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54-554: The Front de libération du Québec ( FLQ ) was a militant Quebec separatist group which aimed to establish an independent and socialist Quebec through violent means. It was considered a terrorist group by the Canadian government. Founded sometime in the early 1960s, the FLQ conducted a number of attacks between 1963 and 1970, which totaled over 160 violent incidents and killed eight people and injured many more. These attacks culminated with

108-481: A New Democratic Party office and a radio station for supplies, many of which were used to write La Cognée , the revolutionary paper published by the FLQ during the many years of activity. It translates to "The Hit (Knock)". The 4th wave saw the increasing use of explosives, the production styles of which were sometimes detailed in La Cognée . A 15-year-old FLQ member, Jean Corbo , was killed by his own explosive, and

162-522: A militant person is a confrontational person who does not necessarily use violence. Militant is often used within some religious circles to denote the continuous battle of Christians (as church members) or the Christian Church in their struggle against sin. In particular, the Roman Catholic Church differentiates between Church militant and church triumphant . Ellen G. White , one of

216-610: A 64-year-old female office worker died during the FLQ bombing of the shoe factory Lagrenade. By August 1966, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) had arrested many FLQ members. Gagnon and Vallières had fled to the United States, where they protested in front of the United Nations and were later arrested. It was during his incarceration that Vallières wrote his book White Niggers of America . In September 1967,

270-502: A cause" as in 'militant reformers'. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , defines militant as "Having a combative character; aggressive, especially in the service of a cause". The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines militant as "aggressively active (as in a cause)". It says that the word militant might typically be used in phrases such as 'militant conservationists' or 'a militant attitude'. An example of

324-620: A creation of the "Popular Liberation Front", which was itself the creation of Jacques Lanctôt and Marc Carbonneau, killed a police officer. Jacques Lanctôt is credited by Michael McLoughlin, author of Last Stop, Paris: The Assassination of Mario Bachand and the Death of the FLQ , with writing the FLQ Manifesto during the prelude to the October Crisis. The South Shore Gang bought a house, which they named "The Little Free Quebec", and it quickly became

378-420: A den of the FLQ. Jacques Lanctôt was charged in connection with a failed FLQ kidnapping attempt of an Israeli diplomat, and in 1970, while a member of the FLQ, likely took refuge at "The Little Free Quebec". These new FLQ members bought two other houses, prepared their plans, and stocked sufficient equipment for their upcoming actions. The group was divided over what plans should be taken, but were reunited during

432-665: A foreign military occupation can be seen as not meriting the label terrorists because their acts of political violence against military targets of a foreign occupier do not violate international law. Protocol 1 of the Geneva Conventions gives lawful combatant status to those engaging in armed conflicts against alien (or foreign) occupation , colonial domination and racist régimes . Non-uniformed guerrillas also gain combatant status if they carry arms openly during military operations . Protocol 1 does not legitimize attacks on civilians by militants who fall into these categories. In

486-400: A member of formal armed forces engaging in warfare or serving as a combatant . The mass media sometimes uses the term " militant " in the context of terrorism. Journalists sometimes apply the term militant to paramilitary movements using terrorism as a tactic. The mass media also has used the term militant groups or radical militants for terrorist organizations. Those resisting

540-494: A noun, is a person who uses militant methods in pursuit of an objective; the term is not associated with the military. Militant can refer to an individual displaying aggressive behavior or attitudes. Militant is sometimes used as a euphemism for terrorist or armed insurgent . (For more on this, see mass media usage below.) The word "militant" is sometimes used to describe groups that do not name or describe themselves as militants, but that advocate extreme violence . In

594-627: A political party, the Parti Québécois , which took power in 1976. In July 1980, police arrested and charged a sixth person in connection with the Cross kidnapping. Nigel Barry Hamer, a British radical socialist and FLQ sympathizer, pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 12 months in jail. Police deterrence and flagging public support contributed to the decline of the FLQ. By 1971, the Montreal Police anti-terrorist unit had highly placed informants within

