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79-492: FGCS may refer to: Facial gender confirmation surgery Female genital cosmetic surgery Former gifted child syndrome Fifth generation computer systems project Forest Gate Community School a school in Newham, East London Future Generation Computing Systems , an Elsevier scientific journal See also [ edit ] FGC (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

158-411: A harem . The hijra of India may remove their penis as an expression of their gender identity . In the medical field, removal of the penis may be performed for reasons of gangrene or cancer . Penis removal may occur through unintentional genital injury, such as during routine neonatal circumcision mishaps. In the ulwaluko circumcision ceremony, which is performed by spear, accidental penectomy

237-514: A rite of passage . It was part of the eunuch-making of the Chinese court , and it was widespread in the Arab slave trade . A castrated slave was worth more, and this offset the losses from death. Pearling or genital beading is a form of body modification, the practice of permanently inserting small beads made of various materials beneath the skin of the genitals—of the labia, or of the shaft or foreskin of

316-419: A vaginoplasty procedure. When these procedures are performed on individuals without their consent, they are considered a form of female genital mutilation . Castration in the genital modification and mutilation context is the removal of the testicles . Occasionally the term is also used to refer to penis removal , but that is less common. Castration has been performed in many cultures throughout history, but

395-653: A child's gender may be reassigned due to genital injury , including David Reimer , who was the subject of John Money 's John/Joan case. The following types of unvoluntary genital cutting or surgery can be done on children, for nontherapeutic (medically unncessary) reasons: clitoral reduction surgeries on children with CAH, hypospadias surgeries, removal of internal gonads and penile circumcision. In some societies, other types of endosex girl genital cutting happen. They can be done for psychosocial , cultural , subjective-aesthetic , or prophylactic perceived benefits, as judged by doctors or parents. Consequently,

474-641: A clasp or a pin.” The word is used to include suturing of the foreskin over the head of the penis . Early Greek infibulation consisted of tying the most distal portion of the foreskin with kynodesme to conceal the glans. The kynodesme was also used by the Etruscans and Romans (ligatura praeputii), but the Romans preferred to apply a gold, silver, or bronze ring ( annulus ), a metal clasp ( fibula ) or pin. In modern times, male infibulation may be performed for personal preferences or as part of BDSM . Emasculation

553-405: A conventional "cut and stitch" surgical procedure or use of a circumcision instrument or device . Complications are rare. Modern proponents say that circumcision reduces the risks of a range of infections and diseases and confers sexual benefits. Opponents, particularly of routine neonatal circumcision, question its preventive efficacy and object to subjecting non-consenting newborn males to

632-455: A healthcare team consisting of a variety of providers including endocrinologists , whom the surgeon may consult when determining if the patient is physically fit for surgery. Health providers including pharmacists can play a role in maintaining safe and cost-effective regimens, providing patient education, and addressing other health issues including smoking cessation and weight loss. People with HIV or hepatitis C may have difficulty finding

711-599: A larger number of surgical procedures performed as part of a medical treatment for gender dysphoria . WPATH says medically necessary gender-affirming surgeries include "complete hysterectomy, bilateral mastectomy, chest reconstruction or augmentation ... including breast prostheses if necessary, genital reconstruction (by various techniques which must be appropriate to each patient ...)... and certain facial plastic reconstruction." Other non-surgical procedures are also considered medically necessary treatments by WPATH, including facial hair electrolysis . Voice feminizing surgery

790-588: A larger, more " cis -appearing" penis in multiple stages. On 12 June 2003, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in favor of Carola van Kück, a German trans woman whose insurance company denied her reimbursement for sex reassignment surgery as well as hormone replacement therapy . The legal arguments related to the Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights as well as the Article 8 . This affair

869-605: A lifelong course of masculinizing or feminizing hormone replacement therapy to support the endocrine system. Sweden became the first country in the world to allow transgender people to change their legal gender after "reassignment surgery" and provide free hormone treatment, in 1972. Singapore followed soon after in 1973, being the first in Asia. Gender-affirming surgery is known by many other names, including gender-affirmation surgery , sex reassignment surgery , gender reassignment surgery , and gender confirmation surgery . It

