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70-499: The term "exapostilarion" is related to the word Apostle, which itself is derived from a Greek word meaning “sent out.” It has this name because in ancient times a chanter was sent out from the choir into the center of the church to chant this hymn. The exapostilaria ask God to enlighten the minds of the faithful that they might worthily praise the Lord in the verses of the Lauds which follow, and in

140-996: A canonical coronation : Our Lady of Aparecida , Our Lady of the Pillar , Our Lady of the Cape , Our Lady of Chiquinquira of Colombia , Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos , Our Lady of La Naval de Manila , Virgin of Help of Venezuela , Our Lady of Carmel of New York , the Marian icon of Santuario della Consolata and the Immaculate Conception within the Chapel of the Choir inside Saint Peter's Basilica were granted this prestigious honor. Within three months of his coronation, Pius X published his motu proprio Tra le sollecitudini . Classical and Baroque compositions had long been favoured over Gregorian chant in ecclesiastical music. The Pope announced

210-632: A canonically irregular , traditionalist fraternity, recommends the Catechism of Saint Pius X over the 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church . Canon law of the Catholic Church varied from region to region with no overall prescriptions. On 19 March 1904, Pope Pius X named a commission of cardinals to draft a universal set of laws. Two of his successors worked in the commission: Giacomo della Chiesa, who became Pope Benedict XV , and Eugenio Pacelli, who became Pope Pius XII . This first Code of Canon Law

280-471: A cardinal of the order of cardinal priests in a secret consistory on 12 June 1893. In a public consistory on 15 June, the pope gave him his cardinal's red galero , assigned him the titular church of San Bernardo alle Terme , and appointed him Patriarch of Venice . This caused difficulty, however, as the government of reunified Italy claimed the right to nominate the Patriarch, since the previous sovereign,

350-418: A cope and mitre at the end of the procession of prelates "almost hidden behind the double line of Palatine Guards through which he passed". Pope Leo XIII had sought to revive the inheritance of Thomas Aquinas , 'the marriage of reason and revelation', as a response to secular 'enlightenment'. Under Pius X, neo-Thomism became the blueprint for theology. Most controversially, Pius X vigorously condemned

420-423: A four-year-old boy the day after the child was presented to him and demonstrated an exceptional understanding of the meaning of the sacrament. When people would criticize Pius X for lowering the age of reception, he simply quoted the words of Jesus, "let the little children come to me". Pius X said in his 1903 motu proprio Tra le sollecitudini , "The primary and indispensable source of the true Christian spirit

490-434: A large stack of hay caught fire near a cottage, and when Sarto arrived he addressed the frantic people, "Don't be afraid, the fire will be put out and your house will be saved!" At that moment, the flames turned in the other direction, sparing the cottage. Despite his many duties, Sarto often made time for an evening walk with children preparing their First Communion . In 1879, Bishop Federico Maria Zinelli died, and Sarto

560-713: A last blessing", sensing that it would be the last time that they would see each other. Arriving in Venice, he was formally enthroned on 24 November 1894. As cardinal-patriarch, Sarto avoided politics, allocating his time to social works and strengthening parochial credit unions. However, in his first pastoral letter to the Venetians, Sarto argued that in matters pertaining to the pope, "There should be no questions, no subtleties, no opposing of personal rights to his rights, but only obedience." In April 1903, Pope Leo XIII reportedly said to Lorenzo Perosi : "Hold him very dear, Perosi, as in

630-661: A physical body like every other man: and as savior of the human family, he had a spiritual and mystical body, the Church. This, the Pope argues has consequences for our view of the Blessed Virgin. She did not conceive the Eternal Son of God merely that He might be made man taking His human nature from her, but also, by giving him her human nature, that He might be the Redeemer of men. Mary, carrying

700-561: A postal clerk, his favourite nephew stayed on as village priest, and his three single sisters lived together in humble circumstances in Rome. Giuseppe, nicknamed as "Bepi" by his mother, had so much natural exuberance that his teacher often had to cane his backside. Despite this, he was an excellent student who focused on homework before hobbies or recreations. In the evenings after sports or games with friends, he would spend ten minutes in prayer before returning home. He also served as an altar boy. By

