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75-575: The Free and Open Source Silicon Foundation ( FOSSi Foundation ) is a non-profit foundation with the mission to promote and assist free and open digital hardware designs and their related ecosystems. It was set up by the core OpenRISC development team in response to decreasing support from the commercial owners of the opencores.org website. The main sponsor of the FOSSi Foundation is Google and past sponsors included Cadence Design Systems and Embecosm. The FOSSi Foundation should not be confused with

150-434: A code of conduct which prohibits offensive language and unwanted behavior in any of the community spaces. During 2015, ORSoC AB, commercial owners of opencores.org formed a joint venture with KNCMiner AB to develop bitcoin mining machines. As this became the primary focus of the business, they spent less time on the opencores.org project. In response to the growing lack of commitment, the core OpenRISC development team set up

225-453: A common cause to help fund services and programs to combat a variety of issues including healthcare and community development. The major aspect of donor-based crowdfunding is that there is no reward for donating; rather, it is based on the donor's altruistic reasoning. Ethical concerns have been raised to the increasing popularity of donation-based crowdfunding, which can be affected by fraudulent campaigns and privacy issues. The inputs of

300-403: A daily basis. The future growth potential of crowdfunding platforms also depends on their financing volume with venture capital. Between January 2017 and April 2020 globally 99 venture capital financing rounds for crowdfunding platforms took place with more than half a billion USD of total money raised. The median amount per venture capital financing rounds for crowdfunding was $ 5 million in

375-505: A direct person-to-person lending model to microcredit lending for low-income small business owners in developing countries. In 2017, Facebook initiated "Fundraisers", an internal plug-in function that allows its users to raise money for nonprofits. DonorsChoose .org, founded in 2000, allows public school teachers in the United States to request materials for their classrooms. Individuals can lend money to teacher-proposed projects, and

450-483: A fractional role in crowdfunding. Its use has also been criticized for funding quackery , especially costly and fraudulent cancer treatments. Funding by collecting small donations from many people has a long history with many roots. Books have been funded in this way in the past; authors and publishers would advertise book projects in praenumeration or subscription schemes. The book would be written and published if enough subscribers signaled their readiness to buy

525-612: A large ceremony in the hall of the Shura Council of Laws, in the presence of Khedive Abbas II and senior statesmen and notables. Its director was the politician and writer Ahmed Lutfi al-Sayyid while the chairman of its board of directors was King Fouad the first . In 1953 the National University changed its name to Cairo University . Marillion started crowdfunding in 1997. Fans of the British rock band raised $ 60,000 (£39,000) via

600-412: A large number of people, typically via the internet. Crowdfunding is a form of crowdsourcing and alternative finance . In 2015, over US$ 34 billion was raised worldwide by crowdfunding. Although similar concepts can also be executed through mail-order subscriptions, benefit events, and other methods, the term crowdfunding refers to internet-mediated registries. This modern crowdfunding model

675-588: A monumental base for the Statue of Liberty , a newspaper-led campaign attracted small donations from 160,000 donors. Crowdfunding on the internet first gained popular and mainstream use in the arts and music communities. The first noteworthy instance of online crowdfunding in the music industry was in 1997, when fans of the British rock band Marillion raised US$ 60,000 in donations through an Internet campaign to underwrite an entire U.S. tour. The band subsequently used this method to fund their studio albums. This built on

750-450: A payoff from monetary contributions (desire for investment). Additionally, individuals participate in crowdfunding to see new products before the public. Early access often allows funders to participate more directly in the development of the product. Crowdfunding is also particularly attractive to funders who are family and friends of a creator. It helps to mediate the terms of their financial agreement and manage each group's expectations for

825-450: A significant percentage of the money raised. In the summer of 1885, crowdfunding averted a crisis that threatened the completion of the Statue of Liberty. Construction of the statue's pedestal stalled due to a lack of financing. Fundraising efforts for the project fell short of the necessary amount by more than a third. New York Governor Grover Cleveland refused to appropriate city funds for