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948-469: A matter of justice, inclusivity, and gender equality in medical-ethical policy (we do not take a position as to criminal law), clinicians should not be permitted to perform any nonvoluntary genital cutting or surgery in prepubescent minors, irrespective of the latter’s sex traits or gender assignment, unless urgently necessary to protect their physical health. Intersex children and children with ambiguous genitalia may be subjected to surgeries to "normalize"

1027-558: A minimum duration of psychological evaluation and living as a member of the target gender full-time, sometimes called the real life experience (RLE) (sometimes mistakenly called the real life test [RLT]) before sex reassignment surgeries are covered by insurance. Standards of Care usually give certain very specific "minimum" requirements as guidelines for progressing with treatment, causing them to be highly controversial and often maligned documents among transgender patients seeking surgery. Alternative local standards of care exist, such as in

1106-400: A period of real-life experience living in the desired gender. Feminization surgeries are surgeries that result in female-looking anatomy, such as vaginoplasty , vulvoplasty and breast augmentation . Masculinization surgeries are those that result in male-looking anatomy, such as phalloplasty and breast reduction . In addition to gender-affirming surgery, patients may need to follow

1185-465: A procedure that is potentially harmful, in their view, with little to no benefit, as well as violating their human rights and possibly negatively impacting their sex life. There is a consensus among the world's major medical organizations and in the academic literature that circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention in high-risk populations if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions. They hold variant perspectives on

1264-438: A request for it. Genital surgery may also involve other medically necessary procedures, such as orchiectomy , penectomy , or vaginectomy . Complications of penile inversion vaginoplasty are mostly minor; however, rectoneovaginal fistula (abnormal connection between the neovagina and the rectum) can occur in about 1–3% of patients. These require further surgery to correct. As underscored by WPATH, gender transition may entail

1343-417: A surgeon able to perform successful surgery. Many surgeons operate in small private clinics that cannot treat potential complications in these populations. Some surgeons charge higher fees for HIV and hepatitis C-positive patients; other medical professionals assert that it is unethical to deny surgical or hormonal treatments to transgender people solely on the basis of their HIV or hepatitis status. Fertility

1422-425: A vagina . The most common techniques are penile inversion , rectosigmoid vaginoplasty and peritoneal pullthrough vaginoplasty (PPT). Another technique, the non-penile inversion technique, uses perforated scrotal tissue to construct the vaginal canal. For trans men , genital reconstruction may involve the construction of a penis through either phalloplasty or metoidioplasty . For non-binary people, both

1501-660: A variety of non-genital surgeries that change primary or secondary sex characteristics, any of which are considered "gender-affirming surgery" when done to affirm a person's gender identity . For trans men, these may include mastectomy (removal of the breasts) and chest reconstruction (the shaping of a male-contoured chest), or hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes ). For some trans women, facial feminization surgery , hair transplants , and breast augmentation are also aesthetic components of their surgical treatment. The best-known gender-affirming procedures are those that reshape

1580-399: A woman may be punished, perhaps violently, if the community leaders deem that she was not a virgin when her marriage was consummated . Individuals who are victims of rape , who were virginal at the time of their rape, may elect for hymenorrhaphy. Labia stretching is the act of elongating the labia minora through manual manipulation (pulling) or physical equipment (such as weights). It

1659-684: Is a surgical procedure, or series of procedures, that alters a person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics to resemble those associated with their identified gender . The phrase is most often associated with transgender health care and intersex medical interventions , though many such treatments are also pursued by cisgender and non-intersex persons. It is also known as sex reassignment surgery (SRS), gender confirmation surgery (GCS), and several other names . Professional medical organizations have established Standards of Care , which apply before someone can apply for and receive reassignment surgery, including psychological evaluation, and

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1738-874: Is a familial cultural practice in Rwanda, common in Sub-Saharan Africa , and a body modification practice elsewhere. It is performed for sexual enhancement of both partners, aesthetics, symmetry and gratification. Cosmetic surgery of female genitalia, known as elective genitoplasty , has become pejoratively known as "designer vagina" . In May 2007, an article published in the British Medical Journal strongly criticised this craze, citing its popularity being rooted in commercial and media influences. Similar concerns have been expressed in Australia. Some women undergo vaginoplasty or vulvoplasty procedures to alter