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648-480: A railway (by which then–Prime Minister of Canada John Diefenbaker had arranged to travel within the week). By 1 June 1963, eight members of the FLQ were arrested in a surprise raid. In 1963, Gabriel Hudon and Raymond Villeneuve were sentenced to 12 years in prison after their bomb killed William V. O'Neill, a furnaceman at Montreal's Canadian Army Recruiting Centre. Their targets also included English-owned businesses, banks, McGill University , Loyola College and

702-430: A registered soldier: it can be anyone who subscribes to the idea of using vigorous, sometimes extreme, activity to achieve an objective, usually political. A "militant [political] activist" would be expected to be more confrontational and aggressive than an activist not described as militant. Militance may or may not include physical violence , armed combat , terrorism , and the like. The Trotskyist Militant group in

756-574: A week, FLQ killed Laporte. On 17 October, callers to a radio station announced that Laporte had been murdered and divulged the location of a map which led to the discovery of his body. The FLQ released a list of demands for Cross's release: The FLQ also stipulated how the above demands would be carried out: As part of its Manifesto , the FLQ stated: "In the coming year Bourassa (Quebec premier Robert Bourassa ) will have to face reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized." Canada's Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau , in his statement to

810-684: A word coined from the French pronunciation of the letters FLQ. Some of the members were organized and trained by Georges Schoeters , a Belgian revolutionary. FLQ members Normand Roy and Michel Lambert received guerrilla training from the Palestine Liberation Organization in Jordan . The FLQ was a loose association operating as a clandestine cell system . Various cells emerged over time: the Viger Cell founded by Robert Comeau, history professor at

864-513: Is defined as a type of research that is distinct from academia while also not synonymous with the political militant. It refuses the alienating practices of academia which separate researchers from the political meaning of their activity. In recent years it has become an increasingly popular approach for doing research especially since it attempts to resolve academic concerns related to representation and auto-critique. Compare and contrast these related articles: Mario Bachand Mario Bachand

918-910: The Université du Québec à Montréal ; the Dieppe Cell; the Louis Riel Cell; the Nelson Cell; the Saint-Denis Cell; the Liberation Cell ; and the Chénier Cell . The last two of these cells were involved in what became known as the October Crisis . From 1963 to 1970, the FLQ committed over 200 violent actions, including bombings, bank hold-ups, kidnappings, at least three killings by FLQ bombs and two killings by gunfire. In 1966, Revolutionary Strategy and

972-660: The Black Watch Armoury . A group of six individuals, two of whom were brothers of FLQ members arrested in 1963 (Robert Hudon and Jean Gagnon), commenced a series of crimes in Quebec over a period between 26 September 1963 and 9 April 1964. They called themselves the "Quebec Liberation Army" ( L'Armée de Libération du Québec ), and stole approximately CA$ 100,000 ( CA$ 900,000 when adjusted for inflation as of 2023) in goods and money. Most of these individuals were also released by 1967. A larger group of revolutionaries became known as

1026-708: The Liberation Cell released their hostage , Bros would die in a London police cell , reportedly a suicide . In April 1969 Bachand fled to Havana , where he met up with other FLQ who had sought refuge in Cuba , including Pierre Charette, Alain Allard and Raymond Villeneuve . Bachand was very much a socialist , and did not view Quebec nationalism , particularly its Parti Québécois manifestation, very positively. This brought him in conflict with certain other FLQ who were more sovereigntist , such as Raymond Villeneuve and Denis Lamoureux . In June 1970 he left Cuba for Paris . He

1080-665: The Mitrokhin archive , the Soviet Union 's KGB likely established contact with the FLQ. The KGB was concerned that the FLQ's attacks could be linked to the Soviet Union. It designed a disinformation campaign and forged documents to portray the FLQ as a CIA false flag operation. A photocopy of the forged "CIA document" was "leaked" to the Montreal Star in September 1971. The operation

1134-467: The Montreal Stock Exchange bombing in 1969 and the October Crisis in 1970, the latter beginning with the kidnapping of British Trade Commissioner James Cross . In the subsequent negotiations, Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte was kidnapped and murdered by a cell of the FLQ. Public outcry and a federal crackdown subsequently ended the crisis and resulted in a drastic loss of support for

