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59-596: The Frente de Liberación Homosexual ( Homosexual Liberation Front , sometimes abbreviated FLH ) was a gay rights organization in Argentina. Formed at a meeting of Nuestro Mundo in August 1971, the FLH eventually dissolved in 1976 as a result of severe repression after the 1976 Argentine coup d'état . The FLH was made up of a variety of semi- autonomous groups that operated individually but maintained contact with one another through

118-472: A democratic republic . Sebreli is quite known for his criticism of 'irrational' theoretical inquiries. His arguments were an effort to corrode the foundations of psychoanalysis , and it is for that reason he labelled such discipline as pseudoscience , following Karl Popper , as it lacks a proper scientific method. He asserted that Schopenhauer is "the true father of modern irrationalism", and that along with Dostoievski and Nietzsche , he contributed to

177-404: A non-hierarchical organizational structure, enabling coordination and collaboration on actions and documents. Many of these groups were on the far left , and expressed anti-imperialism and anti-capitalism along with their advocacy for LGBT rights , women's rights , and labor rights ; a view of all forms of oppression as interconnected was a key aspect of the FLH overall. In 1973 and 1974,

236-662: A large section of the FLH led by Néstor Perlongher became involved in Peronism , over the objections of other FLH members who noted Juan Perón 's past involvement in repression of homosexuals. Members of the group were present at the inauguration of Héctor José Cámpora in May 1973, and at the Ezeiza massacre in June of the same year. By the end of 1974, the FLH had entirely separated itself from Peronism after Perón once again became president and reinstated

295-410: A los presos políticos ("So that love and equality may reign among the people – freedom to the political prisoners"). After Cámpora became president, police repression of homosexuals essentially ceased for a two-month period, during which Peronism became more popular within the FLH and the pro-Peronist faction of the group gained more power. As a result, the FLH began dialogues with Peronist leaders and

354-460: A member of an FLH group called Triángulo Rosa (" pink triangle "), left the FLH because he did not agree that the FLH should form a connection with Peronism. There was an FLH presence at the inauguration of Héctor José Cámpora in May 1973, where the group held a large banner with a slogan based on a lyric from the Peronist March : Para que reine en el pueblo el amor y la igualdad – Libertad

413-423: A one-off newspaper titled Homosexuales . Intended for public consumption, the newspaper was circulated among government officials and activists, and additionally sold at some newsstands ; copies were sent to some international organizations as well. The articles were intended to appeal to political factions with which the FLH was interested in collaborating, and to respond to the most popular homophobic rhetoric of

472-681: A reproduction of the leaflets distributed in Ezeiza at the return of Juan Perón, a petition to the Ministry of the Interior to repeal anti-homosexuality rules, and three articles by North American groups. One, written by a group of Catholic homosexuals, both defended the Catholic Church against common criticisms and attempted to appeal to progressive sections of the Church. The other two were both by Black groups in

531-512: A secret status, which was a consequence of the Dirty War , that is, political persecution and forced disappearance carried out by the military government, both being crimes against humanity. Sebreli is mainly known because of his past collaboration with cultural magazines, such as Contorno and Sur . He was a columnist for La Nación and Perfil newspapers and Ñ magazine . He engaged in several television debates with Hugo Mujica . Sebreli

590-469: Is the one that discriminates against us" – Slogan used on FLH flyers from 1972 In 1972, in an effort to take advantage of public dissatisfaction with the government, the Frente de Liberación Homosexual began a propaganda campaign in which flyers on colored paper were thrown into public spaces. Each flyer was cut into an eye-catching shape and bore the image of a raised fist along with a slogan. The goal of

649-541: The Dirty War , while others fled to Europe and to other countries in Latin America . LGBT rights organization The first LGBTQ rights organizations began to emerge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Early organizations were primarily research-oriented psychiatric organizations that took a sympathetic, rather than a corrective, approach to homosexuality. The Uranian Union was an organization initiated by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in 1865 with which he urged for

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708-569: The Dirty War . According to Héctor Anabitarte , the FLH began during an afternoon meeting in August 1971 at the home of Pepe Bianco , an intellectual who disagreed with the idea of a movement for homosexual rights but nevertheless allowed his home to be used for meetings of Nuestro Mundo and translated their articles to English so they could be read by groups in North America . In the book Historia de la homosexualidad en Argentina , Osvaldo Bazán wrote that Bianco lived with his mother and that