1817-847: Is a form of genital modification involves a urethrotomy and vertically slitting the underside of the penis from the meatus towards to the base. It was performed by people of some cultures, such as the Indigenous Australians , the Arrente , the Luritja , the Samburu , the Samoans , and the Native Hawaiians . It may also be performed for personal preference. Penile subincision may leave a man with an increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases , issues with fertility (due to lack of control over what direction

1896-511: Is a procedure in which the overall pitch range of the patient's voice is reduced. Adam's apple reduction surgery ( chondrolaryngoplasty ) or tracheal shaving is a procedure in which the most prominent part of the thyroid cartilage is reduced. There is also Adam's apple enhancement therapy, in which cartilage is used to bring out the Adam's apple in female-to-male patients. Reports of people seeking gender-confirming surgery (vaginoplasty) go back to

1975-524: Is a serious risk. Penis removal for purposes of assault or revenge is overwhelmingly a female-on-male crime, particularly in Thailand . In the United States In 1907 Bertha Boronda sliced off her husband's penis with a straight razor. Lorena Bobbit infamously removed her husband's penis in 1993. In the latter case, the use of microsurgery was able to reattach Bobbitt's penis. Penile subincision

2054-580: Is also a factor considered in gender-affirming surgery, as patients are typically informed that if an orchiectomy or oöphoro-hysterectomy is performed, it will make them irreversibly infertile. Gender-affirming surgery is generally not performed on children under 18, though in rare cases may be performed on adolescents if health care providers agree there is an unusual benefit to doing so or risk to not performing it. Preferred treatments for children include puberty blockers , which are thought to have some reversible physical changes, and sex hormones, which reduce

2133-462: Is also sometimes called a sex change , though this term is usually considered offensive. Top surgery and bottom surgery refer to surgeries on the chest and genitals respectively. Some transgender people who want medical assistance to transition from one sex to another identify as " transsexual ". Trans women and others assigned male at birth may undergo one or more feminizing procedures: genital surgeries such as penectomy (removal of

2212-494: Is called van Kück vs Germany . In 2011, Christiane Völling won the first successful case brought by an intersex person against a surgeon for non-consensual surgical intervention described by the International Commission of Jurists as "an example of an individual who was subjected to sex reassignment surgery without full knowledge or consent". As of 2017, some European countries require forced sterilization for

2291-416: Is common in some situations of war or armed conflict, with perpetrators using violence against the genitals of men, women, and non-binary people. These different forms of sexual violence can terrorize targeted individuals and communities, prevent individuals from reproducing, and cause tremendous pain and psychological anguish for victims. If the genitals become diseased, as in the case of cancer, sometimes

2370-462: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Female genital cosmetic surgery Many types of genital modification are performed at the behest of the individual, for personal, sexual, aesthetic or cultural reasons. Social acceptance for male intimate cosmetic surgery seem to have happened around the 2010s, decades after other types of cosmetic surgeries. Penile subincision , or splitting of

2449-597: Is made up of "physicians, ethicists, nurse-midwives, public health professionals, legal scholars, human rights advocates, political scientists, anthropologists, psychologists, sexologists, sociologists, philosophers, and feminists from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas with interdisciplinary or experiential expertise in child genital cutting practices across a wide range of cultural contexts". In its second statement, it says: therefore, that as

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2528-526: Is now rare. It should not be confused with chemical castration . The removal of one testicle (sometimes referred to as unilateral castration ) is usually done in the modern world only for medical reasons. Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin , the double-layered fold of skin, mucosal and muscular tissue at the distal end of the human penis. Around half of all circumcisions worldwide are performed for reasons of preventive healthcare ; half for religious or cultural reasons. Circumcision involves either

2607-542: Is the removal of all external genitalia except the urethral opening, typically pursued by people assigned male at birth. Gender-affirming surgery can also refer to operations pursued by cisgender people, such as mammaplasty , penile implant , or testicular implants following orchiectomy . Gender-affirming surgery is often sensationalized and misrepresented by anti-trans activists through terms such as genital-mutilation surgery . For trans women , genital reconstruction usually involves surgical construction of

