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66-592: FKK may refer to: Freikörperkultur (FKK), a German naturist social movement and health culture FKK sauna clubs , a type of German prostitution club that erroneously or falsely refers to itself as the German FKK 'Freikörperkultur' naturist culture Falkirk High railway station , in Scotland Kirya-Konzəl language , spoken in Nigeria FK Krasnodar ,

132-515: A 2012 protest event covered by Swiss news reporters, a naked 28-year-old Austrian broke away from his paragliding tandem partner around 700 meters above the ground and landed with his parachute in Wasserauen (Appenzell Innerrhoden), the faces of the naturist flyer and his helper, the Swiss "nude alpine hiking professional" known by the pseudonym Puistola Grottenpösch (with a fig leaf) who is also considered

198-451: A Russian football club Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title FKK . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FKK&oldid=1191253199 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

264-442: A broad upper body, muscular arms, shoulders, pectoral muscles , genital shape and size , etc. Men may face anxiety and pressure to shape their bodies to fit this mold and may struggle with body image disorders, including body dysmorphia , anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa . Eating disorders in men are less commonly diagnosed and therefore less publicized. Although there is an underdiagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder ,

330-402: A campaign called "Aerie Real ", in which the company promised to not retouch or edit their models, encouraging body positivity and body-acceptance despite features such as cellulite , stretch marks , or fat rolls. Aerie has begun featuring body positive influencers in their photo shoots and advertising campaigns, as well as plus sized models . To accommodate the last, the brand has launched

396-641: A corruption of morality. After the First World War , Freikörperkultur (FKK) associations were increasing in Germany. After the first official nudist beach on Sylt Island was established in Germany in 1920, most of the FKK-associations joined together in 1923 to form the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bünde deutscher Lichtkämpfer" (Working Group of the Leagues for German Light Campaigners) and from 1925 they published

462-429: A heightened presence of the movement, although corporations have capitalized on the sentiments in order to sell products. The movement challenged ideals including unblemished skin and slim "beach bodies". Model and feminist Tess Holliday founded '@EffYourBeautyStandards', which brought an outpour of support to the body positivity movement. After founding the movement, the size-26 Holliday was signed to Milk Management,

528-671: A high degree of public acceptance, but not to the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland where nude recreation is usually regulated to designated FKK outdoor public spaces. In general, public nudity is not forbidden in Switzerland: there is no law that says you are not allowed to leave the house without clothes, as long as the nudity is not sexually motivated. However, the jurisprudence in Switzerland varies from canton to canton. In response to an influx of German FKK enthusiasts crossing

594-500: A large model agency in Europe, as their first model over size 20. Instagram has been utilized as an advertising platform for the movement since. Pioneers connect with brands and advertisers to promote the movement. In 2016, Mattel released a new line of Barbie dolls under the name Fashionistas with three different body shapes, seven skin colors, twenty-two eye colors and twenty-four hairstyles to be more inclusive. Additionally, in

660-471: A manner that portrayed acceptance and positivity towards their bodies. On their website, Dove presents its Dove Self-Esteem Project as a mission for "helping young people reach their full potential by delivering quality body confidence and self-esteem education". The company also partners with and raises money for eating disorder organizations. In 2017, the American women's underwear company Aerie launched

726-535: A monthly journal in Berlin called "Leben und Sonne" (Life and Sun). From 1926 the working group was renamed the "Reichsverband für Freikörperkultur" (Imperial Association for Free Body Culture). The socialist groups united separately under the name "Freie Menschen. Bund für sozialistische Lebensgestaltung und Freikörperkultur" (Free People. Association for socialist Lifestyle and Free Body Culture) with approximately 70,000 members in 1932. In 1930 representatives from England,

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792-422: A natural part of the human experience and that such feelings can be important and informational. She says "ignoring negative feelings and experiences exerts a cost to authenticity and self-integration." The movement, Legault argues, cannot make it seem like a person should only feel positive emotions. This expectation to have only positive feelings is sometimes called "toxic body positivity". From these criticisms,

