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64-588: Euthydemus was an Ionian-Greek from one of the Magnesias in Ionia , though it is uncertain from which one ( Magnesia on the Maeander or Magnesia ad Sipylum ), and was the father of Demetrius I , according to Strabo and Polybius . William Woodthorpe Tarn proposed that Euthydemus was the son of a Greek general called Antimachus or Apollodotus, born c. 295 BC, whom he considered to be the son of Sophytes , and that he married

128-454: A bearded male head, identified as Heracles, on the obverse and a rearing horse on the reverse with the legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ ('of King Euthydemos'). The earlier coins have thick flans with beveled edges (like the bronze of the Diodotids) and no monograms. These coins were issued in four denominations, referred to by modern scholars as a double unit (5.26-11.82 g), a single unit (2.95-5.07 g),

192-540: A few have a trident, anchor with ΔΙ, or an Ε. The anchor was one of the main symbols of the Seleucid dynasty and ΔΙ is a monogram used by the Seleucids, so Holt interpreted it as commemorating Euthydemus' treaty with Antiochus III in 206 BC. Simon Glenn is sceptical of this argument, seeing the anchor and other symbols as control marks, but he entertains the possibility that the anchor indicates "a shared production process" between

256-405: A half unit (1.47-2.28 g), and a quarter unit (0.76-0.79 g). Some of the quarter units have a horse's head or a trident on the reverse instead of the usual reverse type. Apparently later issues have thinner, flat flans. These bronzes were minted in the double, single, and half denominations. Most of them have no monograms, but some of them bear the ΡΚ symbol associated with Groups IV-VII at Mint B, and

320-742: A land subsequently called Achaea after him. Another son of Xuthus, Ion , conquered Thrace , after which the Athenians made him king of Athens. Attica was called Ionia after his death. Those Ionians colonized Aigialia changing its name to Ionia also. When the Heracleidae returned the Achaeans drove the Ionians back to Athens. Under the Codridae they set forth for Anatolia and founded 12 cities in Caria and Lydia following

384-490: A number of Old Persian inscriptions of the Achaemenid Empire as Yaunā ( 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 ), a nominative plural masculine, singular Yauna; for example, an inscription of Darius on the south wall of the palace at Persepolis includes in the provinces of the empire "Ionians who are of the mainland and (those) who are by the sea, and countries which are across the sea; ...." At that time the empire probably extended around

448-504: A single example weighing 32.73 g. This issue is generally associated with the end of Antiochus III's siege of Bactra in 206 BC. Group III is much smaller than previous issues at Mint A and is the last issue produced by the mint in Euthydemus' reign. At Mint B, the introduction of portrait 4 coincides with the large issue of Groups VI and VII (B17). In addition to the precious metal coinage, Euthydemus also produced bronze coins. Almost all have

512-574: A sister of the Greco-Bactrian king Diodotus II . Little is known of his reign until 208 BC when he was attacked by Antiochus III the Great , whom he tried in vain to resist on the shores of the river Arius ( Battle of the Arius ), the modern Harirud. Although he commanded 10,000 horsemen, Euthydemus initially lost a battle on the Arius and had to retreat. He then successfully resisted a three-year siege in

576-520: A substantial divergence from the usual iconography of Hellenistic kings, whose coinage usually showed them in a youthful, idealised guise, regardless of their age. Portrait type 4 has been compared with a Roman-period bust in the Torlonia Collection , which was accordingly identified by Jan Six (art historian) in 1894 as a bust of Euthydemus, known as the "Torlonia Euthydemus." This identification has been contested by R. R. R. Smith , who identifies

640-421: Is 15.8 °C (60.4 °F). The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 28.3 °C (82.9 °F) and the coolest month is January with an average temperature of 2.2 °C (36.0 °F). The average annual precipitation is 468.4 mm (18.44 in) and has an average of 72.8 days with precipitation. The wettest month is March with an average of 94.2 mm (3.71 in) of precipitation and

704-543: Is a further indication, alongside the passages from Polybius, that Euthydemus had made his son Demetrius a junior partner in his rule during his lifetime. The reference to Demetrius as a "glorious conqueror" might refer to a specific victory, in the conflict with Antiochus III or in India, or look forward to future victories. Euthydemus minted coins in gold, silver and bronze at two mints, known as 'Mint A' and 'Mint B'. He produced significantly more coins than any of his successors and