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900-438: A significant pre-existing fan base and fulfill an existing gap in the market." Innovative new platforms, such as RocketHub , have emerged that combine traditional funding for creative work with branded crowdsourcing—helping artists and entrepreneurs unite with brands "without the need for a middle man." A variety of crowdfunding platforms have emerged to allow ordinary web users to support specific philanthropic projects without

975-416: A supervisor mode and virtual memory system, optional read, write, and execute control for memory pages, and instructions for synchronizing and interrupt handling between multiple processors. Another notable feature is a rich set of single instruction, multiple data ( SIMD ) instructions intended for digital signal processing . Most implementations are on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) which give

1050-417: A valuation around $ 9 billion. Litigation crowdfunding allows plaintiffs or defendants to reach out to hundreds of their peers simultaneously in a semi-private and confidential manner to obtain funding, either seeking donations or providing a reward in return for funding. It also allows investors to purchase a stake in a claim they have funded, which may allow them to get back more than their investment if

1125-475: Is a reasonably simple traditional RISC architecture reminiscent of MIPS using a 3-operand load-store architecture, with 16 or 32 general-purpose registers and a fixed 32-bit instruction length. The instruction set is mostly identical between the 32- and 64-bit versions of the specification, the main difference being the register width (32 or 64 bits) and page table layout. The OpenRISC specification includes all features common to modern desktop and server processors:

1200-501: Is for the OpenRISC 1000 ("OR1k"), describing a family of 32-bit and 64-bit processors with optional floating-point arithmetic and vector processing support. The OpenRISC 1200 implementation of this specification was designed by Damjan Lampret in 2000, written in the Verilog hardware description language (HDL). The later mor1kx implementation, which has some advantages compared to

1275-402: Is generally based on three types of actors – the project initiator who proposes the idea or project to be funded, individuals or groups who support the idea, and a moderating organization (the "platform") that brings the parties together to launch the idea. The term crowdfunding was coined in 2006 by entrepreneur and technologist, Michael Sullivan, to differentiate traditional fundraising with

1350-432: Is the 32-bit OpenRISC 1000 family (or1k). Formerly OpenRISC 1000 architecture, it has been superseded by the mainline port. Several real-time operating systems (RTOS) have been ported to OpenRISC, including NuttX , RTEMS , FreeRTOS , and eCos . Since version 1.2, QEMU supports emulating OpenRISC platforms. Crowdfunding Crowdfunding is the practice of funding a project or venture by raising money from

1425-472: Is the online pooling of capital from investors to fund mortgages secured by real estate, such as " fix and flip " redevelopment of distressed or abandoned properties, equity for commercial and residential projects, acquisition of pools of distressed mortgages, home buyer down payments, and similar real estate related outlets. Investment, via specialized online platforms in the US, is generally completed under Title II of

1500-423: Is to raise funds for a project where a digital security is offered as a reward to funders which is known as Initial coin offering (abbreviated to ICO). Some value tokens are endogenously created by particular open decentralized networks that are used to incentivize client computers of the network to expend scarce computer resources on maintaining the protocol network. These value tokens may or may not exist at

1575-488: The Bank of England in the 1730s when customers demanded their pounds to be converted into gold – they supported the currency until confidence in the pound was restored, thus crowdfunding their own money. A clearer case of modern crowdfunding is Auguste Comte 's scheme to issue notes for the public support of his further work as a philosopher. The "Première Circulaire Annuelle adressée par l'auteur du Système de Philosophie Positive "

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1650-607: The GNU toolchain to OpenRISC to support development in the programming languages C and C++ . Using this toolchain the newlib , uClibc , musl (as of release 1.1.4), and glibc libraries have been ported to the processor. Dynalith provides OpenIDEA, a graphical integrated development environment (IDE) based on this toolchain. A project to port LLVM to the OpenRISC 1000 architecture began in early 2012. GCC 9 released with OpenRISC support. The OR1K project provides an instruction set simulator , or1ksim. The flagship implementation,