770-592: A reform of the Roman Curia with the Apostolic Constitution Sapienti consilio in 1908. After his death, a strong cult of devotion followed his reputation for piety and holiness. He was beatified in 1951 and canonized in 1954 by Pope Pius XII . A statue bearing his name stands within Saint Peter's Basilica , and his birth town was renamed Riese Pio X after his death. Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto

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840-538: A return to earlier musical styles, championed by Lorenzo Perosi . Since 1898, Perosi had been Director of the Sistine Chapel Choir , a title which Pius X upgraded to "Perpetual Director". The Pope's choice of Joseph Pothier to supervise the new editions of chant led to the official adoption of the Solesmes edition of Gregorian chant. Pius X worked to increase devotion among both clergy and laity , particularly in

910-570: A short while after lunch, Pius X would then return to work before dining at 9:00pm and a final stint of work before sleep. In his 1904 encyclical Ad diem illum , he views Mary in the context of "restoring everything in Christ". He wrote: Spiritually we all are her children and she is the mother of us, therefore, she is to be revered like a mother. Christ is the Word made Flesh and the Savior of mankind. He had

980-534: A special place for children, and his decision to require the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine in every parish was partly motivated by a desire to save children from religious ignorance. Noted for his humility and simplicity, he declared that he had not changed personally save for his white cassock. Aides consistently needed to remind him not to wipe his pen on the white cassock, as he had previously done on his black cassock which hid stains. The new pope's schedule

1050-586: A student of Duchesne, denied that some parts of Scripture were literally rather than perhaps metaphorically true. In contradiction to Thomas Aquinas they argued that there was an unbridgeable gap between natural and supernatural knowledge. Its unwanted effects, from the traditional viewpoint, were relativism and scepticism. Modernism and relativism, in terms of their presence in the Church, were theological trends that tried to assimilate modern philosophers like Immanuel Kant as well as rationalism into Catholic theology. Anti-Modernists viewed these notions as contrary to

1120-549: A veto during a conclave. With the cardinals asking him to reconsider, he went into solitude in the Pauline Chapel , and after deep prayer he accepted the position. Cardinal Luigi Macchi announced Sarto's election at around 12:10pm. Sarto took as his papal name Pius X, out of respect for his recent predecessors of the same name, particularly Pope Pius IX (1846–1878), who had fought against theological liberals and for papal supremacy. He explained: "As I shall suffer, I shall take

1190-622: Is observed by Christians in other denominations, notably those of the Lutheran Churches . In the Anglican Communion , elements of the office have been folded into the service of Morning Prayer as celebrated according to the Book of Common Prayer , and the hour itself is observed by many Anglican religious orders . Pope Pius X Pope Pius X ( Italian : Pio X ; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto ; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914)

1260-486: Is participation in the most holy mysteries and in the public, official prayer of the Church." He also sought to modify papal ceremonies to underscore their religious significance by eliminating occasions for applause. For example, when entering his first public consistory for the creation of cardinals in November 1903, he was not carried above the crowds on the sedia gestatoria as was traditional. He arrived on foot wearing

1330-597: Is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. Pius X was devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Confidence ; while his papal encyclical Ad diem illum took on a sense of renewal that was reflected in the motto of his pontificate. He advanced the Liturgical Movement by formulating the principle of participatio actuosa (active participation of the faithful) in his motu proprio , Tra le sollecitudini (1903). He encouraged

1400-827: The Ambrosian Office , and also in the Mozarabic , Lauds retained a few of the principal elements of the Roman Lauds: the Benedictus , canticles from the Old Testament, and the laudate psalms, arranged, however, in a different order ( cf. Germain Morin , op. cit. in bibliography). In the Benedictine liturgy, the office of Lauds resembles the Roman Lauds very closely, not only in its use of

