The File Retrieval and Editing SyStem , or FRESS , was a hypertext system developed at Brown University starting in 1968 by Andries van Dam and his students, including Bob Wallace . It was the first hypertext system to run on readily available commercial hardware and OS. It is also possibly the first computer-based system to have had an " undo " feature for quickly correcting small editing or navigational mistakes.
42-435: FRESS was a continuation of work done on van Dam's previous hypertext system, HES , developed the previous year. FRESS ran on an IBM 360-series mainframe running VM/CMS . It improved on HES's capabilities in many ways, inspired by Douglas Engelbart 's NLS . FRESS implemented one of the first virtual terminal interfaces, in order to provide device-independence. It could run on various terminals from dumb typewriters up to
84-649: A few years later for lack of resources and while rarely used, FRESS still runs on the current Brown mainframe. For the ACM Hypertext '89 conference, David Durand reverse-engineered the PDS-1 terminal and created an emulator for the Apple Macintosh . He and Steven DeRose , the last FRESS project director, recovered the old poetry class databases and gave live demos on this and a few later occasions. Hypertext Editing System The Hypertext Editing System , or HES ,
126-424: A label, and be accessed later by that name from the screen. Although HES pioneered many modern hypertext concepts, its emphasis was on text formatting and printing. HES required an IBM 2250 display console and a large memory partition on Brown's IBM System/360 Model 50 campus mainframe computer which limited its use: "Although it was shared with others, it was a multi-million-dollar piece of technology housed in
168-529: A large machine room that van Dam’s team was able to use as essentially a personal computer between midnight and 4 AM." The program was used by NASA 's Houston Manned Spacecraft Center for documentation on the Apollo space program. The project's research was funded by IBM but the program was stopped around 1969, and replaced by the FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System) project. Ted Nelson claims credit for inventing
210-574: A link back to the ACM Digital Library's permanently maintained Version of Record. All metadata in the Digital Library is open to the world, including abstracts , linked references and citing works, citation and usage statistics, as well as all functionality and services. Other than the free articles, the full-texts are accessed by subscription. In addition, starting on April 7, 2022, ACM made its publications from 1951 to 2000 open access through
252-540: A marker at any location within a text document and link the marked selection to any other point either in the same document or a different document. This was much like the World Wide Web of today, but without the need for the anchor hyperlinks that HTML requires. Links were also bi-directional, unlike in today's web. FRESS had two types of links : tags and "jumps". Tags were links to information such as references or footnotes, while "jumps" were links that could take
294-542: A membership grade, the ACM recognizes distinguished speakers on topics in computer science. A distinguished speaker is appointed for a three-year period. There are usually about 125 current distinguished speakers. The ACM website describes these people as 'Renowned International Thought Leaders'. The distinguished speakers program (DSP) has been in existence for over 20 years and serves as an outreach program that brings renowned experts from Academia, Industry and Government to present on
336-500: A number of awards for outstanding technical and professional achievements and contributions in computer science and information technology. Over 30 of ACM's Special Interest Groups also award individuals for their contributions with a few listed below. The President of ACM for 2022–2024 is Yannis Ioannidis , Professor at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens . He is successor of Gabriele Kotsis (2020–2022), Professor at
378-601: A participating institution will be expected to pay an article processing charge . As of May 2024, ACM reported that more than 1,340 institutions worldwide had signed on for ACM Open, putting ACM at just over halfway to meeting its target of 2,500 participating institutions by 2026. In addition to student and regular members, ACM has several advanced membership grades to recognize those with multiple years of membership and "demonstrated performance that sets them apart from their peers". The number of Fellows, Distinguished Members, and Senior Members cannot exceed 1%, 10%, and 25% of
420-456: A visualization of the "structure space" of the texts and cross-reference links, and could directly rearrange the structure space, and automatically update the links to match. FRESS was essentially a text-based system and editing links was a fairly complex task unless you had access to the PDS-1 terminal, in which case you could select each end with the lightpen and create a link with a couple of keystrokes. FRESS provided no method for knowing where
