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33-436: The FITS format was first standardized in 1981; it has evolved gradually since then, and the most recent version (4.0) was standardized in 2016. FITS was designed with an eye towards long-term archival storage, and the maxim once FITS, always FITS represents the requirement that developments to the format must be backward compatible . Image metadata is stored in a human-readable ASCII header. The information in this header

66-432: A picture is possible. Scripts can be created to convert, manipulate and rename a batch of images in one go. Creation of advanced slide shows is also possible. Lossless (without new encoding) turning, flipping and cropping of JPEG files is supported. Typical image editing tools are included, for instance color and size manipulation, several filters and effects . XnView supports .8bf Photoshop plugins such as

99-537: A sum signal to left and right channels if both sum and difference signals are received. Without the requirement for backward compatibility, a simpler method could have been chosen. Full backward compatibility is particularly important in computer instruction set architectures , two of the most successful being the IBM 360 / 370 / 390 / Zseries families of mainframes, and the Intel x86 family of microprocessors . IBM announced

132-499: Is forward compatibility ; a design that is forward-compatible usually has a roadmap for compatibility with future standards and products. A simple example of both backward and forward compatibility is the introduction of FM radio in stereo . FM radio was initially mono , with only one audio channel represented by one signal . With the introduction of two-channel stereo FM radio, many listeners had only mono FM receivers. Forward compatibility for mono receivers with stereo signals

165-483: Is customisable and multi-lingual . XnView can read more than 500 image file formats, some audio and video file formats , and write 50 image file formats. XnView also supports ICC profiles in JPEG , PNG and TIFF files. It doesn't respect loop settings on animated files, however, and will infinitely loop them, regardless. Classic XnView can read image formats resulting in more than 32 bits per pixel , but write support

198-431: Is a property of an operating system , software, real-world product, or technology that allows for interoperability with an older legacy system , or with input designed for such a system. Modifying a system in a way that does not allow backward compatibility is sometimes called " breaking " backward compatibility. Such breaking usually incurs various types of costs, such as switching cost . A complementary concept

231-415: Is attributed to its broad forward and backward compatibility; it became more popular than other standards that were not backward compatible. In software development, backward compatibility is a general notion of interoperation between software pieces that will not produce any errors when its functionality is invoked via API . The software is considered stable when its API that is used to invoke functions

264-691: Is available in a variety of programming languages that are used for scientific work, including C , C++ , C# , Fortran , IGOR Pro , IDL , Java , Julia , LabVIEW , Mathematica , MATLAB , Perl , Perl Data Language (PDL), Python , R , and Tcl . The FITS Support Office at NASA / GSFC maintains a list of libraries and platforms that currently support FITS. Image processing programs such as ImageJ , GIMP , Photoshop , PhotoLine , Chasys Draw IES , XnView and IrfanView can generally read simple FITS images, but frequently cannot interpret more complex tables and databases. Scientific teams frequently write their own code to interact with their FITS data, using

297-441: Is designed to calculate the byte offset of some information in the subsequent data unit to support direct access to the data cells. Each FITS file consists of one or more headers containing ASCII card images (80 character fixed-length strings) that carry keyword/value pairs, interleaved between data blocks. The keyword/value pairs provide information such as size, origin, coordinates, binary data format, free-form comments, history of

330-621: Is licensed as freeware for private, educational and non-profit uses. For other uses, it is licensed as commercial software . Although originally deployed only on Unix-like systems, it is now also available for Windows , Windows Mobile and Pocket PC . The extended version of XnView, called XnView MP , is available for Windows, macOS and Linux . XnView has received five cows from Tucows . In 2006 Sveriges Television (SVT) recommended XnView in their High Definition Multi Format Test Set . Research papers about DICOM and digital watermarking used XnView for image processing. XnView

363-416: Is limited to 32 bits. XnView can show IPTC , Exif and XMP metadata , and write IPTC metadata (It can also do batch writing of IPTC metadata). It can write XMP metadata partly together with IPTC metadata. It also supports file comments ( 4DOS descript.ion ). XnView can search files that have the same filename or data, and can search for similar graphics as well. The display of the histogram of

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396-480: Is possible to store x-ray and infrared exposures in the same file. The earliest and still most commonly used type of FITS data is an image header/data block. The term 'image' is somewhat loosely applied, as the format supports data arrays of arbitrary dimension—normal image data are usually 2-D or 3-D, with the third dimension representing for example time or the color plane. The data themselves may be in one of several integer and floating-point formats, specified in

429-429: Is said to be backward compatible when a newer version of the program can open it without errors just like its predecessor. There are several incentives for a company to implement backward compatibility. Backward compatibility can be used to preserve older software that would have otherwise been lost when a manufacturer decides to stop supporting older hardware. Classic video games are a common example used when discussing

462-418: Is stable across different versions. In operating systems, upgrades to newer versions are said to be backward compatible if executables and other files from the previous versions will work as usual. In compilers , backward compatibility may refer to the ability of a compiler for a newer version of the language to accept source code of programs or data that worked under the previous version. A data format

495-465: The Harry's Filters 3.0 included in the full version. Support for most raw image formats is based on dcraw . Support for vector graphics ( EPS , PS , PDF ) can be integrated with Ghostscript . Classic XnView does not support Unicode , and SVG requires a commercial CAD plugin. These features are available in the multi-platform edition XnView MP based on Qt . Classic XnView is also distributed in

528-420: The cosmic microwave background radiation . FITS also supports tabular data with named columns and multidimensional rows. Both binary and ASCII table formats have been specified. The data in each column of the table can be in a different format from the others. Together with the ability to string multiple header/data blocks together, this allows FITS files to represent entire relational databases . FITS support