1470-556: The Breviary , which he reformed considerably , and the Mass . Besides restoring to prominence Gregorian chant , he placed a renewed liturgical emphasis on the Eucharist , saying, "Holy Communion is the shortest and safest way to Heaven." To this end, he encouraged frequent reception of Holy Communion. This also extended to children who had reached the "age of discretion", though he did not permit

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1540-763: The Emperor of Austria , had exercised that power. The poor relations between the Roman Curia and the Italian civil government since the annexation of the Papal States in 1870 placed additional strain on the appointment. The number of vacant sees soon grew to 30. Sarto was finally permitted to assume the position of patriarch in 1894. In regard to being named as a cardinal, Sarto told a local newspaper that he felt "anxious, terrified and humiliated". After being named cardinal and before leaving for Venice, he visited his mother. Overwhelmed with emotion, she asked: "My son, give your mother

1610-621: The Great Doxology . At simple services on weekdays, especially during Great Lent , the normal exapostilaria are replaced with the Photagogicon ( Greek : Φωταγωγικόν pl. Φωταγωγικά Photagogica ; Slavonic : Светиленъ Svetilen , pl. Светилны, Svyetilniy ), "Hymn of Light." The Lenten form of the photagogica are chanted in the Tone of the Week, are of a penitential nature, and are similar in performance to

1680-558: The Holy Office cleared him of all charges. In 1905, Pius X in his letter Acerbo nimis mandated the establishment of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (catechism class) in every parish in the world. The Catechism of Pius X is his realisation of a simple, plain, brief, popular catechism for uniform use throughout the whole world; it was used in the ecclesiastical province of Rome and for some years in other parts of Italy; it

1750-634: The Peregrinatio Ætheriae . During the 6th century St. Benedict of Nursia gave a detailed description of them in his rule . Gregory of Tours also made several allusions to this office, which he calls Matutini hymni . According to John T. Hedrick, in Introduction to the Roman Breviary , Lauds were not originally a distinct canonical hour but Matins and Lauds formed a single office, the night office terminating only at dawn. The monks prayed Matins during

1820-679: The Tomb of Christ ). At Pascha (Easter) the Exapostilarion is chanted first by the clergy and then repeated twice by the choir to a particularly joyful melody. Lauds Lauds is a canonical hour of the Divine office. In the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours it is one of the major hours, usually held after Matins , in the early morning hours. The name is derived from the three last psalms of

1890-414: The age of discretion . The pope lowered the age because he wished to impress the event on the minds of children and stimulate their parents to new religious observance; this decree was found unwelcome in some places due to the belief that parents would withdraw their children early from Catholic schools, now that First Communion was carried out earlier. Pius X even personally distributed First Communion to

1960-463: The doxology . The psalms and readings are distributed in a four-week cycle, which forms the heart of the prayer. On all solemnities and feasts as well as on all feast days of the saints with their own Lauds antiphons in the proper , the psalms and cantica from the Sunday of the Week I are sung. These are: Ps. 63, the canticle from Dan 3, 37-88 and Ps. 149. On feasts of saints the various parts of

2030-413: The proper or the common ), the intercession (which may be optionally taken from the common texts), and the collect. In some seasons of the liturgical year, such as Lent or Eastertide , many of the prayers are proper for each day of the season. In Holy Week , the octaves of Christmas and Easter, and the last eight days of Advent , these liturgical days displace the celebration of other feasts. In

2100-608: The tonsure from his parish priest, who wrote to the Cardinal of Venice to secure Sarto a scholarship to the Seminary of Padua , "where he finished his classical, philosophical, and theological studies with distinction". On 18 September 1858, Sarto was ordained a priest by Giovanni Antonio Farina , Bishop of Treviso (later canonized), and became a chaplain at Tombolo . While there, Sarto expanded his knowledge of theology, studying Thomas Aquinas and canon law , while carrying out most of