767-542: The Justicialist Party during the time of the FLH, and FLH activists reported having met with advisers of Héctor José Cámpora who told them that homosexuals could be cured in rehabilitation camps when Cámpora took power. Members of the FLH expressed affinity with left-wing Peronism in an interview with the magazine Así , which was published in the July 1973 issue. Colonel Jorge Osinde used this association to discredit

826-552: The Workers' Socialist Party , Somos took the form of 50-page issues published quarterly, though the two final issues in December 1975 and January 1976 were shorter. In contrast to Homosexuales , which was intended to be read by non-homosexuals, the target audience of Somos was homosexuals themselves. Additionally, where previous publications by the FLH had included only text, Somos had illustrations . The first issue of Somos included

885-427: The gay plague , and other terms related to sexual practises of gay men . This linked the virus to gay identity to many. The CDC has used acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) since 1982. The Reagan presidential administration did not mention the term "AIDS" until 1985 in his second term. Despite this, a member of his administration's press corp, Lester Kinsolving, would often make homophobic comments or jokes in

944-531: The "Morality Brigade" tasked with state repression of sexuality. In September 1973, the FLH published 5,000 copies of a one-off newspaper titled Homosexuales . They subsequently published six issues of an underground magazine called Somos from December 1973 through January 1976. Somos included criticism of capitalism , patriarchy , and heteronormativity as well as utopian messaging about sexual freedom; as time passed it became less journalistic and more cultural, and began to include art and poetry. After

1003-564: The "Morality Brigade" tasked with state repression of sexuality. Repression of homosexuals exceeded historical levels, and the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance became active. By the end of 1974, the FLH had entirely separated itself from Peronism. In August 1972, the first interview with the Frente de Liberación Homosexual was published by the magazine Panorama in an article titled Homosexualidad, las voces clandestinas ("Homosexuality, clandestine voices"). The interview

1062-476: The FLH agreed to the Puntos Básicos de acuerdo del Frente de Liberación Homosexual ("Basic Points of Agreement of the Frente de Liberación Homosexual), an agreement created in May 1972 which had an advanced view of homosexuality for its time. The stipulations of the agreement included that "homosexuals are socially, culturally, morally and legally oppressed. They are ridiculed and marginalized, severely suffering

1121-444: The FLH and emphasized the similarities between it and the guerrilla groups in Argentina at the time. In September 1972, the FLH issued a press release after members were attacked by police officers while graffitiing the phrase Lesbiana no estás sola ("Lesbian you are not alone"). The statement denounced the aggression of the police, and was republished by many news outlets including Crónica and La Opinión . Members of

1180-501: The FLH by way of the student organization Eros , would quickly become a core figure in the FLH. Soon after the formation of the Frente de Liberación Homosexual, the members removed their initial leadership, deciding instead on a non-hierarchical organization to avoid authoritarianism and have a structure that was not reminiscent of a patriarchical family. Different groups within the FLH were semi- autonomous from each other, operating individually but remaining in contact to facilitate

1239-458: The FLH to increase its secrecy. A few months later, in March 1976, police officers were ordered to "scare the homosexuals off the streets" as preparation began for the 1978 FIFA World Cup to be held in Argentina. The FLH eventually dissolved in June 1976 as a result of severe political repression following the 1976 Argentine coup d'état . Many members were tortured , disappeared , or murdered during

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1298-982: The FLH were interviewed for the July 1973 issue of the magazine Así , which was titled Temores y deseos del homosexual argentino ("Fears and desires of the Argentine homosexual"). In the interview, they identified the FLH as connected to the Peronist left. On the front page of the September 1973 issue, the FLH endorsed the Justicialist Party. The final public appearance of the FLH was in an article published in Crónica on February 11, 1976, and titled Extraña protesta: Homosexuales se quejan de persecución ("Strange protest: Homosexuals complain of persecution"). The group effectively disbanded shortly afterward due to political repression . "The same system that oppresses and exploits you

1357-471: The FLH. There was tension between intellectualism and militantism within the FLH, particularly between the Profesionales and Eros. The Profesionales were older and more moderate, and members of that faction were publicly known due to their writing; member Juan José Sebreli argued that Eros' desire to take action was a disruption from the discussion of theory and ideas. Despite the anti-authoritarianism of

1416-574: The Frente de Liberación Homosexual, many members of the group became interested in the left wing of Peronism during its rise in 1973. A large group of the younger FLH members, including Eros and led by Nestor Perlongher, believed that a connection between Peronism and the FLH was a desirable possibility. Another large faction within the FLH was distrustful of Peronism, in part because the first and second governments under Juan Perón had repressed homosexuals with more arrests and police raids than any other government in Argentine history. Juan José Sebreli,