462-462: Is a bibliography in computing with over one million entries. The ACM Digital Library contains a comprehensive archive starting in the 1950s of the organization's journals, magazines, newsletters and conference proceedings. Online services include a forum called Ubiquity and Tech News digest. There is an extensive underlying bibliographic database containing key works of all genres from all major publishers of computing literature. This secondary database
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#1732855961744504-544: Is a collection of historic and current portrait photographs of figures from the computer industry. The ACM Portal is an online service of the ACM. Its core are two main sections: ACM Digital Library and the ACM Guide to Computing Literature . The ACM Digital Library was launched in October 1997. It is the full-text collection of all articles published by the ACM in its articles, magazines and conference proceedings. The Guide
546-497: Is a rich discovery service known as The ACM Guide to Computing Literature. ACM adopted a hybrid Open Access (OA) publishing model in 2013. Authors who do not choose to pay the OA fee must grant ACM publishing rights by either a copyright transfer agreement or a publishing license agreement. ACM was a "green" publisher before the term was invented. Authors may post documents on their own websites and in their institutional repositories with
588-528: Is an umbrella organization for academic and scholarly interests in computer science ( informatics ). Its motto is "Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession". In 1947, a notice was sent to various people: On January 10, 1947, at the Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery at the Harvard computation Laboratory, Professor Samuel H. Caldwell of Massachusetts Institute of Technology spoke of
630-647: The Anita Borg Institute , the National Center for Women & Information Technology (NCWIT) , and Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research (CRA-W) . The ACM-W gives an annual Athena Lecturer Award to honor outstanding women researchers who have made fundamental contributions to computer science. This program began in 2006. Speakers are nominated by SIG officers. ACM's primary partner has been
672-482: The Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology . Some conferences are hosted by ACM student branches; this includes Reflections Projections, which is hosted by UIUC ACM. In addition, ACM sponsors regional conferences. Regional conferences facilitate increased opportunities for collaboration between nearby institutions and they are well attended. For additional non-ACM conferences, see this list of computer science conferences . The ACM presents or co–presents
714-695: The IEEE Computer Society (IEEE-CS), which is the largest subgroup of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE focuses more on hardware and standardization issues than theoretical computer science , but there is considerable overlap with ACM's agenda. They have many joint activities including conferences, publications and awards. ACM and its SIGs co-sponsor about 20 conferences each year with IEEE-CS and other parts of IEEE. Eckert-Mauchly Award and Ken Kennedy Award , both major awards in computer science, are given jointly by ACM and
756-488: The Imlac PDS-1 graphical minicomputer . On the PDS-1, it supported multi-window WYSIWYG editing and graphics display. The PDS-1 used a light pen , not a mouse, and the light pen could be "clicked" using a foot-pedal. FRESS allowed multiple users to collaborate on as set of documents, which could be of arbitrary size, and (unlike prior systems) were not laid out in lines until the moment of display. FRESS users could insert
798-603: The Jack Baskin School of Engineering at the University of California, Santa Cruz ; Vint Cerf (2012–2014), American computer scientist and Internet pioneer; Alain Chesnais (2010–2012); and Dame Wendy Hall of the University of Southampton , UK (2008–2010). ACM is led by a council consisting of the president, vice-president, treasurer, past president, SIG Governing Board Chair, Publications Board Chair, three representatives of
840-595: The Johannes Kepler University Linz ; Cherri M. Pancake (2018–2020), professor emeritus at Oregon State University and Director of the Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering (NACSE); Vicki L. Hanson (2016–2018), Distinguished Professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology and visiting professor at the University of Dundee ; Alexander L. Wolf (2014–2016), Dean of
882-707: The ACM include: Although Communications no longer publishes primary research, and is not considered a prestigious venue, many of the great debates and results in computing history have been published in its pages. ACM has made almost all of its publications available to paid subscribers online at its Digital Library and also has a Guide to Computing Literature . ACM also offers insurance, online courses, and other services to its members. In 1997, ACM Press published Wizards and Their Wonders: Portraits in Computing ( ISBN 0897919602 ), written by Christopher Morgan, with new photographs by Louis Fabian Bachrach . The book