2170-664: The Apostles, and is drawn from the Resurrection Gospel that was chanted before the Canon. During Holy Week the Exapostilarion is of great significance and is solemnly chanted in the center of the church by three singers (or by the entire choir). The Matins service on most of the Days of Holy Week is referred to as the " Bridegroom Prayer ," after the theme of the Exapostilarion for those days: "I see Thy bridal chamber adorned..." (a reference to

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2240-608: The Lord's Flock"), which characterized Modernism as the "synthesis of all heresies." Following these, Pius X ordered that all clerics take the Anti-Modernist oath , Sacrorum antistitum . Pius X's aggressive stance against Modernism caused some disruption within the Church, although only about 40 clerics refused to take the oath. Catholic scholarship with Modernistic tendencies was substantially discouraged, and theologians who wished to pursue lines of inquiry in line with Secularism, Modernism, or Relativism had to stop or face conflict with

2310-560: The Polish Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko from Kraków , in the name of Emperor Franz Joseph (1848–1916) of Austria-Hungary , proclaimed a veto ( jus exclusivae ) against Rampolla's election. Many in the conclave protested, and it was even suggested to disregard the veto. However, the third vote had already begun, resulting in no clear winner but increasing support for Sarto, with 21 votes. The fourth vote showed Rampolla with 30 votes and Sarto with 24. It seemed clear that

2380-450: The Pope in 1903 devoted his papacy to Instaurare Omnia in Christo , "to restore all things in Christ." In his first encyclical ( E supremi apostolatus , 4 October 1903), he stated his overriding policy: "We champion the authority of God. His authority and Commandments should be recognized, deferred to, and respected." Continuing his simple origins, he wore a pectoral cross of gilded metal on

2450-506: The Pope; what more can I do for them?" He developed a reputation as being very friendly with children. He carried candy in his pockets for the street urchins in Mantua and Venice, and taught them catechism . During papal audiences, he would gather children around him and talk about things that interested them. His weekly catechism lessons in the courtyard of San Damaso in the Vatican always included

2520-517: The Savior within her, also carried all those whose life was contained in the life of the Savior. Therefore, all the faithful united to Christ, are members of His body, of His flesh, and of His bones from the womb of Mary like a body united to its head. Through a spiritual and mystical fashion, all are children of Mary, and she is their Mother. Mother, spiritually, but truly Mother of the members of Christ (S. Aug. L. de S. Virginitate, c. 6). During Pius X's pontificate, many famed Marian images were granted

2590-747: The Triadica (Hymns to the Trinity) that were sung near the beginning of Matins. On Sundays, just before the exapostilarion the canonarch (or, the deacon in Russian practice) recites the verses for the singing of “Holy is the Lord our God” three times. On Sundays, the theme of the Exapostilarion reflects the concept of the Myrrh-bearing Women being sent to bring the Good News (Gospel) of the Resurrection of Christ to

2660-573: The age of ten, he had completed the two elementary classes of his village school, as well as Latin study with a local priest; henceforth he had to walk four miles to the gymnasium in Castelfranco Veneto for further classes. For the next four years, he would attend Mass before breakfast and his long walk to school. He often carried his shoes to make them last longer. As a poor boy, he was often teased for his meager lunches and shabby clothes, but never complained to his teachers. In 1850 he received

2730-427: The almost 100-year-old Catechism of Saint Pius X was still valid, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger said: "The faith as such is always the same. Hence the Catechism of Saint Pius X always preserves its value. Whereas ways of transmitting the contents of the faith can change instead. And hence one may wonder whether the Catechism of Saint Pius X can in that sense still be considered valid today." The Society of Saint Pius X ,

2800-625: The ancient Eastern practice of infant communion . He also emphasized frequent recourse to the Sacrament of Penance so that Holy Communion would be received worthily. Pius X's devotion to the Eucharist would eventually earn him the honorific of "Pope of the Blessed Sacrament", by which he is still known among his devotees. In 1910, he issued the decree Quam singulari , which changed the age at which Communion could be received from 12 to 7 years old,