1725-770: The JOBS Act and is limited to accredited investors. The platforms offer low minimum investments, often $ 100 – $ 10,000. There are over 75 real estate crowdfunding platforms in the United States. The growth of real estate crowdfunding is a global trend. During 2014 and 2015, more than 150 platforms have been created throughout the world, such as in China, the Middle East, or France. In Europe, some compare this growing industry to that of e-commerce ten years earlier. Examples of real estate crowdfunding platforms are EquityMultiple, Fundrise , Yieldstreet , CrowdStreet, and RealtyMogul. In Europe,

1800-590: The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) have been researching and publishing about the topic. One crowdfunding project, iCancer, was used to support a Phase 1 trial of AdVince, an anti-cancer drug in 2016. Research into the suitability of crowdfunding for civic investment in the UK highlights that the public sector has not fully realized the benefits of a crowdfunding approach. Real estate crowdfunding

1875-436: The "film" category: A number of private companies thrive off of crowdfunding and offer services related to a number of platforms. Examples include large companies like BackerKit that principally offer data analysis of campaigns , or Y Combinator , which acts as a startup accelerator and receives a significant number of its applicants from platforms such as Kickstarter and Indiegogo. The Italian-American company Atellani USA

1950-659: The 2012 amount was raised in North America. Crowdfunding is expected to reach US$ 1 trillion in 2025. A May 2014 report, released by the United Kingdom-based The Crowdfunding Centre and titled "The State of the Crowdfunding Nation", presented data showing that during March 2014, more than US$ 60,000 were raised on an hourly basis via global crowdfunding initiatives. Also during this period, 442 crowdfunding campaigns were launched globally on

2025-872: The A31 ARM-based SoC. Cadence Design Systems have begun using OpenRISC as a reference architecture in documenting tool chain flows (for example the UVM reference flow, now contributed to Accellera ). TechEdSat , the first NASA OpenRISC architecture based Linux computer launched in July 2012, and was deployed in October 2012 to the International Space Station with hardware provided, built, and tested by ÅAC Microtec and ÅAC Microtec North America. Being open source, OpenRISC has proved popular in academic and hobbyist circles. For example, Stefan Wallentowitz and his team at

2100-504: The Decentralized Autonomous Organization ". Debt-based crowdfunding, (also known as "peer-to-peer", "P2P", "marketplace lending", or "crowdlending") arose with the founding of Zopa in the UK in 2005 and in the US in 2006, with the launches of Lending Club and Prosper.com . Borrowers apply online, generally for free, and their application is reviewed and verified by an automated system, which also determines

2175-558: The Free Silicon Foundation. The FOSSi Foundation operates as an open, inclusive, vendor-independent group. It identifies its mission as the following activities: The FOSSi Foundation is the legal entity, owner of the librecores.org website, the primary portal for the user community. It holds an annual conference (ORConf) and organizes an annual student design contest. To provide a harassment-free environment for minority contributors, all community members are required to abide by

2250-608: The Free and Open Source Silicon Foundation (FOSSi), and registered the LibreCores website, as the basis for all future development, independent of commercial control. In 2016, the LibreCores development intensified and the annual "LibreCores Student Design Contest" was announced The FOSSi Foundation is an umbrella organization in the Google Summer of Code 2016–2020. OpenRISC The first (and as of 2019 only) architectural description

2325-789: The Institute for Integrated Systems at the Technische Universität München have used OpenRISC in research into multi-core processor architectures. The Open Source Hardware User Group ( OSHUG ) in the UK has on two occasions run sessions on OpenRISC, while hobbyist Sven-Åke Andersson has written a comprehensive blog on OpenRISC for beginners, which attracted the interest of Electronic Engineering Times ( EE Times ). Sebastian Macke has implemented jor1k, an OpenRISC 1000 emulator in JavaScript , running Linux with X Window System and Wayland support. The OpenRISC community have ported

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2400-500: The Kickstarter platform prior to the date of publication, including: Musician Amanda Palmer raised US$ 1.2 million from 24,883 backers in June 2012 to make a new album and art book. Other campaigns include: Kickstarter has been used to successfully revive or launch television and film projects that could not get funding elsewhere. These are the current record holders for projects in