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#1732855961744924-569: The Digital Library in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the organisation's founding. In 2020, ACM launched a major push to become a fully open access publisher by 2026. ACM restructured its pricing for the ACM Digital Library on the basis of publishing activity by affiliated lead authors in ACM's journals, magazines, and conference proceedings. Under this model, termed "ACM Open," institutions pay set fees for full access to ACM Digital Library contents as well as unlimited open access publishing by their affiliated authors. Authors not affiliated with
966-577: The IEEE-CS. They occasionally cooperate on projects like developing computing curricula. ACM has also jointly sponsored on events with other professional organizations like the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). In December 2019, the ACM co-signed a letter with over one hundred other publishers to President Donald Trump saying that an open access mandate would increase costs to taxpayers or researchers and hurt intellectual property . This
1008-523: The Preface to Person and Object Chisholm writes "The book would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval and Editing System..." Through the diligent work of Alan Hecht, FRESS survived a major OS upgrade around 1978. Around the same time Jonathan Prusky wrote thorough user documentation for the system as well, in The FRESS Resource Manual. Although support had to be withdrawn
1050-797: The SIG Governing Board, and seven Members-At-Large. This institution is often referred to simply as "Council" in Communications of the ACM . ACM has numerous boards, committees, and task forces which run the organization: ACM-W , the ACM council on women in computing , supports, celebrates, and advocates internationally for the full engagement of women in computing. ACM–W's main programs are regional celebrations of women in computing, ACM-W chapters, and scholarships for women CS students to attend research conferences. In India and Europe these activities are overseen by ACM-W India and ACM-W Europe respectively. ACM-W collaborates with organizations such as
1092-534: The SIGs also have an annual conference. ACM conferences are often very popular publishing venues and are therefore very competitive. For example, SIGGRAPH 2007 attracted about 30000 attendees, while CIKM 2005 and RecSys 2022 had paper acceptance rates of only accepted 15% and 17% respectively. The ACM is a co–presenter and founding partner of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) with
1134-680: The back button with regards to hypertext, as the Hypertext Editing System was the first system that contained one. Association for Computing Machinery The Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) is a US-based international learned society for computing . It was founded in 1947 and is the world's largest scientific and educational computing society. The ACM is a non-profit professional membership group, reporting nearly 110,000 student and professional members as of 2022 . Its headquarters are in New York City . The ACM
1176-399: The course material, and engage with other students and instructors to collectively add meaning to it. There was only a single Imlac terminal, which students signed up for time on, so only 12 students per course could use FRESS. The students in the section which read and commented on the material via FRESS wrote about three times as much as students in control groups, and seemed to benefit from
1218-799: The need for an association of those interested in computing machinery, and of the need for communication between them. [...] After making some inquiries during May and June, we believe there is ample interest to start an informal association of many of those interested in the new machinery for computing and reasoning. Since there has to be a beginning, we are acting as a temporary committee to start such an association: The committee (except for Curtiss) had gained experience with computers during World War II : Berkeley, Campbell, and Goheen helped build Harvard Mark I under Howard H. Aiken , Mauchly and Sharpless were involved in building ENIAC , Tompkins had used "the secret Navy code-breaking machines", and Taylor had worked on Bush 's Differential analyzers . The ACM
1260-662: The people funding the computer center that writing was an appropriate use of the expensive computers of the time. But English Professor Robert Scholes and two teaching assistants worked with the FRESS team to run a small experiment funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities . They saw hypertext as an attractive new way to present poetry , which is often highly reflexive and full of allusions and references to other works. They also wanted to help students directly interact with
1302-412: The topic of their expertise. The DSP is overseen by a committee ACM has three kinds of chapters: Special Interest Groups , Professional Chapters, and Student Chapters . As of 2022 , ACM has professional & SIG Chapters in 56 countries. As of 2022 , there exist ACM student chapters in 41 countries. ACM and its Special Interest Groups (SIGs) sponsors numerous conferences worldwide. Most of