2870-494: The canticles but also in its general construction. The Armenian Morning (or Early) Hour (Armenian: Առաւաւտեան Ժամ aṛawotean zham ) corresponds to the office of Lauds in the Roman Liturgy, both in its position in the daily cycle and in its importance. This is the most complex of all Armenian liturgies in terms of the variations in the order and text of the liturgy depending on the day of the week, liturgical tone, commemoration of

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2940-541: The cardinals were moving toward Sarto. The following morning, the fifth vote gave Rampolla 10 votes, Gotti 2, and Sarto 50. Thus, on 4 August 1903, Sarto was elected to the pontificate. This marked the last known exercise of a papal veto by a Catholic monarch. At first, it is reported, Sarto declined the nomination, feeling unworthy. He had been deeply saddened by the Austro-Hungarian veto and vowed to rescind these powers and excommunicate anyone who communicated such

3010-464: The day of his coronation; and when his entourage was horrified, the new pope declared he always wore it and had brought no other with him. He was well known for reducing papal ceremonies. He also abolished the custom of the pope dining alone, since the time of Pope Urban VIII , and invited his friends to eat with him. When chided by Rome's social leaders for refusing to make his peasant sisters papal countesses, he responded: "I have made them sisters of

3080-704: The day, and liturgical season. Many manuscripts and printed editions of the Armenian Book of Hours (Armenian: Ժամագիրք Zhamagirk` ) state that the morning hour commemorates the Son of God, with some manuscripts adding, "at the time he was seized by the Jews". This is in reference to the story of the arrest and interrogation of Jesus found in the New Testament Gospels. In the morning hour for Sundays and feasts there are seven slots into which hymnody may be inserted which reflects

3150-439: The dogmas and traditions of the Catholic Church. In the decree entitled Lamentabili sane exitu ("A Lamentable Departure Indeed") of 3 July 1907, Pius X formally condemned 65 propositions, mainly drawn from the works of Alfred Loisy and concerning the nature of the Church, revelation , biblical exegesis , the sacraments , and the divinity of Christ. That was followed by the encyclical Pascendi dominici gregis (or "Feeding

3220-580: The end of that month the conclave convened to elect his successor. Before the conclave, Sarto had reportedly said, "rather dead than pope", when people discussed his chances for election. In one of the meetings held just before the conclave, Cardinal Victor-Lucien-Sulpice Lécot spoke with Sarto in French, however, Sarto replied in Latin, "I'm afraid I do not speak French". Lécot replied, "But if Your Eminence does not speak French you have no chance of being elected because

3290-499: The frequent reception of Holy Communion , and he lowered the age for First Communion , which became a lasting innovation of his papacy. Like his predecessors, he promoted Thomism as the principal philosophical method to be taught in Catholic institutions. He vehemently opposed various 19th-century philosophies that he viewed as an intrusion of secular errors incompatible with Catholic dogma , especially modernism, which he critiqued as

3360-454: The functions of the sickly parish priest Constantini. Often, Sarto sought to improve his sermons by the advice of Constantini, who referred to one of his earliest as "rubbish". In Tombolo, Sarto's reputation for holiness grew so much that some of the people call him "Don Santo". In 1867, he was named archpriest of Salzano . He restored the local church and expanded the hospital, the funds coming from his own begging, wealth and labour. He won

3430-427: The future he will be able to do much for you. We firmly believe he will be our successor". As a cardinal, he was considered by the time of his papal election as one of the most prominent preachers in the Church despite his lesser fame globally. In his role as a cardinal, Sarto held membership in the congregations for Bishops and Regulars , Rites , and Indulgences and Sacred Relics . Leo XIII died 20 July 1903, and at

3500-399: The hour may be taken from the office of the saint being celebrated or from the common. If the feast has the rank of a memorial, any parts specifically provided for the saint (the parts from the proper) are used, while the other parts come from the weekday, with exception of the hymn (which may be optionally taken from the common texts), the antiphon for the Benedictus (which must be taken from