2475-686: The OR 1200, was designed by Julius Baxter and is also written in Verilog. Additionally software simulators exist, which implement the OR1k specification. The hardware design was released under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), while the models and firmware were released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). A reference system on a chip (SoC) implementation based on

2550-623: The OR1200, is a register-transfer level (RTL) model in Verilog HDL, from which a SystemC -based cycle-accurate model can be built in ORPSoC. A high speed model of the OpenRISC 1200 is also available through the Open Virtual Platforms (OVP) initiative (see OVPsim ), set up by Imperas. The mainline Linux kernel gained support for OpenRISC in version 3.1. The implementation merged in this release

2625-722: The OpenRISC 1000 architecture, including the ORC32-1208 from ORSoC and the BA12, BA14, and BA22 from Beyond Semiconductor. Dynalith Systems provide the iNCITE FPGA prototyping board, which can run both the OpenRISC 1000 and BA12. Flextronics (Flex) and Jennic Limited manufactured the OpenRISC as part of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Samsung uses the OpenRISC 1000 in their DTV system-on-chips (SDP83 B-Series, SDP92 C-Series, SDP1001/SDP1002 D-Series, SDP1103/SDP1106 E-Series). Allwinner Technology are reported to use an OpenRISC core in their AR100 power controller, which forms part of

2700-495: The OpenRISC 1200 was developed, named the OpenRISC Reference Platform System-on-Chip (ORPSoC). Several groups have demonstrated ORPSoC and other OR1200 based designs running on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and there have been several commercial derivatives produced. Later SoC designs, also based on an OpenRisc 1000 CPU implementation, are minSoC, OpTiMSoC and MiSoC. The instruction set

2775-469: The U.S. and $ 1.5 million in Europe between January 2017 and April 2020. In 2015, it was predicted that over 2,000 crowdfunding sites would be available to choose from in 2016. As of 2021, there are 1,478 crowdfunding organizations in the US ( Crunchbase , 2021). As of January 2021, Kickstarter has raised more than $ 5.6 billion spread over 197,425 projects. Crowdfunding platforms have differences in

2850-463: The UK, Spacehive is used by the Mayor of London and Manchester City Council to co-fund civic projects created by citizens. Similarly, dedicated Humanitarian Crowdfunding initiatives are emerging, involving humanitarian organizations, volunteers, and supporters in solving and modeling how to build innovative crowdfunding solutions for the humanitarian community. Likewise, international organizations like

2925-652: The UK-based United Innovation Association, counsel that ideas can be protected on crowdfunding sites through early filing of patent applications , use of copyright and trademark protection as well as a new form of idea protection supported by the World Intellectual Property Organization called Creative Barcode. A number of platforms have also emerged that specialize in the crowdfunding of scientific projects, such as experiment.com , and The Open Source Science Project. In

3000-444: The UK. One of the challenges of posting new ideas on crowdfunding sites is there may be little or no intellectual property (IP) protection provided by the sites themselves. Once an idea is posted, it can be copied. As Slava Rubin, founder of IndieGoGo, said: "We get asked that all the time, 'How do you protect me from someone stealing my idea?' We're not liable for any of that stuff." Inventor advocates, such as Simon Brown, founder of

3075-451: The US, P2P lending totaled about $ 5 billion. In 2014, in the UK, P2P platforms lent businesses £749 million, a growth of 250% from 2012 to 2014, and lent retail customers £547 million, a growth of 108% from 2012 to 2014. In both countries in 2014, about 75% of all the money transferred through crowdfunding went through P2P platforms. Lending Club went public in December 2014 at

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3150-414: The book once it was out. The subscription business model is not exactly crowdfunding, since the actual flow of money only begins with the arrival of the product. However, the list of subscribers has the power to create the necessary confidence among investors that is needed to risk the publication. War bonds are theoretically a form of crowdfunding military conflicts. London's mercantile community saved