1475-473: The LGBTQ community. This organization is now a leading crisis intervention service nationwide. Juan Jos%C3%A9 Sebreli Juan José Pérez Sebreli ( Spanish: [seˈbɾeli] ; 3 November 1930 – 1 November 2024) was an Argentine sociologist, essayist and philosopher. Throughout his intellectual work, he concentrated on the notions of reason, city and everyday life. Inspired by Gay Power movement, he

1534-423: The Profesionales, a group of well-known writers. Safo , which was made up of lesbians , joined after the FLH was created, as did Emmanuel, a group of Christians . Two other religious groups joined, for a total of three: one Catholic , one Protestant , and one centered around Third-Worldism . Bandera Negra ("Black Flag") separated from Eros due to disagreement about anarchism and became an anarchist group within

1593-611: The Rainbow Flag was created by gay activist Gilbert Baker, a symbol that would replace the previous Red, Gold, and Green flag. The Alice B. Toklas LGBTQ Democratic Club was founded in 1971 by Martin & Lyon, as well as activists Beth Elliot and Ben Foster. In 1976, Harvey Milk founded a splinter organization known as the San Francisco Gay Democratic Club . In the 1980s LGBT organizations were happening in many aspects of culture from medical and dental to housing. At

1652-652: The United States were, like earlier German organizations, primarily centered around the rights of gay men. The Society for Human Rights was founded in 1924 in Chicago , Illinois , by Henry Gerber , who was inspired by Hirschfeld's work in Germany and produced the first gay-rights-oriented publication in the US, Friendship and Freedom . The Society for Human organization was short-lived, due to some members' arrests for "obscenity." Though

1711-480: The United States, and included a letter from the Black Panthers as well as a leaflet from a group of Black homosexuals which rebuked revolutionaries who did not defend or support homosexuality. The Frente de Liberación Homosexual published an underground magazine titled Somos ("We Are") from December 1973 through January 1976, reaching a print circulation of 500 copies. Mimeographed covertly in an office of

1770-443: The brutally imposed absurdity of the monogamous heterosexual society" and that "this oppression comes from a social system that considers reproduction as the sole objective of sex". Many FLH factions were on the far left , holding radical positions and espousing anti-imperialism and anti-capitalism along with their advocacy for LGBT rights , women's rights , and labor rights ; this view of all forms of oppression as interconnected

1829-431: The campaign was to foster empathy for gay people by equating the repression of homosexuals with political repression as a whole. Banners, flyers, and other communications by the group characteristically used non-uniform capitalization styles , as seen on the banner carried by FLH members at the inauguration of Héctor José Cámpora in May 1973. In September 1973, the Frente de Liberación Homosexual published 5,000 copies of

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1888-556: The charges were dropped, the fees associated made Gerber file for bankruptcy. The first national gay rights organization, the Mattachine Society , was formed in 1951, was created by Harry Hay . The first lesbian rights organization in the US was founded in 1955. The Daughters of Bilitis was founded in San Francisco , California , by activist couple Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon . In 1965, The Imperial Council of San Francisco

1947-550: The death of Juan Perón in 1974, attacks on gay people by right-wing paramilitary groups became more frequent, causing FLH membership to drop from about a hundred to roughly a dozen people. José López Rega called for homosexuals to be exterminated, and police officers were ordered to "scare [them] off the streets". The FLH eventually dissolved in June 1976 as a result of severe political repression. Some members fled to Europe and to other countries in Latin America , and many others were tortured , disappeared , or murdered during

2006-514: The deterioration of the FLH under political repression. The group would dissolve shortly after. After the 1974 death of Juan Perón and during the presidency of Isabel Perón , Frente de Liberación Homosexual membership dropped from about a hundred to roughly a dozen people due to an increase in attacks on gay people by right-wing paramilitary groups. José López Rega called for homosexuals to be exterminated, and stated that their increased visibility had been due to "international Marxism ", causing

2065-457: The first person, and included poetry and art. Many articles began using slang from within the community. Issue 4 included a list of hundreds of ways to refer to fellatio and anal sex , including hacer el frufrú ("to do the rustling") and tirar del fideo ("to pull the noodle"). The sixth and final issue of Somos was published in January 1976, with its shorter number of pages reflecting