2686-414: Is the removal of both the penis and the testicles , the external male sex organs . It differs from castration , which is the removal of the testicles only, although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Genital nullification is a procedure practiced in a body modification subculture made up mostly of men who have had their genitals surgically removed. Those undergoing the procedure often go by

2765-541: The external female genitalia or other surgery of the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons." It is not the same as the procedures used in gender-affirming surgery or the genital modification of intersex persons. It is practised in several parts of the world, but the practice is concentrated more heavily in Africa, parts of the Middle East, and some other parts of Asia. Over 125 million women and girls have experienced FGM in

2844-492: The glans penis without removing skin or tissue. The practice appears to have occurred in Ancient Egypt, though not commonly: A few examples of Old Kingdom ... statuary present some adult males—usually priests, functionaries, or low-status workers—as having undergone a vertical slit on the dorsal aspect of the prepuce, although no flesh has been removed. Gender-affirming surgery Gender-affirming surgery (GAS)

2923-467: The 29 countries in which it is concentrated. Over eight million have been infibulated , a practice found largely in Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan. Infibulation, the most extreme form of FGM (known as Type III), consists of the removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the vulva, while a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual blood; afterwards the vagina will be opened after

3002-450: The 2nd century, such as Roman Emperor Elagabalus . In the US in 1917, Alan L. Hart , an American tuberculosis specialist, became one of the first trans men to undergo hysterectomy and gonadectomy as treatment of what is now called gender dysphoria. Dora Richter is the first known trans woman to undergo complete male-to-female genital surgery. She was one of several transgender people in

3081-740: The Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC). The most widespread SOC in this field is published and often revised by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH, formerly the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association or HBIGDA). Many jurisdictions and medical boards in the US and other countries recognize the WPATH Standards of Care for the treatment of transgender individuals. Some treatment may require

3160-823: The Netherlands, Germany, and Italy. Much of the criticism surrounding the WPATH/HBIGDA-SOC applies to these as well, and some of these SOCs (mostly European SOC) are actually based on much older versions of the WPATH SOC. Other SOCs are entirely independent of the WPATH. The criteria of many of those SOCs are stricter than the latest revision of the WPATH-SOC. Many qualified surgeons in North America and many in Europe adhere almost unswervingly to

3239-479: The United States reported that 25% of respondents reported had undergone such a surgery. Some medical conditions, including diabetes , asthma , and HIV, can lead to complications with future therapy and pharmacological management. Typical gender-affirming surgery procedures involve complex medication regimens, including sex-hormone therapy , throughout and after surgery. Typically, a patient's treatment involves

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3318-519: The WPATH SOC or other SOCs. However, in the United States many experienced surgeons are able to apply the WPATH SOC in ways which respond to an individual's medical circumstances, as is consistent with the SOC. Many surgeons require two letters of recommendation for gender-affirming surgery. At least one of these letters must be from a mental health professional experienced in diagnosing gender identity disorder (now recognized as gender dysphoria ), who has known

3397-453: The aid of tension . Nonsurgical restoration is the preferred method as it is less costly and typically yields better results than surgical restoration. A foreskin restoration device may be of help to men pursuing nonsurgical foreskin restoration. While restoration cannot recreate the nerves or tissues lost to circumcision, it can recreate the appearance and some of the function of a natural foreskin. Infibulation literally means "to close with

3476-597: The appearance of their genitalia. These surgeries are usually performed for cosmetic benefit rather than for therapeutic reasons. Most surgeries involving children with ambiguous genitalia are sexually damaging and may render them infertile . For example, in cases involving male children with micropenis , doctors may recommend the child be reassigned as female. The Intersex Society of North America objects to elective surgeries performed on people without their informed consent on grounds that such surgeries subject patients to unnecessary harm and risk. Genital mutilation

3555-409: The benefit of increasing sexual pleasure for the pierced individual or their sex partners . Similarly, pearling involves surgical insertion of small, inert spheres under the skin along the shaft of the penis for the purpose of providing sexual stimulation to the walls of the vagina. Similar to tattooing, genital scarification is primarily done for aesthetic reasons by adding decorative scars to