858-424: A pivotal role in the body positivity movement, in part by providing education and exposure on different body types. Instagram and Facebook are some social platforms that, as of 2019, have body positive policies that cause advertisements for cosmetic surgery, weight loss supplements, and detox products, to be hidden from underaged demographics. In addition to promoting positive body image, these policies aim to curb

924-682: A plus size clothing line. In 2019, Decathlon joined the efforts of other companies with their #LeggingsForEverybody campaign, stating their mission as "to boost body confidence and support you in your fitness journey". Recently, paradigms on social media have been changing from pushing feminine beauty ideals to challenging those ideals through image related empowerment and inspiration. Several influencers such as AerieReal model Iskra Lawrence have been preaching body positivity, creating hashtags such as #IWokeUpLikeThis , #EffYourBeautyStandards , #HonorMyCurves , #CelebrateMySize , #GoldenConfidence , and #ImNoModelEither . Social media plays

990-412: A range of physical and mental health problems including anorexia , bulimia , depression , body image disturbance , and body dysmorphic disorder . Partakers are encouraged to view self-acceptance and self-love as traits that dignify the person. The movement advocates against determining self-worth based on physical appearance or perceptions of one's own beauty. In the field of psychology , this

1056-599: A similar concept. Body-positive advocates believe that size, like race , gender , sexuality , and physical capability , is one of the many ways that our bodies are placed in a power and desirability hierarchy . In other words, judgments about one's physical appearance inherently place one on a certain rung of a ladder that rates and values one's desirability, effectively increasing or reducing one's power in society. The movement aims to challenge unrealistic ideals of physical attractiveness , build positive body image , and improve self-confidence. A central belief advocated

1122-401: A treatment for being cooped-up in unventilated, warm rooms, which allegedly led to "softening", heat build-up in the body, headaches, nausea and circulatory disorders. The idea of the therapeutic unclothed air-bath, was connected with that of the light-bath, in the early 20th century, for example by the pastor and naturopath Emanuel Felke . With the battle cry "Back to Nature" the advocates of

1188-429: A wellness community. During the 90s, dangers in dieting were found, mostly saying that it was ineffective and caused more physical and psychological problems, and did not actually solve anything. Therefore, people sought help from dieting. They wanted to learn how to eat again. Chronic dieting had not proven to be effective. Dieting had been used as a ploy to get people's money and proven to not actually work, especially in

1254-427: Is all encompassing and inclusive of all body types, whereas fat acceptance only advocates for individuals considered to be obese or overweight . The movement argues that neither fat-shaming nor skinny-shaming is acceptable and that all body types can and should be celebrated. Although body positivity is perceived as the celebration of one's physical appearance as it is, women are highly motivated to advocate

1320-535: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Freik%C3%B6rperkultur Freikörperkultur ( FKK ) is a social and health culture that originated in the German Empire ; its beginnings were historically part of the Lebensreform social movement in the late 19th century. Freikörperkultur , which translated as ' free body culture ' , includes both

1386-460: Is extremely negative and anxiety-inducing when they do not. The body positivity movement focuses largely on women, believing that women face more societal pressure to conform to beauty standards than men. Eating disorders are more common in women due to this social phenomenon. Nevertheless, men may face societal pressures to fit into a masculine physical ideal . Qualities that fit that mold are height , rectus abdominis muscle or "six pack abs",

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1452-434: Is referred to as appearance-contingent self-worth, and can be highly detrimental to an individual's mental health. The degree to which one feels proud of their physical appearance is referred to as appearance self-esteem. People who fall under the appearance-contingent self-worth umbrella put great effort into looking their best so that they feel their best. This can be beneficial when an individual feels that they look good, but

1518-559: Is still found in German-speaking countries and Scandinavia . Freikörperkultur-inspired naturism is defined as an attitude and way of life by the International Naturist Federation as follows: The practice of communal nudity is an essential characteristic of naturism, making, as it does, the maximum use of the natural agents of sun, air and water. It restores one's physical and mental balance through being able to relax in natural surroundings, by exercise and respect for