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1188-811: The UN General Assembly Resolution on terrorism (42/159, 7 December 1987). which condemns international terrorism and outlines measures to combat the crime, with one proviso: "that nothing in the present resolution could in any way prejudice the right to self-determination , freedom and independence, as derived from the Charter of the United Nations , of peoples forcibly deprived of that right [...], particularly peoples under colonial and racist regimes and foreign occupation or other forms of colonial domination, nor...the right of these peoples to struggle to this end and to seek and receive support [in accordance with

1242-544: The president 's authority to assassinate people worldwide who pose an "imminent threat" if "capture is not feasible", the Obama administration routinely called every victim of extrajudicial killing a militant. Among organisations that describe themselves as militants, the Ulster Young Militants are an example of a group resorting to violence (intimidation, arson, and murder) as a deliberate tactic. Militant research

1296-560: The "Revolutionary Army of Quebec" ( L'Armée Révolutionnaire du Québec ). This group attempted to focus on training, particularly in St. Boniface. A botched gun warehouse robbery on 29 August 1964 resulted in two deaths, the company's vice-president Leslie McWilliams and gunsmith Alfred Pinisch. Other employees were lined up to be shot when Pinisch burst upon the scene. Cyr Delisle, Gilles Brunet, Marcel Tardif, François Schirm  [ fr ] (a French Foreign Legion veteran), and Edmond Guenette,

1350-469: The 15th century Latin " militare " meaning "to serve as a soldier". The related modern concept of the militia as a defensive organization against invaders grew out of the Anglo-Saxon fyrd . In times of crisis, the militiaman left his civilian duties and became a soldier until the emergency was over, when he returned to his civilian occupation. The current meaning of militant does not usually refer to

1404-683: The Charter and other principles of international law]." Militants occur across the political spectrum , including racial or religious supremacists , separatists , abortion opponents and proponents, and environmentalists. Examples of left-wing, right-wing, and advocacy group militants include militant reformers, militant feminists, militant animal rights advocates, and militant anarchists. The phrase militant Islam can suggest violent and aggressive political activity by Islamic individuals, groups, movements, or governments. There are also various secret societies that are classified as militant groups. Using

1458-522: The FLQ organization, a cell of seven members were arrested on October 5th, the one year anniversary of the Cross kidnapping, and in December 1971 four FLQ members were arrested by a police force. The support and political capacity of the FLQ changed drastically during the 1970s. The FLQ immediately lost public support after the October crisis and the murder of Laporte. The general public overwhelmingly supported

1512-535: The FLQ was composed of members of the Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale , some of whom wished for faster action. This group formed the Réseau de Résistance , or Resistance Network. This group eventually broke up, forming the FLQ. The group was recruited among various sources, eventually recruiting one Mario Bachand . The FLQ commenced their attacks on 7 March 1963. Some of their more notable crimes include bombing

1566-463: The FLQ, with a small number of FLQ members being granted refuge in Cuba . FLQ members practiced propaganda of the deed and issued declarations that called for a socialist insurrection against oppressors identified with Anglo-Saxon imperialism, the overthrow of the Quebec government , the independence of Quebec from Canada and the establishment of a French-speaking "workers' society" in Quebec. It gained

1620-475: The FLQ. In the following days, FLQ leaders held meetings to increase public support for the cause. Consequently, a general strike involving students, teachers and professors resulted in the closure of most French-language secondary and post-secondary academic institutions. On 15 October 1970, more than 3,000 students attended a protest rally in favour of the FLQ. Demonstrations of public support influenced subsequent government actions. After having held Laporte for

1674-464: The FLQ. Some detainees were released within hours, while others were held for up to 21 days. Several persons who were detained were initially denied access to legal counsel. Of the 453 people who were arrested, 435 were eventually released without being charged. On 13 December 1970, Pierre Vallières announced in Le Journal that he had terminated his association with the FLQ. As well, Vallières renounced

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1728-500: The October Crisis. This group, formed of Paul Rose, Jacques Rose, Francis Simard, and Nigel Hamer became known as the "South Shore Gang". On 5 May 1969, FLQ members Jean-Pierre Charette and Alain Alard, who had previously fled from Canada to the U.S., hijacked a National Airlines Boeing 727 in New York, and diverted it to Cuba. During the police strike of 1969, the "Taxi Liberation Front",