3634-560: The care of sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld at Berlin's Institute for Sexual Research . In 1922, Richter underwent orchiectomy. In early 1931, a penectomy, followed in June by vaginoplasty. In 1930-1931, Lili Elbe underwent four sex reassignment surgeries, including orchiectomy, an ovarian transplant , and penectomy. In June 1931, she underwent her fourth surgery, including an experimental uterine transplant and vaginoplasty, which she hoped would allow her to give birth. However, her body rejected

3713-453: The clitoris), phalloplasty (creation of a penis), and scrotoplasty (creation of a scrotum) for trans men . Trans women may also benefit from hair removal and facial feminization surgery , while some trans men may have liposuction to remove fat deposits around their hips and thighs. Hijra , a third gender found in the Indian subcontinent , may opt to undergo castration . In some cases,

3792-437: The diseased areas are surgically removed. Females may undergo vaginectomy or vulvectomy (to the vagina and vulva, respectively), while males may undergo penectomy or orchiectomy (removal of the penis and testicles, respectively). Reconstructive surgery may be performed to restore what was lost, often with techniques similar to those used in gender-affirming surgery . During childbirth , an episiotomy (cutting part of

3871-546: The first technique for female-to-male gender-affirming surgery , producing a technique that has become a modern standard, called phalloplasty . Phalloplasty is a cosmetic procedure that produces a visual penis out of grafted tissue from the patient. In 1971, Roberto Farina performed Brazil's first male-to-female gender-affirming surgery. In 1984 , Jalma Jurado developed a new surgical technique, which he used in surgeries for more than 500 trans women in Brazil and from around

3950-541: The following: In June 2008, the American Medical Association (AMA) House of Delegates stated that the denial to patients with gender dysphoria or otherwise covered benefits represents discrimination, and that the AMA supports "public and private health insurance coverage for treatment for gender dysphoria as recommended by the patient's physician." Other organizations have issued similar statements, including WPATH,

4029-423: The genitals, which are also known as genital reassignment surgery , genital reconstruction surgery , sex reassignment surgery, and bottom surgery (the latter is named in contrast to top surgery , which is surgery to the breasts). However, the meaning of "sex reassignment surgery" has been clarified by the medical organization, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), to include any of

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4108-553: The hard-won protections that have been put in place for girls with anatomically normative genitalia, and now increasingly for children with certain intersex traits, will not be secure against objections and countervailing pressures as long as nonvoluntary clitoral reduction surgeries on children with CAH, “cosmetic” hypospadias surgeries, medically unnecessary removal of internal gonads, and nontherapeutic, nonreligious penile circumcision of newborns continue in healthcare settings unrestricted. The Brussels collaboration on Bodily integrity

4187-419: The intersex condition as a difference of sex development, not as a disorder . Gender-affirming surgery can be hard to obtain due to financial barriers, insurance coverage, and lack of providers. A growing number of surgeons are now training to perform such surgeries. In many regions, a person's pursuit of gender-affirming surgery is often governed, or at least guided, by documents called Standards of Care for

4266-401: The legal recognition of sex reassignment. As of 2020 , Japan also requires an individual to undergo sterilization to change their legal sex. The early history of gender-affirming surgery in trans people has been reviewed by various authors. The prevalence of transgender-related surgeries is difficult to measure and likely underestimated. In 2015, the largest survey of transgender people in

4345-667: The listing of their sex in public records unless they can furnish a physician's letter attesting that sex reassignment surgery has been performed. In some jurisdictions legal gender change is prohibited in any circumstances, even after genital or other surgery or treatment. A growing number of public and commercial health insurance plans in the US now contain defined benefits covering sex reassignment-related procedures, usually including genital reconstruction surgery (MTF and FTM), chest reconstruction (FTM), breast augmentation (MTF), and hysterectomy (FTM). For patients to qualify for insurance coverage, certain insurance plans may require proof of

