In linguistics , clusivity is a grammatical distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive " we " and exclusive "we" . Inclusive "we" specifically includes the addressee , while exclusive "we" specifically excludes the addressee; in other words, two (or more) words that both translate to "we", one meaning "you and I, and possibly someone else", the other meaning "me and some other person or persons, but not you". While imagining that this sort of distinction could be made in other persons (particularly the second) is straightforward, in fact the existence of second-person clusivity (you vs. you and they) in natural languages is controversial and not well attested. While clusivity is not a feature of standard English language, it is found in many languages around the world.
20-543: [REDACTED] Look up exclusion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Exclusion may refer to: Legal or regulatory [ edit ] Exclusion zone , a geographic area in which some sanctioning authority prohibits specific activities Exclusion Crisis and Exclusion Bill, a 17th-century attempt to ensure a Protestant succession in England Exclusionary rule ,
40-430: A 17th-century attempt to ensure a Protestant succession in England Exclusionary rule , a US legal principle Other uses [ edit ] Social exclusion , state of being socially disadvantaged, marginalized, relegated to the fringe of society, or banished Diagnosis of exclusion , medical diagnosis by the process of elimination Expulsion (education) , permanent exclusion (i.e., permanent suspension) from
60-945: A European linguist was in a description of languages of Peru in 1560 by Domingo de Santo Tomás in his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los Reynos del Perú , published in Valladolid , Spain. Clusivity paradigms may be summarized as a two-by-two grid: In some languages, the three first-person pronouns appear to be unrelated roots. That is the case for Chechen , which has singular со ( so ) , exclusive тхо ( txo ) , and inclusive вай ( vay ) . In others, however, all three are transparently simple compounds, as in Tok Pisin , an English creole spoken in Papua New Guinea , which has singular mi, exclusive mi-pela , and inclusive yu-mi (a compound of mi with yu "you") or yu-mi-pela . However, when only one of
80-492: A US legal principle Other uses [ edit ] Social exclusion , state of being socially disadvantaged, marginalized, relegated to the fringe of society, or banished Diagnosis of exclusion , medical diagnosis by the process of elimination Expulsion (education) , permanent exclusion (i.e., permanent suspension) from a school or university, usually punitively Clusivity , a linguistic concept See also [ edit ] Outcast (person) Transclusion ,
100-464: A school or university, usually punitively Clusivity , a linguistic concept See also [ edit ] Outcast (person) Transclusion , the inclusion of part or all of an electronic document into one or more other documents by hypertext reference Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Exclusion . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
120-622: A substratum while Dravidian was displaced). It can also be found in the languages of eastern Siberia , such as Tungusic , as well as northern Mandarin Chinese . In indigenous languages of the Americas , it is found in about half the languages, with no clear geographic or genealogical pattern. It is also found in a few languages of the Caucasus and Sub-Saharan Africa , such as Fulani , and Khoekhoe . It is, of course, possible in any language to express
140-583: A suffix indicates the singular. The exclusive form is used in the singular as the normal word for "I", but the inclusive also occurs in the singular. The distinction is one of discourse : the singular inclusive has been described as the "modesty I" in Tongan. It is often rendered in English as one , but in Samoan, its use has been described as indicating emotional involvement on the part of the speaker. In theory, clusivity of
160-595: Is also found in languages of eastern, southern, and southwestern Asia , Americas , and in some creole languages . Some African languages also make the distinction, such as the Fula language . No European language outside the Caucasus makes this distinction grammatically, but some constructions may be semantically inclusive or exclusive. Several Polynesian languages , such as Samoan and Tongan , have clusivity with overt dual and plural suffixes in their pronouns. The lack of
180-455: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages exclusion [REDACTED] Look up exclusion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Exclusion may refer to: Legal or regulatory [ edit ] Exclusion zone , a geographic area in which some sanctioning authority prohibits specific activities Exclusion Crisis and Exclusion Bill,
200-416: Is nonetheless not currently attested. Horst J. Simon provides a deep analysis of second-person clusivity in his 2005 article. He concludes that oft-repeated rumors regarding the existence of second-person clusivity—or indeed, any [+3] pronoun feature beyond simple exclusive we – are ill-founded, and based on erroneous analysis of the data. The inclusive–exclusive distinction occurs nearly universally among
220-697: The Austronesian languages and the languages of northern Australia , but rarely in the nearby Papuan languages . ( Tok Pisin , an English-Melanesian creole , generally has the inclusive–exclusive distinction, but this varies with the speaker's language background.) It is widespread in India, featuring in the Dravidian and Munda languages , as well as in several Indo-European languages of India such as Oriya , Marathi , Rajasthani , Punjabi , Dakhini , and Gujarati (which either borrowed it from Dravidian or retained it as
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#1732851220279240-478: The exclusive is the regular word for "I", and the singular form of the inclusive may also occur on its own and then also means "I" but with a connotation of appealing or asking for indulgence. In the Kunama language of Eritrea , the first-person inclusive and exclusive distinction is marked on dual and plural forms of verbs, independent pronouns, and possessive pronouns. Where verbs are inflected for person , as in
260-469: The exclusive, ’oo-be’e , is a separate root. It is not uncommon for two separate words for "I" to pluralize into derived words, which have a clusivity distinction. For example, in Vietnamese , the familiar word for "I" ( ta ) pluralizes to inclusive we ( chúng ta ), and the formal or cold word for "I" ( tôi ) pluralizes into exclusive we ( chúng tôi ). In Samoan , the singular form of
280-460: The idea of clusivity semantically, and many languages provide common forms that clarify the ambiguity of their first person pronoun (English "the rest of us", Italian noialtri ). A language with a true clusivity distinction, however, does not provide a first-person plural with indefinite clusivity in which the clusivity of the pronoun is ambiguous; rather, speakers are forced to specify by the choice of pronoun or inflection, whether they are including
300-550: The inclusion of part or all of an electronic document into one or more other documents by hypertext reference Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Exclusion . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exclusion&oldid=1251328541 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
320-432: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exclusion&oldid=1251328541 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Clusivity The first published description of the inclusive-exclusive distinction by
340-445: The literature as "2+2" and "2+3", respectively (the numbers referring to second and third person as appropriate). Some notable linguists, such as Bernard Comrie , have attested that the distinction is extant in spoken natural languages, while others, such as John Henderson, maintain that a clusivity distinction in the second person is too complex to process. Many other linguists take the more neutral position that it could exist but
360-499: The native languages of Australia and in many Native American languages, the inclusive-exclusive distinction can be made there as well. For example, in Passamaquoddy , "I/we have it" is expressed In Tamil, on the other hand, the two different pronouns have the same agreement in the verb. First-person clusivity is a common feature among Dravidian , Kartvelian , and Caucasian languages, Australian and Austronesian languages, and
380-449: The plural pronouns is related to the singular, that may be the case for either one. In some dialects of Mandarin Chinese , for example, inclusive or exclusive 我們 ／ 我们 wǒmen is the plural form of singular 我 wǒ "I", and inclusive 咱們 ／ 咱们 zánmen is a separate root. However, in Hadza , the inclusive, ’one-be’e , is the plural of the singular ’ono ( ’one- ) "I", and
400-460: The second person should be a possible distinction, but its existence is controversial. Clusivity in the second person is conceptually simple but nonetheless if it exists is extremely rare, unlike clusivity in the first. Hypothetical second-person clusivity would be the distinction between "you and you (and you and you ... all present)" and "you (one or more addressees) and someone else whom I am not addressing currently." These are often referred to in
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