3570-568: The most ancient offices and can be traced back to Apostolic times. The earliest evidence of Lauds appears in the second and third centuries in the Canons of Hippolytus and in writings by St. Cyprian , and the Apostolic Fathers . Descriptions during the fourth and fifth centuries appear in writings by Ss. John Cassian , Melania the Younger , Hilary of Poitiers , Eusebius , John Chrysostom , and in

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3640-796: The name of those Popes who also suffered". Pius X's traditional coronation took place the following Sunday, 9 August 1903. As pope, he became ex officio Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem , prefect of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office , and prefect of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation . The pontificate of Pius X was noted for conservative theology and reforms in liturgy and Church law. In what became his motto,

3710-399: The night and said Lauds in the early dawn. In the 5th and 6th century the Lauds were called Matutinum . By the Middle Ages, the midnight office was referred to as Nocturns , and the morning office as Matins . The lengthy night office later became the liturgical hour of Matins and was divided into two or three nocturns; the morning office became Lauds . After Pope Pius X ’s reform, Lauds

3780-421: The opening day". The office of Lauds reminds the Christian that the first act of the day should be praise, and that one's thoughts should be of God before facing the cares of the day. In the edition of the Roman breviary of 1970 which was revised according to the mandate of the Second Vatican Council , Lauds (Latin Laudes matutinae , pl.) has the following structure: All psalms and canticles are concluded with

3850-449: The papacy, and possibly even excommunication . Pius X's attitude toward the Modernists was uncompromising. Speaking of those who counseled compassion, he said: "They want them to be treated with oil, soap and caresses. But they should be beaten with fists. In a duel, you don't count or measure the blows, you strike as you can." He also instituted the Sodalitium Pianum (or League of Pius V), an anti-Modernist network of informants, which

3920-550: The people's affection when he worked to assist the sick during the cholera outbreak of the early 1870s. He was appointed a canon of the cathedral and chancellor of the Diocese of Treviso , also acting as spiritual director and rector of the Treviso seminary and examiner of the clergy. As chancellor he made it possible for public school students to receive religious instruction. As a priest and later bishop, he often struggled to bring religious instruction to rural and urban youth who could not attend Catholic schools. At one stage,

3990-426: The pope must speak French", to which Sarto said, "Deo Gratias! I have no desire to be pope". According to historians, the favorite was the late pope's secretary of state , Cardinal Mariano Rampolla . On the first ballot, Rampolla received 24 votes, Gotti had 17 votes, and Sarto 5 votes. On the second ballot, Rampolla had gained five votes, as did Sarto. The next day, it seemed that Rampolla would be elected. However,

4060-400: The psalter (148, 149, 150), the Laudate psalms , which in former versions of the Lauds of the Roman Rite occurred every day, and in all of which the word laudate is repeated frequently. At first, the word Lauds designated only the end, that is to say, these three psalms. Over time, Lauds came to be applied to the whole office. Lauds, or the morning prayer or Office of Aurora, is one of

4130-516: The synthesis of every heresy . Pius X was known for his firm demeanour and sense of personal poverty, reflected by his membership of the Third Order of Saint Francis . He regularly gave sermons from the pulpit , a rare practice at the time. After the 1908 Messina earthquake he filled the Apostolic Palace with refugees, long before the Italian government acted. He rejected any kind of favours for his family, and his close relatives chose to remain in poverty, living near Rome. He also undertook

4200-418: The theme of the day. Each of these seven slots is associated with a psalm or canticle from the Old or New Testaments. Among the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite , the office comparable to the Lauds of the Roman Rite is the Orthros . It also contains the three Laudate psalms (148–150), with which it traditionally closes. Like the other canonical hours , Lauds

4270-409: The theological movement he termed ' Modernism ', which he regarded as a heresy endangering the Catholic faith . The movement was linked especially to certain Catholic French scholars such as Louis Duchesne , who applied modern methods to Church history, drawing together archaeology and topography to supplement literature and setting ecclesiastical events with contexts of social history. Alfred Loisy ,