3225-555: The borrower's credit risk and interest rate. Investors buy securities in a fund that makes the loans to individual borrowers or bundles of borrowers. Investors make money from interest on the unsecured loans; the system operators make money by taking a percentage of the loan and a loan servicing fee. In 2009, institutional investors entered the P2P lending arena; for example in 2013, Google invested $ 125 million in Lending Club. In 2014, in

3300-661: The case succeeds (the reward is based on the compensation received by the litigant at the end of his or her case, known as a contingent fee in the United States, a success fee in the United Kingdom, or a pactum de quota litis in many civil law systems). LexShares is a platform that allows accredited investors to invest in lawsuits. Donation-based crowdfunding is the collective effort of individuals to help charitable causes. In donation-based crowdfunding, funds are raised for religious, social environmental, or other purposes. Donors come together to create an online community around

3375-448: The construction of a company. Equity crowdfunding, unlike donation and rewards-based crowdfunding, involves the offer of securities which include the potential for a return on investment. Syndicates, which involve many investors following the strategy of a single lead investor, can be effective in reducing information asymmetry and in avoiding the outcome of market failure associated with equity crowdfunding. Another kind of crowdfunding

3450-451: The first Egyptian university, and published an advertisement in Al-Ahram newspaper in October 1906 calling on Egyptians to fulfill the nation's debt and not procrastinate with it. Indeed, many people including school children rushed to donate, and the patriots encouraged this subscription until donations exceeded 4,400 Egyptian pounds. The National University was opened on December 21, 1908, in

3525-516: The front page, and kept a running tally of funds raised. The campaign raised over $ 100,000 (roughly $ 2 million today) allowing the city to complete construction of the pedestal. Pulitzer and The World simultaneously saved the Statue of Liberty and gave birth to crowdfunding in American politics. Crowdfunding for Cairo University The Egyptian national leader, Mustafa Kamel , launched an initiative for public subscription in favor of establishing

3600-431: The highest reported funding by a crowdfunded project to date is Star Citizen , an online space trading and combat video game being developed by Chris Roberts and Cloud Imperium Games; it has raised over $ 500M to date, and while it has a devoted fan base, criticism has arisen for being a potential scam. On April 17, 2014, The Guardian media outlet published a list of "20 of the most significant projects" launched on

3675-456: The individual to participate by expecting a payoff. Crowdfunding platforms are motivated to generate income by drawing worthwhile projects and generous funders. These sites also seek widespread public attention for their projects and platform. Crowdfunding websites helped companies and individuals worldwide raise US$ 89 million from members of the public in 2010, $ 1.47 billion in 2011, and $ 2.66 billion in 2012 — $ 1.6 billion of

3750-419: The individuals in the crowd trigger the crowdfunding process and influence the ultimate value of the offerings or outcomes of the process. Individuals act as agents of the offering, selecting, and promoting of the projects in which they believe. They sometimes play a donor role oriented towards providing help on social projects. In some cases, they become shareholders and contribute to the development and growth of

3825-413: The internet to help finance a North American tour. The Professional Contractors Group , a trade body representing freelancers in the UK, raised £100,000 over a two-week period in 1999 from some 2000 freelancers threatened by a government measure known as IR35 . In 2003, jazz composer Maria Schneider (musician) launched the first crowdfunding campaign on ArtistShare for a new recording. The recording

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3900-413: The need for large amounts of money. GlobalGiving allows individuals to browse through a selection of small projects proposed by nonprofit organizations worldwide, donating funds to projects of their choice. Microcredit crowdfunding platforms such as Kiva (organization) facilitate crowdfunding of loans managed by microcredit organizations in developing countries. The US-based nonprofit Zidisha applies

3975-422: The offering. Individuals disseminate information about projects they support in their online communities, generating further support (promoters). The motivation for consumer participation stems from the feeling of being at least partly responsible for the success of others people's initiatives (desire for patronage), striving to be a part of a communal social initiative (desire for social participation), and seeking

4050-430: The organization fulfills and delivers supplies to schools. There are also a number of own-branded university crowdfunding websites , which enable students and staff to create projects and receive funding from alumni of the university or the general public. Several dedicated civic crowdfunding platforms have emerged in the US and the UK, some of which have led to the first direct involvement of governments in crowdfunding. In