561-516: The 8-bit Intel 8080 processor of 1974. The Zilog Z80 , however, was fully backward compatible with the Intel 8080.) Fully backward compatible processors can process the same binary executable software instructions as their predecessors, allowing the use of a newer processor without having to acquire new applications or operating systems . Similarly, the success of the Wi-Fi digital communication standard

594-585: The basis that it would allow for easy backwards compatibility with the original Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), but ultimately did not proved to be workable once the rest of the Super NES's architecture was designed. XnView XnView is an image organizer and general-purpose file manager used for viewing, converting, organizing and editing raster images , as well as general purpose file management. It comes with built-in hex inspection , batch renaming , image scanning and screen capture tools. It

627-895: The coordinate transform library included with PDL, the PLOT MAP library in the Solarsoft solar-physics-related software tree, the Starlink Project AST library in C, and the PyFITS package in Python, now merged into the Astropy library. The FITS standard version 4.0 was officially approved by the IAU FITS Working Group in July 2016. Backward compatible In telecommunications and computing , backward compatibility (or backwards compatibility )

660-419: The data, and anything else the creator desires: while many keywords are reserved for FITS use, the standard allows arbitrary use of the rest of the name-space. FITS is also often used to store non-image data, such as spectra , photon lists, data cubes , or structured data such as multi-table databases . A FITS file may contain several extensions, and each of these may contain a data object. For example, it

693-493: The first 360 models in 1964 and has continued to update the series ever since, with migration over the decades from 32-bit register/24-bit addresses to 64-bit registers and addresses. Intel announced the first Intel 8086 / 8088 processors in 1978, again with migrations over the decades from 16-bit to 64-bit. (The 8086/8088, in turn, were designed with easy machine-translatability of programs written for its predecessor in mind, although they were not instruction-set compatible with

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726-427: The header. FITS image headers can contain information about one or more scientific coordinate systems that are overlaid on the image itself. Images contain an implicit Cartesian coordinate system that describes the location of each pixel in the image, but scientific uses usually require working in 'world' coordinates, for example the celestial coordinate system . As FITS has been generalized from its original form,

759-459: The launch of new systems, as users can pull from the previous console's library of games while developers transition to the new hardware. Moreover, studies in the mid-1990s found that even consumers who never play older games after purchasing a new system consider backward compatibility a highly desirable feature, valuing the mere ability to continue to play an existing collection of games even if they choose never to do so. Backward compatibility with

792-639: The main CPU for PS1 mode or upclocking itself to offload I/O in PS2 mode. This coprocessor was replaced with a PowerPC -based processor in later systems to serve the same functions, emulating the PS1 CPU core. Such an approach can backfire, though, as was the case of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (Super NES). It opted for the more peculiar 65C816 CPU over the more popular 16-bit microprocessors on

825-431: The new system. Because of this, several console manufacturers phased out backward compatibility towards the end of the console generation in order to reduce cost and briefly reinvigorate sales before the arrival of newer hardware. It is possible to bypass some of these hardware costs. For instance, earlier PlayStation 2 (PS2) systems used the core of the original PlayStation (PS1) CPU as a dual-purpose processor, either as

858-487: The newest generation of consoles such as PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S also support this feature. A large part of the success and implementation of this feature is that the hardware within newer generation consoles is both powerful and similar enough to legacy systems that older titles can be broken down and re-configured to run on the Xbox One. This program has proven incredibly popular with Xbox players and goes against

891-491: The original PlayStation (PS) software discs and peripherals is considered to have been a key selling point for the PlayStation 2 (PS2) during its early months on the market. Despite not being included at launch, Microsoft slowly incorporated backward compatibility for select titles on the Xbox One several years into its product life cycle. Players have racked up over a billion hours with backward-compatible games on Xbox, and

924-423: The product that may lead to longer time to market , technological hindrances, and slowing innovation; and increased expectations from users in terms of compatibility. It also introduces the risk that developers will favor developing games that are compatible with both the old and new systems, since this gives them a larger base of potential buyers, resulting in a dearth of software which uses the advanced features of

957-424: The recent trend of studio-made remasters of classic titles, creating what some believe to be an important shift in console makers' strategies. The monetary costs of supporting old software is considered a large drawback to the usage of backward compatibility. The associated costs of backward compatibility are a larger bill of materials if hardware is required to support the legacy systems; increased complexity of

990-668: The tools available in their language of choice. The FITS Liberator software is used by imaging scientists at the European Space Agency , the European Southern Observatory and NASA . The SAOImage DS9 Astronomical Data Visualization Application is available for many OSs, and handles images and headers. Many scientific computing environments make use of the coordinate system data in the FITS header to display, compare, rectify, or otherwise manipulate FITS images. Examples are

1023-424: The value of supporting older software. The cultural impact of video games is a large part of their continued success, and some believe ignoring backward compatibility would cause these titles to disappear. Backward compatibility also acts as a selling point for new hardware, as an existing player base can more affordably upgrade to subsequent generations of a console. This also helps to make up for lack of titles at

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1056-506: The world coordinate system (WCS) specifications have become more and more sophisticated: early FITS images allowed a simple scaling factor to represent the size of the pixels; but recent versions of the standard permit multiple nonlinear coordinate systems, representing arbitrary distortions of the image. The WCS standard includes many different spherical projections , including, for example, the HEALPix spherical projection widely used in observing

1089-405: Was achieved by sending the sum of both left and right audio channels in one signal and the difference in another signal. That allows mono FM receivers to receive and decode the sum signal while ignoring the difference signal, which is necessary only for separating the audio channels. Stereo FM receivers can receive a mono signal and decode it without the need for a second signal, and they can separate

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