1584-499: Is that beauty is a construct of society and that this construct should not determine one's confidence or self-worth . Individuals are encouraged to love themselves to the fullest while not only accepting but even embracing their physical traits . Body positivity has roots in the fat acceptance movement as well as the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance . Body positivity differs from fat acceptance in that it

1650-552: Is that the movement puts too much emphasis on the role of the individual to improve their own body image, and not enough attention on identifying and eliminating the cultural forces, messages, beliefs, and advertising campaigns accountable for causing widespread body dissatisfaction. The criticism has also been leveled that the movement can impair one's agency and authenticity. Researcher Lisa Legault argues that an undue emphasis on body positivity can "stifle and diminish important negative feelings." She explains that negative feelings are

1716-457: Is the so-called nudity movement. Greatly as it is to be welcomed in the interest of the public health, that ever wider circles, especially of the metropolitan population, are striving to make the healing power of sun and air and water serviceable to their body, as greatly must the so-called nudity movement be disapproved of as a cultural error. Among women the nudity kills natural modesty; it takes from men their respect for women, and thereby destroys

1782-579: The Alps , the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden , which became a popular destination for its tourist hiking trails, passed a local act in 2009 explicitly prohibiting nude hiking in outdoor public spaces. Local regulatory authorities imposed fines of 200 Swiss francs for "being naked in public", which some nude ramblers refused to pay. While there are only few beaches where FKK is officially tolerated in Switzerland (e.g. Katzensee near Zurich), public saunas are generally visited nude. Two avid nude ramblers from

1848-612: The Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur (DFK) (German Association for Free Body Culture). In 1940 the first color picture books appeared with depictions of martial nudity, such as work by the sculptor Arno Breker . In 1949, the Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur (DFK; German Association for Free Body Culture) was founded, which today is a member of the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB) with special tasks for popular sports in nude recreation and

1914-766: The Freikörperkultur (Naturism), the International Naturist Library (formerly the Damm - Baunatal Collection), is located in the Lower Saxony Institute for Sports History in Hanover , Germany. In public bathhouses , even in the Middle Ages , people bathed in the nude, although moral or (with regard to disease transmission) medical concerns were occasionally expressed. In many parts of central Europe up until

1980-512: The swimsuits of that time period—had been officially banned or was considered immoral in many places. The first official Freikörperkultur association in Germany was founded in 1898 in the Ruhr area, although the centre of nude bathing has always been on the coast and around the liberal, adventurous Berlin. With political liberalization, conservative circles challenged the nude bathing which had become popular among urban intellectuals, seeing them as

2046-667: The 18th century, people bathed naked in rivers and lakes, albeit often separated by gender . Beginning in the late 18th century, public nudity became increasingly taboo, which was never enforced in the sparsely populated Scandinavia . At the same time, the Scottish judge Lord Monboddo (1714–1779) practised and preached unclothed "air-baths" for health and as a revival of Ancient Greek attitudes toward nudity. It found literary mention in Georg Christoph Lichtenberg 's (1742–1799) book Das Luftbad (the air-bath). As early as 1853

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2112-583: The 1960s. FKK-inspired naturism in Germany continued to be particularly popular in East Germany after the Second World War, possibly because of a more secular cultural development. It had ties to the workers' movement and became a symbol for people and families to escape a repressive state. Beach culture was often intermixed – nude and dressed people would swim together and nudity was widely tolerated and considered neither unusual nor sensational. In

2178-822: The German Army School of Physical Education in Wünsdorf), the Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture Walter Darré and, in the end, with strength in the paramilitary SS , Freikörperkultur found new supporters again. Some sources state that Himmler and the SS supported naturism. The first naturist Olympic Games took place in Thielle in Switzerland in August 1939. In the German Reich ,

2244-710: The Höllriegelskreuth hermitage near Munich and later on the Himmelhof near Vienna, is considered the real pioneer of naturism, namely outside of clinical-medical treatments. In 1898 the first official Freikörperkultur (FKK) association was founded in Essen , Germany. Around 1900, nude bathing in the Berlin area and on the German North and Baltic Sea coast became more popular. A few years earlier, common bathing in public—even in