2124-455: The following message: Once some of us dreamed of a place. It was an open, spacious place. There was an avenue called FREEDOM. Instead of exploiting each other, the people loved each other. Nobody attacked anyone, because everyone made love with whoever they wanted. [...] Nobody kept what the others had produced. In addition to utopian messaging about sexual freedom, Somos included criticism of capitalism , patriarchy, heteronormativity , and

2183-432: The government; the main focus of the FLH during this period was lobbying in an attempt to influence public policy . A group of FLH members was also present when Perón returned to Argentina on June 20, 1973, an event that would come to be known as the Ezeiza massacre ; they handed out pamphlets signed by the FLH and Eros, and carried a banner that proclaimed FLH support for both Peronism and Perón himself. However, there

2242-605: The left-wing Peronist organizations Peronist Youth and Montoneros , putting up posters that accused both groups of being drug addicts and homosexuals. The response from both the Montoneros and the Youth was homophobic; they began using a chant at marches in which they denied being putos (literally "man-whores", used as a pejorative term for gay men) and faloperos (a pejorative slang term for people addicted to drugs). In 1974, four months after reentering office, Perón reinstated

2301-518: The legalization of same-sex marriage since 1995. The Human Rights Campaign has recently elected its first Black and Queer president (University of Missouri alumnae), Kelley Robinson. The National Black Justice Coalition has been monumental in advocacy for the Black LGBTQ community. They have been influential in policy-making and community outreach/education since 2003. Starting in 1998, The Trevor Project began their mission of ending death by suicide in

2360-629: The meeting actually took place in the apartment of Blas Matamoro in Once  [ es ] . In the meeting, the group of Nuestro Mundo members was joined by a group of others, many of them university students who were studying the social sciences at the University of Buenos Aires . People who were present and would go on to be members of the FLH when it was created include Héctor Anabitarte, Blas Matamoro, Juan José Sebreli , Manuel Puig , and Juan José Hernández . Néstor Perlongher , another member who joined

2419-416: The organization of joint actions and agree on the content of documents. Large informational meetings were held in private residences to provide information about the FLH; after a general explanation of the organization's political platform, people who became interested could join an "awareness group" called Alborada from which they could transfer to one of the other factions that made up the FLH. All groups in

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2478-408: The persistence of Peronism could be understood if one considers that, as a matter of fact, "there are sectors in the Argentine society that have a (pretended) lack of memory and are prone to self-deception". In one of his latest books (" El malestar en la política ", 2012), he argued that Kirchnerism is a form of "latinoamerican neopopulism" and "plebiscitary caesarism", for it perfectly contrasts with

2537-452: The repeal of anti homosexual laws. The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee, WhK) was founded in 1897 by Magnus Hirschfeld , the first outspoken advocacy group for LGBT and women's rights in Germany. Founded in 1950 by Harry Hay the Mattachine Society (also called Mattachine Foundation) was one of the first LGBT rights groups in the United States. Its members began as communist-affiliated leftists and

2596-453: The revolution along with issues like illiteracy and unemployment . Marginalization by other left-wing organizations was a common complaint within the group, and at both the Cámpora inauguration and the return of Perón, other groups that attended remained a few meters away from the FLH demonstrators on all sides. Antonio Cafiero acknowledged in 2009 that gay people had not been wanted as part of

2655-493: The same rights as anyone else, free from the notions of disease or inferiority or abnormality. And secondly, we must proudly vindicate ourselves as homosexuals, throwing away once and for all the tremendous weight of shame and guilt that we have been made to feel. It additionally included a section on methods of treatment for sexually transmitted infections . Subsequent issues became less journalistic and more cultural, with articles telling stories of arrests and prison experiences in

2714-422: The same time,organization in this period was done within city centers the eventual strength of the organization led to more political parties building coalitions with these LGBT organizations. In 1981, American doctors began using gay-related immune deficiency (GRID) as a term for what would later be called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the 1980s the syndrome was colloquially referred to as

2773-404: The society was a key member in the 1950s Homophile movement . Taking place from the 1940s into the 1960s, the " lavender scare " was a societal panic about the notion that gay men and lesbians were communist sympathizers. This connected with the anti-Communist Red Scare , spurred on by McCarthyism . As a result, thousands of LGBT people were fired from their jobs. Early LGBT organizations in