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1344-546: The total number of professional members, respectively. The ACM Fellows Program was established by Council of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1993 "to recognize and honor outstanding ACM members for their achievements in computer science and information technology and for their significant contributions to the mission of the ACM." There are 1,310 Fellows as of 2020 out of about 100,000 members. In 2006, ACM began recognizing two additional membership grades, one which
1386-484: The use of the system, but given the small number of students in the study, the uncertainty in the results is high. A short film was made to document the project, which was rediscovered and shown as part of NEH's 50th anniversary celebration. FRESS was for many years the word processor of choice at Brown and a small number of other sites. It was used for typesetting many books, including those by Roderick Chisholm , Robert Coover and Rosmarie Waldrop . For example, in
1428-444: The user through many separate but related documents. FRESS also had the ability to assign keywords to links or text blocks to assist with navigation. Keywords could be used to select which sections to display or print, which links would be available to the user, and so on. Multiple "spaces" were also automatically maintained, including an automatic table of contents and indexes to keywords, document structures, and so on. Users could view
1470-408: The user was within a collection of documents. FRESS was used as educational technology for several classes at Brown, probably being the first hypertext system used in education. Most notably it was used for teaching an introduction to poetry in 1975 and 1976. In those days it was difficult to convince faculty in the humanities that computers could be useful in their teaching or work, or to convince
1512-496: The worldwide ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest (ICPC), and has sponsored some other events such as the chess match between Garry Kasparov and the IBM Deep Blue computer. ACM publishes over 50 journals including the prestigious Journal of the ACM , and two general magazines for computer professionals, Communications of the ACM (also known as Communications or CACM ) and Queue . Other publications of
1554-443: Was an early hypertext research project conducted at Brown University in 1967 by Andries van Dam , Ted Nelson , and several Brown students. It was the first hypertext system available on commercial equipment that novices could use. HES organized data into two main types: links and branching text. The branching text could automatically be arranged into menus, and a point within a given area could also have an assigned name, called
1596-469: Was called Distinguished Members. Distinguished Members (Distinguished Engineers, Distinguished Scientists, and Distinguished Educators) have at least 15 years of professional experience and 5 years of continuous ACM membership and "have made a significant impact on the computing field". In 2006 when the Distinguished Members first came out, one of the three levels was called "Distinguished Member" and
1638-735: Was changed about two years later to "Distinguished Educator". Those who already had the Distinguished Member title had their titles changed to one of the other three titles. List of Distinguished Members of the Association for Computing Machinery Also in 2006, ACM began recognizing Senior Members. According to the ACM, "The Senior Members Grade recognizes those ACM members with at least 10 years of professional experience and 5 years of continuous Professional Membership who have demonstrated performance through technical leadership, and technical or professional contributions". Senior membership also requires 3 letters of reference While not technically
1680-433: Was founded in 1961 at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette . Many of the SIGs, such as SIGGRAPH , SIGDA , SIGPLAN , SIGCSE and SIGCOMM , sponsor regular conferences, which have become famous as the dominant venue for presenting innovations in certain fields. The groups also publish a large number of specialized journals, magazines, and newsletters. ACM also sponsors other computer science related events such as
1722-419: Was in response to rumors that he was considering issuing an executive order that would require federally funded research be made freely available online immediately after being published. It is unclear how these rumors started. Many ACM members opposed the letter, leading ACM to issue a statement clarifying that they remained committed to open access, and they wanted to see communication with stakeholders about
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1764-725: Was then founded in 1947 under the name Eastern Association for Computing Machinery , which was changed the following year to the Association for Computing Machinery. The ACM History Committee since 2016 has published the A.M.Turing Oral History project, the ACM Key Award Winners Video Series, and the India Industry Leaders Video project. ACM is organized into over 180 local professional chapters and 38 Special Interest Groups (SIGs), through which it conducts most of its activities. Additionally, there are over 680 student chapters. The first student chapter
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