2310-618: The Netherlands, France, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Italy and Germany met in Frankfurt am Main and later founded a European league for Naturism. The first dissertation about the FKK movement was written in the 1930s. In 1933 after the Nazi Party came to power, nudist organizations were initially banned or integrated into Nazi organizations. One of the greatest dangers for German culture and morality

2376-424: The Swiss naturopath Arnold Rikli founded a "solar sanatorium " ( Sonnenheilanstalt ) and prescribed his patients the heliotherapy of unclothed outdoor " light-baths " ( Lichtbäder ) as a treatment for tuberculosis , rickets , seasonal affective disorder and other health or skin disorders. In 1906 there were also 105 so-called "air-bath" sanatoriums ( Luftbäder ) in Germany; unclothed exposure to outdoor air, as

2442-482: The Victorian Dress Reform Movement, women also fought for their right to dress in pants. Acceptance of all body types – regardless of waist measurements – was the major theme of the Victorian Dress Reform Movement, and this was the first movement of its kind. The origins of the body positivity movement date back to the fat acceptance movement of the 1960s. The idea of ending fat-shaming served as

2508-489: The advertisement of supplements unregulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Social media platforms such as Instagram are frequently used to post body positivity content and fuel related discussion. Although studies about social media and body image are still in their early stages, there seems to be a correlation between social media use and body image concerns. Body image tends to be positively or negatively affected by

2574-703: The ban on nude bathing was relaxed by the Reich Ordinance of 10 July 1942, provided nobody had to see it. (This remained valid in the West Germany until the 1960s, and in East Germany until 1990.) During the National Socialist era there was also a "racial nude culture", the best-known representative of which was the sport campaigner and author Hans Surén, who glorified the body ideals of the National Socialists, and would later become an honorary member of

2640-423: The basic principles of hygiene and diet. It encourages many activities that develop one's creativity. Complete nudity is the most suitable clothing for getting back to nature, and is certainly the most visible aspect of naturism, even if it is not the only one. It exerts a steadying and balancing influence on human beings, freeing them from the stresses caused by the taboos and provocations of today's society and shows

2706-537: The beginning of fat acceptance movement. Five months after the "fat-in", Lew Louderback composed an essay entitled "More People Should be Fat!" as a result of him witnessing the discrimination his wife experienced for her size. The essay shed light on the discrimination fat people experience in America and the culture surrounding fat-shaming. Louderback's contribution inspired the creation of the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) in 1969 by Bill Fabrey, with

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2772-600: The clinical symptoms can affect people of any gender. While body positivity has largely been discussed with regard to women, the body positivity movement may uplift people of all genders and sexes - as well as ages, races, ethnicities, sexual preferences, and religions. Due to social media the notion "every body is beautiful" came into being. The movement for body positivity has played a role in influencing marketing campaigns for major corporations. In 2004, Dove launched their "Real Beauty" campaign, in which advertisements depicted women of varying body types and skin tones in

2838-499: The content to which people are exposed on social media. The action of people uploading pictures of themselves appears to effectuate a negative body image. The body positivity movement has been criticized for encouraging lifestyle habits that negatively affect one's health. A central complaint is that excessive approval of overweight and obese individuals could dissuade them from desiring to improve their health, leading to lifestyle disease . Among health professionals, agreement with

2904-451: The counter movement of body neutrality arose. It holds the belief that it does not matter whether one thinks their body is beautiful or not, and psychologist Susan Albers, PsyD, notes that the difference between body neutrality and body positivity is that with body neutrality, "Your value is not tied to your body nor does your happiness depend on what you look like. A body-positive approach says you are beautiful no matter what." Understanding

2970-435: The health aspects of being naked in light, air and sun and an intention to reform life and society. It is partly identified with the culture of nudity, naturism and nudism in the sense of communal nudity of people and families in leisure time, sport and everyday life. By the 20th century the culture of communal open air nudity in the "great outdoors" and its benefits to public health blossomed in Germany as an alternative to