1782-557: The Role of the Avant-Garde was prepared by the FLQ, outlining their long-term strategy of successive waves of robberies, violence, bombings, and kidnappings, culminating in revolution. The history of the FLQ is sometimes described as a series of "waves". The ideology was based on an extreme form of Quebec nationalism that denounced Anglo exploitation and control of Quebec, combined with Marxist–Leninist ideas and arguments. The first formation of

1836-590: The United Kingdom published a newspaper, was active in labour disputes, moved resolutions in political meetings, but was not based on violence. The purpose of the Christian Church Militant is to struggle against sin, the devil and ". . . the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places" (Ephesians 6:12), but it is not a violent movement. Militant can mean "vigorously active and aggressive , especially in support of

1890-673: The adjective usages is demonstrated when The New York Times ran an article titled Militant Environmentalists Planning Summer Protests to Save Redwoods describing a group that believes in "confrontational demonstrations" and "nonviolent tactics" to get across their message of preserving the environment. Another usage example includes 'a militant political activist', drawing attention to behaviours typical of those engaged in intensive political activism. The political protests headed by Reverend Al Sharpton have been described as militant in nature in The Washington Post . In general usage,

1944-522: The crisis itself. On 5 October 1970, members of the FLQ's Liberation Cell kidnapped James Richard Cross , the British Trade Commissioner, as he was leaving his home for work. Shortly afterwards, on 10 October, the Chénier Cell kidnapped the Minister of Labour and Vice-Premier of Quebec , Pierre Laporte . Laporte was coming from a meeting with others where they had discussed the demands of

1998-565: The early 21st century, members of groups involved in Islamic terrorism such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS are usually described as militants. Newspapers, magazines, and other information sources may deem militant and guerrilla as neutral terms, whereas terrorist conventionally indicates disapproval of the behavior of the individual or organization so labeled, regardless of the motivations for such behavior, and freedom fighter indicates approval. Militant , at other times, can refer to anyone not

2052-512: The emergency powers and the presence of the military in Quebec. Laporte's murder marked a crossroads in the political history of the FLQ. It helped sway public opinion towards more conventional forms of political participation and drove up popular support for the Parti Québécois (PQ). The rise of the PQ attracted both active and would-be participants away from the FLQ. In December 1971, Pierre Vallières emerged after three years in hiding to announce that he

2106-489: The five members arrested in connection with the deaths of MacWilliams and Pinisch, workers at the store, were sentenced to life in prison. A number of other members of the FLQ were arrested as well. Charles Gagnon and Pierre Vallières combined their "Popular Liberation Movement" with the FLQ in July 1965. This also combined several other pro-sovereignty groups. This may have led to a more socialist FLQ attitude. This new group robbed

2160-710: The founders of the Seventh-day Adventist church , says "Now the church is militant. Now we are confronted with a world in darkness, almost wholly given over to idolatry." Such religious meaning must not be confused with the word ' belligerent ' used to describe extremist religious behaviours found in some who, based on their extreme religious beliefs or ideologies, take up weapons and become involved in warfare, or who commit acts of violence or terrorism in an attempt to advance their extremist religious agendas. Such extremist groups can be Christian, Muslims, Jewish, or of any other religious affiliation. A militant , as

2214-454: The home of Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau . After the bombing, police concluded that the bomb was placed in the toilet so inspectors could not find it. The year 1969 also saw many riots, including one against McGill University . The RCMP had intercepted intelligence relating to the planned riots, and prevented excessive damage. This failed riot led to Mario Bachand leaving Canada, and another group of FLQ forming, which would become responsible for

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2268-519: The location of the kidnappers holding James Cross. His release was negotiated and on 3 December 1970, five of the FLQ members were granted their request for safe passage to Cuba by the Government of Canada after approval by Fidel Castro . As a result of the invocation of the War Measures Act , civil liberties were suspended. By 29 December 1970, police had arrested 453 people with suspected ties to

2322-672: The pair were extradited to Canada. In 1968, after various riots within Quebec and in Europe, a new group of FLQ was formed. Within a year, this group of Felquistes had exploded 52 bombs. Rather than La Cognée , they wrote La Victoire , or Victory . The various members of the group were arrested by 2 May 1969. On 13 February 1969, the FLQ set off a powerful bomb that ripped through the Montreal Stock Exchange causing massive destruction and seriously injuring 27 people. After another series of bombings, on 28 September 1969, they bombed