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768-498: Is correct, at least some of the Ionian marauders came from Cyprus : Sargon's Annals for 709, claiming that tribute was sent to him by 'seven kings of Ya (ya-a'), a district of Yadnana whose distant abodes are situated a seven-days' journey in the sea of the setting sun', is confirmed by a stele set up at Citium in Cyprus 'at the base of a mountain ravine ... of Yadnana.' Ionians appear in

832-416: Is very similar to images of Diodotus I on his coinage. The second shows him with a tall, large face with heavier jowls; his eye is smaller and the diadem is much narrower. The third portrait is similar, but with the hair above his forehead stylised as a series of semicircles. Finally, in the fourth portrait style, Euthydemus is portrayed as a visibly aged man with very large jowls; his hair also interacts with

896-598: The Archaic and Classical periods, both in poetry and prose. The works of Homer ( The Iliad , The Odyssey , Homeric Hymns ) and of Hesiod were written in a literary form of the Ionic dialect called Homeric Greek or Epic Greek . Ionic was eventually supplanted by the Attic dialect which had become the dominant dialect of the Greek world by the 5th century BC. The literary evidence of

960-556: The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . A Greek inscription dating to the period 200–195   BC has been discovered in which a person named Heliodotos dedicates a fire altar to Hestia for the sake of the king Euthydemus I and his son Demetrius I . The historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari refers to Khatlon as early as AD 737, although its founding is said to have been much earlier. The Sufi mystic Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani died while travelling through Central Asia in 1384 and

1024-662: The Peloponnesus , dwelt in what is now called Achaea , and before Danaus and Xuthus came to the Peloponnesus, as the Greeks say, they were called Aegialian Pelasgians . They were named Ionians after Ion the son of Xuthus . Achaea was divided into 12 communities originally Ionian: Pellene , Aegira , Aegae , Bura , Helice , Aegion , Rhype, Patrae , Phareae, Olenus , Dyme and Tritaeae. The most aboriginal Ionians were of Cynuria: The Cynurians are aboriginal and seem to be

1088-504: The Tarim basin walled cities together with enrolled Hellenized Saka horsemen even before he ascended the throne of Bactria in 250-230 BC. In an inscription found in the Kuliab area of Tajikistan , northeastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200-195 BC, a Greek by the name of Heliodotus, dedicating an altar to Hestia , mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son Demetrius I: This

1152-643: The dative or nominative plural case of *Iāwones, an ethnic name. The Knossos tablets are dated to 1400 or 1200 B.C. and thus pre-date the Dorian dominance in Crete , if the name refers to Cretans . The name first appears in Greek literature in Homer as Ἰάονες , iāones , used on a single occasion of some long-robed Greeks attacked by Hector and apparently identified with Athenians, and this Homeric form appears to be identical with

1216-691: The four major tribes that the Greeks considered themselves to be divided into during the ancient period ; the other three being the Dorians , Aeolians , and Achaeans . The Ionian dialect was one of the three major linguistic divisions of the Hellenic world , together with the Dorian and Aeolian dialects. When referring to populations, " Ionian " defines several groups in Classical Greece . In its narrowest sense,

1280-714: The "Yonas". Dayuan' (or Tayuan; Chinese : 大宛 ; pinyin : Dàyuān ; lit. 'Great Ionians'; Middle Chinese dâi -jwɐn < LHC : dɑh-ʔyɑn ) is the Chinese exonym for a country that existed in Ferghana valley in Central Asia , described in the Chinese historical works of Records of the Grand Historian and the Book of Han . It is mentioned in the accounts of

1344-415: The 730s BC discovered at Nimrud . The Assyrian word, which is preceded by the country determinative, has been reconstructed as *Iaunaia. More common is ia-a-ma-nu, ia-ma-nu and ia-am-na-a-a with the country determinative, reconstructed as Iamānu. Sargon II related that he took the latter from the sea like fish and that they were from "the sea of the setting sun." If the identification of Assyrian names