4424-431: The media, such as pornography, creates an unhealthy view of what a "good looking vagina" is and how women feel that their privates are inferior and are therefore pressured to act upon that mindset. These insecurities are forced upon women by their partners and other women as well. Also leading to a surge of these types of procedures is increased interest in non-surgical genital alterations, such as Brazilian waxing, that make

4503-413: The name of nullos, and are not necessarily transgender or nonbinary ; some identify as eunuchs . The term nullo is short for genital nullification . Though the procedure is mostly sought by men, female genital mutilation may be referred to as clitoral nullification. In modern-day South Asia , some members of hijra communities reportedly undergo emasculation. It is called nirwaan and seen as

4582-499: The need for future surgery. Medical protocols typically require long-term mental health counseling to verify persistent and genuine gender dysphoria before any intervention, and consent of a parent or guardian or court order is legally required in most jurisdictions. Infants born with intersex conditions might undergo interventions at or close to birth. This is controversial because of the human rights implications. There can be negative outcomes (including PTSD and suicide) when

4661-469: The patient for over a year. Letters must state that sex reassignment surgery is the correct course of treatment for the patient. Many medical professionals and many professional associations have stated that surgical interventions should not be required for transsexual individuals to change sex designation on identity documents. However, depending on the legal requirements of many jurisdictions, transsexual and transgender people are often unable to change

4740-525: The penis), orchiectomy (removal of the testes), vaginoplasty (construction of a vagina), vulvoplasty (construction of a vulva); as well as breast augmentation , tracheal shave (reduction of the Adam's apple ), facial feminization surgery , and voice feminization surgery among others. Trans men and others assigned female at birth may undergo one or more masculinizing procedures; such as chest reconstruction , breast reduction , hysterectomy (removal of

4819-506: The penis. As well as being an aesthetic practice, this is usually intended to enhance the sexual pleasure of the receptive partner(s) during vaginal or anal intercourse. Penectomy involves the partial or total amputation of penis. Sometimes, the removal of the entire penis was done in conjunction with castration, or incorrectly referred to as castration. Removing the penis was often performed on eunuchs and high ranking men who would frequently be in contact with women, such as those belonging to

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4898-424: The practice of thickening the hymen, or, in some cases, implanting a capsule of red liquid within the newly created vaginal tissue. This new hymen is created to cause physical resistance, blood, or the appearance of blood, at the time that the individual's new husband inserts his penis into her vagina. This is done in cultures where a high value is placed on female virginity at the time of marriage. In these cultures,

4977-414: The prophylactic efficacy of the elective circumcision of minors in developed nations . Foreskin restoration is the partial recreation of the foreskin after its removal by circumcision . Surgical restoration involves grafting skin taken from the scrotum onto a portion of the penile shaft. Nonsurgical methods involve tissue expansion by stretching the penile skin forward over the glans penis with

5056-413: The safety and efficacy of these techniques are debated. People who are transgender may undergo gender-affirming surgery to alter their genitals to match their gender identity . Not all transgender people elect to have these surgeries. Some of the surgical procedures are vaginoplasty (creation of a vagina) and vulvoplasty (creation of a vulva) for trans women and metoidioplasty (elongation of

5135-404: The same operations as binary trans people of the same sex assignment and bigenital or gender nullification surgeries are available. Bigenital operations include androgynoplasty, a procedure that retains the penis, or vagina-preserving phalloplasty. However, these procedures are extremely rare. In 2017, one of the leading UK trans surgeons, James Bellringer , commented that he had never received

5214-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title FGCS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FGCS&oldid=1165237629 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

5293-419: The shape of their vulvas to meet personal or societal aesthetic standards. The surgery itself is controversial, and critics refer to the procedures as "designer vagina". In the article Designer Vaginas by Simone Weil Davis, she talks about the modification of woman's vagina and the outside influences women are pressured with, which can cause them to feel shame towards their labia minora . She states that

5372-403: The size and the area of the clitoral hood (prepuce) in order to further expose the glans of the clitoris ; the therapeutic goal is thought to improve the sexual functioning of the woman, and the aesthetic appeal of her vulva . The reduction of the clitoral prepuce tissues usually is a sub-ordinate surgery within a labiaplasty procedure for reducing the labia minora ; and occasionally within