2376-458: The press during the October Crisis, admitted that the radicalism occurring in Quebec at this time had bred out of social unease due to imperfect legislation. "The government has pledged that it will introduce legislation which deals not only with the symptoms but with the social causes which often underlie or serve as an excuse for crime and disorder." (Pierre Trudeau, CBC interview). However, despite this admission, Trudeau declared in his statement to

2430-579: The press that in order to deal with the unruly radicals or "revolutionaries," the federal government would invoke the War Measures Act , the first time the country used these powers during peacetime. Invoking the War Measures Act was a politically risky move for Trudeau because the Act overrode fundamental rights and privileges enumerated in the common law and in the Canadian Bill of Rights ; therefore, there

2484-428: The support of many left-leaning students, teachers and academics up to 1970, who engaged in public strikes in solidarity with FLQ during the October Crisis. After the kidnapping of Cross, nearly 1,000 students at Université de Montréal signed a petition supporting the FLQ manifesto. This public support largely ended after the group announced they had executed Laporte, in a public communique that ended with an insult to

2538-491: The use of terrorism as a means of political reform and instead advocated the use of standard political action. In late December, four weeks after the kidnappers of James Cross were found, Paul Rose and the kidnappers and murderers of Pierre Laporte were found hiding in a country farmhouse. They were tried and convicted for kidnapping and murder. The events of October 1970 contributed to the loss of support for violent means to attain Quebec independence, and increased support for

2592-470: The victim. The KGB , which had established contact with the FLQ before 1970, later forged documents to portray them as a CIA false flag operation, a story that gained limited traction among academic sources before declassified Soviet archives revealed the ruse. By the early 1980s, most of the imprisoned FLQ members had been paroled or released. Members and sympathizers of the group were called "Felquistes" ( French pronunciation: [fɛlˈkist] ),

2646-646: Was a member of the Front de Liberation du Quebec , imprisoned for his role in planting bombs in Montreal . On 17 May 1963 a bomb crippled Walter Leja, a Canadian army explosives technician. After his release, Bachand remained politically active in Montreal, founding several activist , leftist movements . He was an effective organizer , and was largely responsible for organizing the McGill-français demonstration of March 1969. He

2700-454: Was a strong possibility that Trudeau might have lost popular support among Quebec voters. However, this did not occur. In an impromptu interview with Tim Ralfe and Peter Reilly on the steps of Parliament, Pierre Trudeau, responding to a question of how extreme his implementation of the War Measures Act would be, Trudeau answered, "Well, just watch me ." This line has become a part of Trudeau's legacy. Early in December 1970, police discovered

2754-520: Was close friends with Jacques Lanctôt , who in 1970 would lead the Liberation Cell in the kidnapping of British diplomat James Cross , the event that initiated the October Crisis . Bachand had earlier fled Canada to avoid another criminal prosecution. Bachand and Lanctôt were close friends with a young man born in France , Richard Bros. On 22 November 1970, during the October Crisis , days before

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2808-525: Was found shot to death in the apartment of Pierre Barral and his wife, Françoise, in the Paris suburb of St. Ouen on March 29, 1971, following a cous cous lunch with them and Norman Roy and Denyse Leduc of the DEFLQ (Delegation extérierure du FLQ). Bachand was assassinated by 3 shots from a .22 calibre pistol with a silencer. Bachand's murder has never been solved. Author Michael McLoughlin has asserted that Bachand

2862-428: Was joining the PQ. In justifying his decision he described the FLQ as a "shock group" whose continued activities would only play into the hands of the forces of repression against which they were no match. Those members of the FLQ who had fled began returning to Canada from late 1971 until 1982, and most received light sentences for their offences. According to Christopher Andrew 's and Vasili Mitrokhin 's book based on

2916-524: Was so successful that Canada's prime minister believed that the CIA had conducted operations in Canada. The story was still quoted in the 1990s, even among academic authors. Militant The English word militant is both an adjective and a noun , and it is generally used to mean vigorously active , combative and/or aggressive , especially in support of a cause, as in "militant reformers". It comes from

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