3036-748: The largest member of the International Naturist Federation (INF). The first naturist holiday resorts were opened around 1950 in France ( Centre-Hélio-Marin in Montalivet-les-Bains , Aquitaine , France). The nude beach in Kampen on the island of Sylt in Germany was particularly popular due to extensive media coverage. FKK resorts in Yugoslavia , France and on the Baltic Seacoast became popular holiday places. Naturist organizations gained many new members in

3102-410: The later decades of the 20th century, naturism became very popular outside Germany. One popular form of Freikörperkultur recreation is Nacktwanderung , translated as " nude hiking ", where a walking group will collectively tour through the open countryside, which is possible in Germany due to the liberal laws on non-sexual public nudity. This attitude does extend to Austria , where FKK culture enjoys

3168-445: The long term. The third wave of the body positivity movement arose around 2012 largely as a response to the increase in social media culture and advertisements. The rise of Instagram inspired a debate about cultural beauty standards, and the body positivity movement arose as a response and argument in favor of embracing all body types, loving, and feeling confident about one's own body even with any flaws. Since 2012, there has been

3234-483: The mission of ending discrimination based on body weight. The second wave of the body positivity movement prioritized providing people of all sizes a place where they could comfortably come together and exercise. There were programs being made specifically for overweight people, such as Making Waves . Home exercise programs like Genia Pauli Haddon and Linda DeMarco's home exercise video series Yoga For Round Bodies were also made for those who were not comfortable joining

3300-668: The most time with themself, so they must not break their relationship with themselves. When embracing body positivity, a person should not beat themself up if there are moments when they are struggling with their body image. Working with body positivity, step by step – will eventually improve one's self-esteem. A healthy person often has a relationship with their body. Because they are motivated by self-care rather than shame or guilt, people who are body positive engage in healthy habits like exercise and balanced eating. Positive emotions can enhance physical health. Body positivity requires one to practice positive thinking towards their body. Some of

3366-571: The mouthpiece of Swiss nude hikers, were made unrecognizable in the press coverage; no complaint was filed, said the Appenzell Innerrhoden public prosecutor. The man would be fined if we found out who he was. Since the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland verdict, the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden has seen no more trace of nude hikers. Body positivity This is similar to the concept of body neutrality, that focuses on

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3432-429: The movement is very low. A 2012 study found that among a sample of 1,130 trainee dietitians , nutritionists , nurses and medical doctors, only 1.4% had "positive or neutral attitudes" regarding excess body fat. The movement has also faced criticism from feminists. Gender scholar Amber E. Kinser wrote that posting an unedited photo of your body to a social media website, which is an example of an action associated with

3498-460: The movement, does little to prevent women's worth from being directly correlated to their physical appearance. With the majority of the body positivity movement recently occurring on Instagram, a recent study found that 40 percent of body positivity posts were centered around appearance. With Instagram being a photo-sharing social media site, the effort to place the focus less on appearance has been criticized to be contradictory. Another criticism

3564-470: The neighbouring Swiss canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , where there is no strict ban on nude hiking, appealed the fines at the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland , but the case was dismissed in 2011 with the verdict "The cantons can fine naked hikers. It is true that nude hiking is not covered by the penal code. But the cantons are authorized to ban and punish non-sexually motivated nudity." In

3630-765: The normalization of body hair , bodily fluids , menstruation , and to challenge preconceived ideas regarding a woman's appearance. As part of the first wave of feminism from the 1850s-1890s, the Victorian dress reform movement aimed to put an end to the trend of women having to modify their bodies through use of corsets and tightlacing in order to fit the societal standard of tiny waistlines. A minority of women participated in this tradition of conformity, but often ended up facing ridicule whether or not they were successful at shrinking their waistline. The practice of tight-lacing proved to have many negative health risks, such as damage to their internal organs such as deformation to

3696-600: The nude culture ( Nacktkultur ) declared war on the compulsory morality of a society that, in their eyes, had become neurotic and sick. "We don't want to deny it: for the people of our time, a naked person is tasteless and looks like a slap in the face - that's how unnatural we have become," wrote Heinrich Pudor in 1893, one of the early pioneers of the free body culture naturist movement in the German Empire. The painter and social reformer Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851–1913), who practiced Freikörperkultur with his students in