5451-400: The skin. The genital decoration by scars is an ancient tradition in many cultures, both for men and women. Clitoris enlargement may be achieved temporarily through the use of a clitoral pump , or it may be achieved permanently through the application or injection of testosterone . Penis enlargement is a term for various techniques used to attempt to increase the size of the penis, though

5530-402: The sperm goes after ejaculation ), and may require a man to sit down while urinating . When the surgery is not performed in a hospital or by a licensed medical professional, complications such as infection, exsanguination , or permanent damage are major concerns. A rectal slit (also known as superincision) is an incision made along the upper length of the foreskin with the intention to expose

5609-597: The surgically assigned gender does not match the person's gender identity, which will be realized by the person only later in life. Milton Diamond at the John A. Burns School of Medicine , University of Hawaii recommended that physicians not perform surgery on children until they are old enough to give informed consent and to assign such infants in the gender to which they will probably best adjust. Diamond believed introducing children to others with differences of sex development could help remove shame and stigma. Diamond considered

5688-948: The tissue between the vagina and the anus) is sometimes performed to increase the amount of space through which the baby may emerge. Hymenotomy is the surgical perforation of an imperforate hymen . It may be performed to allow menstruation to occur. An adult individual may opt for increasing the size of her hymenal opening, or removal of the hymen altogether, to facilitate sexual penetration of her vagina. A person may engage in self-inflicted genital injury or mutilation such as castration , penectomy , or clitoridectomy . The motivation behind such actions vary widely; it may be done due personal crisis related to gender identity , mental illness , self-mutilation , body dysmorphia , or social reasons. Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting (FGC), female circumcision, or female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), refers to "all procedures involving partial or total removal of

5767-527: The transplanted uterus, and she died of post-operative complications in September, at age 48. A previous sex reassignment surgery patient was Magnus Hirschfeld's housekeeper , but their name has not been discovered. Elmer Belt may have been the first U.S. surgeon to perform gender affirmation surgery, in about 1950. In 1951, Harold Gillies , a plastic surgeon active in World War II, worked to develop

5846-505: The underside of the penis, is widespread in the traditional cultures of Indigenous Australians . This procedure has taken root in Western body modification culture, the modern primitives . Meatotomy is a form that involves splitting of the glans penis alone, while bisection is a more extreme form that splits the penis entirely in half. Genital piercings and genital tattooing may be performed for aesthetic reasons, but piercings can have

5925-431: The uterus), oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries). A penis can be constructed through metoidioplasty or phalloplasty , and a scrotum through scrotoplasty . As knowledge of non-binary genders expands in the medical community, more surgeons are willing to tailor operations to individual needs. Bigenital operations allow individuals to construct a penis or vagina and retain their original organs. Gender nullification

6004-481: The vulva more visible to judgment. The incentive to participate in vulvo- and vaginoplasty may also come about in an effort to manage women's physical attributes and their sexual behavior, treating their vagina as something needing to be managed or controlled and ultimately deemed "acceptable". Clitoral hood reduction is a form of hoodplasty. When performed with the consent of the adult individual, it can be considered an elective plastic surgery procedure for reducing

6083-589: The wedding for sexual intercourse and childbirth (see episiotomy ). In the past several decades, efforts have been made by global health organizations, such as the WHO, to end the practice. FGM is condemned by international human rights organizations. The Istanbul Convention prohibits FGM (Article 38). FGM is considered a form of violence against women by the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women , which

6162-423: The world. Following phalloplasty, in 1999, the procedure for metoidioplasty was developed for female-to-male surgical transition by the doctors Lebovic and Laub. Considered a variant of phalloplasty, metoidioplasty works to create a penis out of the patient's present clitoris. This allows the patient to have a sensation-perceiving penis head. Metoidioplasty may be used in conjunction with phalloplasty to produce

6241-471: Was adopted by the United Nations in 1993; it states: "Article Two: Violence against women shall be understood to encompass, but not be limited to, the following: (a) Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including ... female genital mutilation ...". However, because of its importance in traditional life, it continues to be practised in many societies. Hymenorrhaphy refers to

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