4125-462: The persons behind the projects strongly enough to provide monetary support. In response to arbitrary crowdfunding curation on existing platforms, an open source alternative called Selfstarter emerged in late 2012 from the project Lockitron after it was rejected from Kickstarter. While Selfstarter required the creators of the project to set up hosting and payment processing, it proved that projects could successfully crowdfund without middlemen taking

4200-501: The possibility to iterate on the design at the cost of performance. By 2018, the OpenRISC 1000 was considered stable, so ORSoC (owner of OpenCores) began a crowdfunding project to build a cost-efficient application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to get improved performance. ORSoC faced criticism for this from the community. The project did not reach the goal. As of May 2024 , no open-source ASIC had been produced. Several commercial organizations have developed derivatives of

4275-600: The project, and Congress could not agree on a funding package. Recognizing the social and symbolic significance of the statue, publisher Joseph Pulitzer came to the rescue by launching a five-month fundraising campaign in his newspaper The World . The paper solicited contributions by publishing articles that appealed to the emotions of New Yorkers. Donations of all sizes poured in, ranging from $ 0.15 to $ 250. More than 160,000 people across America gave, including businessmen, waiters, children, and politicians. The paper chronicled each donation, published letters from contributors on

4350-409: The project. An individual who takes part in crowdfunding initiatives tends to have several distinct traits – innovative orientation, which stimulates the desire to try new modes of interacting with firms and other consumers; social identification with the content, cause, or project selected for funding, which sparks the desire to be a part of the initiative; and (monetary) exploitation, which motivates

4425-425: The project. While funding does not depend on location, observation shows that funding is largely tied to the locations of traditional financing options. In reward-based crowdfunding, funders are often too hopeful about project returns and must revise expectations when returns are not met. Equity crowdfunding is the collective effort of individuals to support efforts initiated by other people or organizations through

4500-448: The provision of finance in the form of equity. In the United States, legislation that is mentioned in the 2012 JOBS Act will allow for a wider pool of small investors with fewer restrictions following the implementation of the act. Unlike non-equity crowdfunding, equity crowdfunding contains heightened "information asymmetries." The creator must not only produce the product for which they are raising capital, but also create equity through

4575-477: The requirements towards investors are not as high as in the United States, lowering the entry barrier into the real estate investments in general. Real estate crowdfunding can include various project types from commercial to residential developments, planning gain opportunities, build to hold (such as social housing ), and many more. The report from Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance addresses both real estate crowdfunding and peer 2 peer lending (property) in

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4650-448: The scientific community, these new options for research funding are seen ambivalently. Advocates of crowdfunding for science emphasize that it allows early-career scientists to apply for their own projects early on, that it forces scientists to communicate clearly and comprehensively to a broader public, that it may alleviate problems of the established funding systems which are seen to fund conventional, mainstream projects, and that it gives

4725-593: The services they provide and the type of projects they support. Curated crowdfunding platforms serve as "network orchestrators" by curating the offerings that are allowed on the platform. They create the necessary organizational systems and conditions for resource integration among other players to take place. Relational mediators act as an intermediary between supply and demand. They replace traditional intermediaries (such as traditional record companies, venture capitalists). These platforms link new artists, designers, project initiators with committed supporters who believe in

4800-467: The site from various fans and investors, providing him with the funds to complete his film. In 2002, the "Free Blender" campaign was an early software crowdfunding precursor. The campaign aimed for open-sourcing the Blender 3D computer graphics software by collecting €100,000 from the community, while offering additional benefits for donating members. The first company to engage in this business model

4875-506: The success of crowdfunding via magazines, such as the 1992 campaign by the Vegan Society that crowdfunded the production of the Truth or Dairy video documentary. In the film industry, writer/director Mark Tapio Kines designed a website in 1997 for his then-unfinished first feature film, the independent drama Foreign Correspondents . By early 1999, he had raised more than US$ 125,000 through