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4340-576: Was appointed to the honorary position of assistant at the pontifical throne on 19 June 1891. Sarto required papal dispensation from Pope Leo XIII before episcopal consecration as he lacked a doctorate, making him the last pope without a doctorate until Pope Francis . When Sarto travelled back to his hometown from Rome after his consecration, he immediately went to visit his mother. There, she repeatedly kissed his ring and said to him: "But you would not have this fine ring, son, if I did not have this", showing him her wedding ring . Pope Leo XIII made him

4410-834: Was born in Riese , Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , Austrian Empire (now in the province of Treviso , Veneto , Italy ), in 1835. He was the second born of ten children of Giovanni Battista Sarto (1792–1852), the village postman , and Margherita Sanson (1813–1894). He was baptised 3 June 1835. Though poor, his parents valued education, and Giuseppe walked 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to school each day. Giuseppe had three brothers and six sisters: Giuseppe Sarto (born 1834; died after six days), Angelo Sarto (1837–1916), Teresa Parolin-Sarto (1839–1920), Rosa Sarto (1841–1913), Antonia Dei Bei-Sarto (1843–1917), Maria Sarto (1846–1930), Lucia Boschin-Sarto (1848–1924), Anna Sarto (1850–1926), Pietro Sarto (born 1852; died after six months). As Pope, he rejected any kind of favours for his family: his brother remained

4480-491: Was elected vicar capitular to care for the diocese until the installation of a new bishop in June 1880. After 1880, Sarto taught dogmatic theology and moral theology at the seminary in Treviso. On 10 November 1884, he was appointed bishop of Mantua by Pope Leo XIII . He was consecrated six days later in Rome in the church of Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine , Rome , by Cardinal Lucido Parocchi , assisted by Pietro Rota , and by Giovanni Maria Berengo. He

4550-408: Was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine , and for promoting liturgical reforms and Thomist scholastic theology. He initiated the preparation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law , the first comprehensive and systemic work of its kind, which would ultimately be promulgated by his successor . He

4620-454: Was much criticized due to its accusations of heresy on the flimsiest evidence. This campaign was run by Monsignor Umberto Benigni in the Department of Extraordinary Affairs in the Secretariat of State, which distributed anti-Modernist propaganda and gathered information on "culprits". In Benigni's secret code, Pius X was known as Mama . Among those it investigated was the teacher of church history, Angelo Roncalli (later Pope John XXIII), but

4690-578: Was not, however, prescribed for use throughout the universal Church. The characteristics of Pius X were "simplicity of exposition and depth of content. Also because of this, Pius X's catechism might have friends in the future." The catechism was extolled as a method of religious teaching in his encyclical Acerbo nimis of April 1905. The Catechism of Saint Pius X was issued in 1908 in Italian, as Catechismo della dottrina Cristiana, Pubblicato per Ordine del Sommo Pontifice San Pio X . An English translation runs to more than 115 pages. Asked in 2003 whether

4760-478: Was promulgated by Benedict XV on 27 May 1917, with an effective date of 19 May 1918, and remained in effect until Advent 1983, when Pope John Paul II , promulgated the contemporary canon law . Pius X reformed the Roman Curia with the constitution Sapienti Consilio (29 June 1908) and specified new rules enforcing a bishop's oversight of seminaries in the encyclical Pieni l'animo . He established regional seminaries (closing some smaller ones), and promulgated

4830-407: Was quite similar each day. He rose at 4:00am before celebrating Mass at 6:00am. He was at his desk at 8:00am to receive private audiences. On his desk stood statues of John Vianney and Joan of Arc , both of whom he beatified in his papacy. At noon, he conducted a general audience with pilgrims, then had lunch at 1:00pm with his two secretaries or whomever else he invited to dine with him. Resting for

4900-433: Was reduced to four psalms or portions of psalms and an Old Testament canticle, putting an end to the custom of adding the last three psalms of the psalter (148–150) at the end of Lauds every day. This is the office of daybreak and hence its symbolism is of Christ's resurrection. According to Fernand Cabrol, "Lauds remains the true morning prayer, which hails in the rising sun, the image of Christ triumphant—consecrates to Him

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