 1940s, even though the bandstand was small. There were also frequent radio broadcasts from the venue by CBS in the late 1930s. Broadcasts by Count Basie 's big band from the club several nights a week in part of 1938 helped develop his career. This

4422-646: Was premiered by the United States Marine Band ("The President's Own") and received both the National Band Association's William D. Revelli (2017) and the American Bandmasters Association's Sousa/Ostwald (2018) awards. In some forms of English, the word "symphony" is also used to refer to the orchestra , the large ensemble that often performs these works. The word "symphony" appears in the name of many orchestras, for example,

4489-452: Was the first to use the word symphonia as the name of a two-headed drum, and from c.  1155 to 1377 the French form symphonie was the name of the organistrum or hurdy-gurdy . In late medieval England, symphony was used in both of these senses, whereas by the 16th century it was equated with the dulcimer . In German, Symphonie was a generic term for spinets and virginals from

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