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1408-748: The Aegean to northern Greece. Inspired by Achaemenid Iranians, Ionians appear in Indic literature and documents as Yavana and Yona. In documents, these names refer to the Indo-Greek Kingdoms : the states formed by the Macedonian Alexander the Great and his successors on the Indian subcontinent . The earliest such documentation is the Edicts of Ashoka . The Thirteenth Edict is dated to 260–258 BC and directly refers to

1472-625: The British and Kokand agent Abdul Mejid on behalf of Bukhara in 1861 before the disorder in the emirate prompted him to release the party. Following agreements between the British and Russian Empires over the disposition of Afghanistan, the city and its hinterland were incorporated into the Russian Empire as part of its conquest of most of Central Asia . After the Russian Revolution , Kulob

1536-575: The Chinese explorer Zhang Qian in 130 BCE and the numerous embassies that followed him into Central Asia. The country of Dayuan is generally accepted as relating to the Ferghana Valley , controlled by the Hellenistic polis Alexandria Eschate (modern Khujand , Tajikistan ), which can probably be understood as "Greco-Fergana city-state" in English language. Most modern Western Asian languages use

1600-545: The Great . The reverse shows Heracles , naked, seated on a rock, resting his club on a neighbouring rock or on his knee, with a legend reading ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ ('of King Euthydemos'). Heracles was apparently a popular deity in Bactria, associated with Alexander the Great, but this reverse type is very similar to coins minted by the Seleucids in western Asia Minor, near Euthydemus' home city of Magnesia. Heracles continues to appear on

1664-662: The Greek Ion , and to serve as a name for the Greeks and Macedonians . The term is also found in other ancient literature; the Yevana (Ionians) aligned with the Hittites against Egypt, while the Yauna of the Persian records corresponds to the Ionians of Asia Minor. Additionally, though less surely, Japheth may be related linguistically to the Greek mythological figure Iapetus . The locations of

1728-529: The Ionians leads back to mainland Greece in Mycenaean times before there was an Ionia . The classical sources seem determined that they were to be called Ionians along with other names even then. This cannot be documented with inscriptional evidence, and yet the literary evidence, which is manifestly at least partially legendary, seems to reflect a general verbal tradition. Herodotus of Halicarnassus asserts: all are Ionians who are of Athenian descent and keep

1792-552: The Mycenaean form but without the *-w- . This name also appears in a fragment of the other early poet, Hesiod , in the singular Ἰάων , iāōn . In the Book of Genesis of the English Bible , Javan , known in Hebrew as Yāwān and in plural Yəwānīm , is a son of Japheth . Javan, meaning 'Greek', is believed nearly universally by Bible scholars to represent the Ionians, corresponding to

1856-571: The anchor bronzes and the coinage produced by Antiochus III in Bactria. Euthydemus is also featured on the 'pedigree' coinage produced by the later kings Agathocles and Antimachus I . On this coinage he bears the royal epithet, Theos ('God'); it is unclear whether he used this title in life or if it was assigned to him by Agathocles. His coins were imitated by the nomadic tribes of Central Asia for decades after his death; these imitations are called "barbaric" because of their crude style. Lyonnet proposes that these coins were produced by refugees fleeing

1920-411: The biblical tribal countries have been the subjects of centuries of scholarship and yet remain open questions to various degrees. The final chapter of the Book of Isaiah , who lived in the 8th century BC, contains what may be a hint by listing "the nations ... that have not heard my fame" including Javan immediately after "the isles afar off". These isles may be considered as an apposition to Javan or

1984-446: The bust as a general of the Roman republic . Like the earlier Diodotid coinage and that of Euthydemus' successors, monograms and die links allow the precious metal coinage to be divided into two mints, which produced coins simultaneously. "Mint A" uses two types of monogram: one in the form of vertical line bisecting an equilateral triangle, with two shorter vertical lines hanging down from

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2048-409: The capital Dushanbe on the river Yakhsu (a right tributary of Panj ), it is one of the largest cities in the country. Its population is estimated at 106,300 for the city proper and 214,700 for the city with the outlying communities (2020). The city is served by Kulob Airport . During the Hellenistic period following the conquests of Alexander the Great , the region of modern Kulob was part of

2112-424: The coinage of Euthydemus' immediate successors, Demetrius and Euthydemus II . There are four distinct versions of the obverse portrait, presumably reflecting different models given to the die engravers. The first of these is an 'idealising' portrait, depicting him as a young or middle-aged man, with very large eyes, an arching eyebrow, pointed nose and protruding chin, the diadem is very broad. The overall appearance