2832-500: The text was translated to Spanish by Pepe Bianco. The Frente de Liberación Homosexual was clandestine throughout its existence. When the magazine Panorama interviewed two of its members in 1972, the two men wore ski masks that covered their faces and explained that this and other secretive practices were due to the persecution they faced. The Frente de Liberación Homosexual would come to include more than ten groups. Nuestro Mundo, Eros, and Alborada were involved early, as were

2891-539: The time. The newspaper opened with a description of the FLH. Two articles were written by the Profesionales, with one discussing the history of homosexuality in Mesopotamia and arguing that it was not repressed, and the other drawing a connection between machismo and capitalism. A section discussed the Kinsey Report and argued that homosexuality was both inevitable and natural throughout human history. Also included were

2950-641: The transformation of philosophy in art , the aestheticization of life and thought. Sebreli was a member of the so-called "first Argentine existentialist group" along with Oscar Masotta and Carlos Correas . He introduced Jean-Paul Sartre into the academic milieux of his time. Molded by the Hegelian and Marxist Left, he introduced the political thought of Alexandre Kojève and that of Tran Duc Thao . In 2002 he supported Ricardo López Murphy 's candidacy to presidency, something he later referred to as "situational." Sebreli identified as social-democrat , "in

3009-622: The treatment of gay people in Cuba . It also published messages from outside groups that were aligned with the FLH, including the Unión Feminista Argentina . Articles included news from foreign homosexual groups, and recounted historical events including a major Buenos Aires police raid in 1954 and four legal actions against people accused of sodomy during the Middle Ages . The FLH and Somos did not suggest that homosexuality in ancient Greece

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3068-576: The years between 1981 and 1985. The twenty-first century saw a dramatic rise in LGBTQ organizations and acceptance in the U.S. Tremendous progress has been made over the beginning of the 21st century, though equal rights are only beginning for the LGBT community. Some notable organizations have had an impact for almost half a century and are still cornerstones today, including the Human Rights Campaign . They stand for equal rights and have advocated for

3127-474: Was a key aspect of the FLH. Marxism and feminism were core aspects of the political analysis of the FLH, and homosexuality was therefore understood as subversive because it challenged patriarchy . The Black Panther Party was among the inspirations of the FLH; member Juan José Hernández provided the group with a publication by the Black Panthers which he had been sent by a friend in the United States , and

3186-416: Was accepted or encouraged, in contrast to many other homosexual movements which constructed founding myths involving the concept. The third issue of Somos , published in 1974, argued for pride in shared homosexual identity: Like any oppressed group, homosexuals typically lack a satisfactory identity. [...] We must therefore construct a homosexual identity, first claiming our condition as human beings with

3245-464: Was co-founder of Frente de Liberación Homosexual ("Gay Liberation Front") along with Manuel Puig and Néstor Perlongher , in the last years of the self-called Argentine Revolution . The organization of the group was an adaptation of the democratic centralist partisan model. In years that followed the last coup d'état he directed study groups that were called "Universidad de las Sombras" ("University of Shadows"). As suggested by its name, it had

3304-575: Was formed by José Sarria . In 1966, National Transsexual Counseling Unit was formed in San Francisco. In the wake of the Stonewall riots , LGBTQ organizations began to flourish around the United States, including politically active organizations. Many of these organizations formed in the early 70s were particularly militant in their approaches. As well as militant social justice groups forming, groups dedicated towards all aspects of gay living. In this era

3363-677: Was hospitalized with COVID-19 , on 9 August 2020, at the Hospital Italiano in Buenos Aires . He died in Buenos Aires on 1 November 2024, at the age of 93. In his work, Sebreli was radically critical of populism . His arguments are characterized by a sharp focus on the Argentine heterogeneous experiences of Peronism , a movement he describes as fascist at its core. He criticizes the figure of Juan Domingo Perón , depicting him as an authoritarian and charismatic leader, thus making use of Weberian categories of thought. Sebreli stated that

3422-403: Was not a full consensus within the FLH in favor of Peronism, nor was there one that members should be present in Ezeiza for the event. Left-wing Peronism and the revolutionary left as a whole were somewhat inaccessible to the FLH due to homophobia ; the left-wing consensus was that homosexuality was a counterrevolutionary product of moral degeneration under capitalism, and would fade away after

3481-446: Was with two FLH members who wore ski masks that covered their faces. In the interview, the two denounced the political repression that was ongoing at the time, debunked multiple pseudoscientific beliefs about homosexuality, and expressed that the FLH was interested in working with other left-wing groups. They additionally compared machismo to fascism , describing it as "the fascism of the home". The Panorama article sensationalized

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