4950-578: The time of the crowdsale, and may require substantial development effort and eventual software release before the token is live and establishes a market value. Although funds may be raised simply for the value token itself, funds raised on blockchain -based crowdfunding can also represent equity , bonds , or even " market-maker seats of governance " for the entity being funded. Examples of such crowd sales are Augur decentralized, distributed prediction market software which raised US$ 4 million from more than 3500 participants; Ethereum blockchain ; and "

5025-468: The traditional financier role of a record label for artists they believe in by funding the recording process". Since pioneering crowdfunding in the film industry, Spanner Films has published a "how-to" guide. A Financial article published in mid-September 2013 stated that "the niche for crowdfunding exists in financing films with budgets in the [US]$ 1 to $ 10 million range" and crowdfunding campaigns are "much more likely to be successful if they tap into

5100-467: The trends of native Internet projects, companies and community efforts to support various kinds of creators. Crowdfunding has been used to fund a wide range of for-profit entrepreneurial ventures such as artistic and creative projects, medical expenses, travel, and community-oriented social entrepreneurship projects. Although crowdfunding has been suggested to be highly linked to sustainability, empirical validation has shown that sustainability plays only

5175-732: The word was in August 2006. Crowdfunding is a part of crowdsourcing, which is a much wider phenomenon itself. The Crowdfunding Centre's May 2014 report identified two primary types of crowdfunding: Reward-based crowdfunding has been used for a wide range of purposes, including album recording and motion-picture promotion, free software development, inventions development, scientific research, and civic projects. Many characteristics of rewards-based crowdfunding, also called non-equity crowdfunding, have been identified by research studies. In rewards-based crowdfunding, funding does not rely on location. The distance between creators and investors on Sellaband

5250-471: Was about 3,000 miles when the platform introduced royalty sharing. The funding for these projects is distributed unevenly, with a few projects accounting for the majority of overall funding. Additionally, funding increases as a project nears its goal, encouraging what is called "herding behavior". Research also shows that friends and family account for a large, or even majority, portion of early fundraising. This capital may encourage subsequent funders to invest in

5325-557: Was distributed by RGH/Lion's Shares Pictures. In 2004, Electric Eel Shock , a Japanese rock band, raised £10,000 from 100 fans (the Samurai 100) by offering them a lifetime membership on the band's guestlist. Two years later, they became the fastest band to raise a US$ 50,000 budget on SellaBand . Franny Armstrong later created a donation system for her feature film The Age of Stupid . Over five years, from June 2004 to June 2009 (release date), she raised £ 1,500,000. As of late 2022,

5400-527: Was funded by her fans and became the first recording in history to win a Grammy Award without being available in retail stores. Oliver Twisted (Erik Estrada, Karen Black) was an early crowdfunded film. Subscribers of The Blue Sheet formed The Florida Film Investment Co (FFI) in January 1995, and started selling shares of stock at $ 10 a share to fund the $ 80,000 – $ 100,000 film. The Movie was filmed in Oct 1996. The film

5475-516: Was originally founded with the intent to market, accelerate, and invest in startups wanting to publicize their ideas via crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter, often designing the startup's campaign and online material. Crowdfunding is being explored as a potential funding mechanism for creative work such as blogging and journalism, music, independent film (see crowdfunded film ), and for funding startup companies . Community music labels are usually for-profit organizations where "fans assume

5550-490: Was published on March 14, 1850, and several of these notes, blank and with sums, have survived. The cooperative movement of the 19th and 20th centuries is a broader precursor. It generated collective groups, such as community or interest-based groups, pooling subscribed funds to develop new concepts, products, and means of distribution and production, particularly in rural areas of Western Europe and North America. In 1885, when government sources failed to provide funding to build

5625-450: Was the U.S. website ArtistShare (2001). As the model matured, more crowdfunding sites started to appear on the web such as Kiva (2005), The Point (2008, precursor to Groupon ), Indiegogo (2008), Kickstarter (2009), GoFundMe (2010), Microventures (2010), YouCaring (2011)., and Redshine Publication (2012) for book publication. The phenomenon of crowdfunding is older than the term "crowdfunding". The earliest recorded use of

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