2176-510: The corners of the triangle, and another with an Α contained within a Π. Mint B initially used three monograms, of which the most long-lasting was a combination of Ρ and Η; later these were replaced by a monogram combining a Ρ and a Κ. A putative "Mint C" has now been shown to be identical with "Mint B". Frank Holt and Brian Kritt identify "Mint B" with Bactra , the kingdom's capital. Holt identifies "Mint A" with Ai Khanoum, while Kritt prefers some other location near Ai Khanoum. Simon Glenn emphasises

2240-582: The descendants of the original rebel Diodotus, and that he was protecting Central Asia from nomadic invasions thanks to his defensive efforts. The war lasted altogether three years and after the Seleucid army left, the kingdom seems to have recovered quickly from the assault. The death of Euthydemus has been roughly estimated to 200 BC or perhaps 195 BC. He was succeeded by Demetrius, who went on to invade northwestern regions of South Asia . Polybius claims that Euthydemus justified his kingship during his peace negotiations with Antiochus III in 206 BC by reference to

2304-662: The destruction of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom by the Yuezhi in the mid-second century BC. The " Torlonia Euthydemus" or " Albani Euthydemus" bust, now in the Torlonia Collection in Rome but formerly belonging to the Villa Albani collection, has often been suggested as a possible statue of the Bactrian ruler Euthydemus, based on resemblance with his effigy on coinage. This is now rejected, as

2368-517: The development of the 'scientific attitude' towards the study of Nature. According to physicist Carlo Rovelli , the work of the Ionian school produced the "first great scientific revolution" and the earliest example of critical thinking, which would come to define Greek, and subsequently modern, thought. Kulab, Tajikistan Kulob or Khatlon is a city in Khatlon Region in southern Tajikistan. Located 203 km (126 mi) southeast of

2432-442: The diadem in a more natural way. Portrait type 1 is the earliest and portrait type 4 is the latest and these coins have often been interpreted as showing Euthydemus aging over the course of a long reign. However, Simon Glenn argues that the types instead represent a shift from 'idealising' portraiture to 'naturalising', pointing out that distinctions of age in the first three types are highly subjective. This shift to verism represents

2496-463: The feast Apaturia . He further explains: The whole Hellenic stock was then small, and the last of all its branches and the least regarded was the Ionian; for it had no considerable city except Athens . The Ionians spread from Athens to other places in the Aegean Sea : Sifnos and Serifos , Naxos , Kea and Samos . But they were not just from Athens: These Ionians, as long as they were in

2560-479: The fortified city of Bactra , before Antiochus finally decided to recognize the new ruler, and to offer one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son Demetrius around 206 BC. As part of the peace treaty, Antiochus was given Indian war elephants by Euthydemus. For Euthydemus himself was a native of Magnesia, and he now, in defending himself to Teleas, said that Antiochus was not justified in attempting to deprive him of his kingdom, as he himself had never revolted against

2624-427: The gold staters are die-linked to earlier Diodotid coins minted in the name of "Antiochus," but it is possible that the linked coins are modern forgeries. At Mint B, these coins are followed by Group II (CR1-CR3), which consists of gold staters and silver tetradrachms with portrait type 1 (but with some features similar to portrait model 3). Most of these coins use the Η with triangle monogram. The next period starts with

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2688-476: The introduction of the second portrait type. At Mint A, Group II (A11-A14) only tetradrachms were minted in this period, all with the bisected triangle monogram, sometimes accompanied by a Ν or an Α. At Mint B this issue consisted of Group III (CR4), composed of gold staters and silver tetradrachms, with a monogram composed of Ρ, Η, and Α. This is followed by the first issue at Mint B to use a 12 o'clock die axis, Group IV (B13), consisting only of tetradrachms, all with

2752-603: The king, but after others had revolted he had possessed himself of the throne of Bactria by destroying their descendants. (...) finally Euthydemus sent off his son Demetrius to ratify the agreement. Antiochus, on receiving the young man and judging him from his appearance, conversation, and dignity of bearing to be worthy of royal rank, in the first place promised to give him one of his daughters in marriage and next gave permission to his father to style himself king Polybius also relates that Euthydemus negotiated peace with Antiochus III by suggesting that he deserved credit for overthrowing