3762-524: The physical health benefits of this way of thinking are "increased lifespan", "lower levels of distress and pain", "greater resistance to illnesses", "reduced risk of death from respiratory conditions", and "reduced risk of death from infections." Practicing body positivity will help increase an individual's desire for self-care, leading to better habit-building and helping them define what wellness means to them. It also improves mental health. One can reduce anxiety and depression by being body positive. Having

3828-480: The positive impacts of body positivity has allowed society to embrace new ways of thinking about the self and individual bodies. According to Chef Sky Hanka, there are different ways to love your body but also ditch negativity. The idea of body positivity can result in individuals feeling more optimistic about their bodies, which can lead to improved self-esteem and overall self-confidence. Embracing body positivity starts with thoughts, words, and actions. Individuals spend

3894-437: The praxis of the Freikörperkultur are also applied. Nudists and naturists are organized in national and international nudist or naturism associations. Nudity in intimate situations, as well as purely practical nudity such as in the shower or in the sauna, do not involve the Freikörperkultur . This nudity does not require a special group consensus. By far the most extensive collection on the historical and current situation of

3960-563: The prerequisite for any genuine culture. It is therefore expected of all police authorities that, in support of the spiritual powers developed through the national movement, they take all police measures to destroy the so-called nude culture. Hermann Göring , 1933 Nazi edict On 3 March 1933, the Prussian Ministry of Interior issued a circular to "combat the nudist movement". But with the support of Hans Surén  [ de ] (a former German military officer, manager and instructor at

4026-645: The realization of freedom. The nudity of naturism has no sexual relation. Nudity on the beach and in water, in comparison to wearing swimsuits , is accompanied with a different body surface sensation, which is mostly experienced as pleasant. In the sense of nudity propagated by the Freikörperkultur it does not address sexuality and is not directly related to it. In the context of the Freikörperkultur , mostly bathing, sunbathing on bathing lakes or beaches (the "nudist beaches"), sports and other leisure activities are practiced nude. In numerous designated holiday resorts, campsites, country parks and sports club facilities

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4092-492: The ribcage and stomach atrophy due to the tight lacing. Depending on the type of corset and the lacing, the damage was irreversible and was also extremely uncomfortable for women who partook. Women were mocked for their egotism if they were not able to shrink their waistline, and they were criticized for too small a waistline if they were successful. This instilled a feeling of defeat in women during these times, as nothing they did seemed to satisfy their male counterparts. As part of

4158-469: The seed of a larger project of accepting and celebrating all bodies and body types. In 1967, New York radio host Steve Post held a "fat-in" in Central Park. This event involved a group of people who were partaking while holding posters of a famous thin woman and setting diet books on fire. He described the purpose of the event "was to protest discrimination against the fat." This moment is often cited as

4224-630: The spring 2019 New York Fashion Week, a total of 49 models that were considered plus-size made an appearance in 12 shows. These plus-size models were also hired to be featured on fashion campaigns as well as magazine covers. The body positivity movement aims to change societal and individual perceptions of weight, size, and appearance to be more accepting of all bodies regardless of their diverse characteristics. An individual's perception of their body can greatly influence their mental health and overall well-being, particularly in teenagers. Poor body image, also known as body dissatisfaction, has been linked to

4290-462: The stresses and anxieties of Industrial Age urban life. Today, there are only a few legal restrictions on public nudity in Germany. Under the terms "naturism" and "nudism", it is now internationally widespread, with associations and designated public recreational environments in numerous countries in Europe, North and South America, Australia, Africa, Asia and the Caribbean; the largest distribution

4356-427: The way to a more simple, healthy and human way of life Behind the Freikörperkultur movement is an attitude towards life, according to which the naked body is no reason for feelings of shame . The communally practiced nudity of the Freikörperkultur is often experienced in this sense as liberating and goes hand in hand with mutual acceptance and a positive body image . The focus is on enjoying nature, being nude or

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