2816-608: The languages of different civilizations around the eastern Mediterranean and as far east as Han China . They are not the earliest Greeks to appear in the records; that distinction belongs to the Danaans and the Achaeans . The trail of the Ionians begins in the Mycenaean Greek records of Crete . A fragmentary Linear B tablet from Knossos (tablet Xd 146) bears the name i-ja-wo-ne , interpreted by Ventris and Chadwick as possibly

2880-516: The last item in the series. If the former, the expression is typically used of the population of the islands in the Aegean Sea . Some letters of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BC record attacks by what appear to be Ionians on the cities of Phoenicia : For example, a raid by the Ionians ( ia-u-na-a-a ) on the Phoenician coast is reported to Tiglath-Pileser III in a letter from

2944-452: The local population of Attica, and many years later emigrated to the coast of Asia Minor founding the historical region of Ionia . Unlike the austere and militaristic Dorians, the Ionians are renowned for their love of philosophy , art , democracy , and pleasure – Ionian traits that were most famously expressed by the Athenians . The Ionian school of philosophy , centered on Miletus ,

3008-742: The model of the 12 cities of Achaea, formerly Ionian. During the 6th century BC, Ionian coastal towns, such as Miletus and Ephesus , became the focus of a revolution in traditional thinking about Nature. Instead of explaining natural phenomena by recourse to traditional religion/myth, the cultural climate was such that men began to form hypotheses about the natural world based on ideas gained from both personal experience and deep reflection. These men— Thales and his successors —were called physiologoi , those who discoursed on Nature . They were skeptical of religious explanations for natural phenomena and instead sought purely mechanical and physical explanations. They are credited as being of critical importance to

3072-459: The northwest, but from Bactria to the southeast. Hundreds of arrowheads also seem to indicate an attack on the wall from the southeast. Stančo proposes that Euthydemus was originally based in Sogdia and built the fortifications to protect himself from Bactria, before seizing control of the latter. Lucas Christopoulos goes further, proposing that he controlled a large area going from Sogdiana to Gansu and

3136-525: The only Ionians, but they have been Dorianized by time and by Argive rule. In Strabo 's account of the origin of the Ionians, Hellen , son of Deucalion , ancestor of the Hellenes , king of Phthia , arranged a marriage between his son Xuthus and the daughter of king Erechtheus of Athens . Xuthus then founded the Tetrapolis ("Four Cities") of Attica , a rural district. His son, Achaeus , went into exile in

3200-594: The statue in question is now considered as a 1st century portrait of a Republican commander or a client ruler. The style of the statue itself is consistent with the style of the Republican period, rather than the Hellenistic period . The style of the broad-brimmed hat on the statue is also very different from the Hellenistic kausia . Ionian Greeks The Ionians ( / aɪ ˈ oʊ n i ə n z / ; Greek : Ἴωνες , Íōnes , singular Ἴων , Íōn ) were one of

3264-671: The term referred to the region of Ionia in Asia Minor . In a broader sense, it could be used to describe all speakers of the Ionic dialect, which in addition to those in Ionia proper also included the Greek populations of Euboea , the Cyclades , and many cities founded by Ionian colonists . Finally, in the broadest sense it could be used to describe all those who spoke languages of the East Greek group, which included Attic . The foundation myth which

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3328-682: The terms "Ionia" and "Ionian" to refer to Greece and Greeks. That is true of Hebrew (Yavan 'Greece' / Yevani fem. Yevania 'a Greek'), Armenian (Hunastan 'Greece' / Huyn 'a Greek' ), and the Classical Arabic words (al-Yūnān 'Greece' / Yūnānī fem. Yūnāniyya pl. Yūnān 'a Greek', probably from Aramaic Yawnānā ) are used in most modern Arabic dialects including Egyptian and Palestinian as well as being used in modern Persian (Yūnānestān 'Greece' / Yūnānī pl. Yūnānīhā/Yūnānīyān 'Greeks') and Turkish too via Persian (Yunanistan 'Greece' / Yunan 'a Greek person' pl. Yunanlar 'Greek people'). Ionic Greek

3392-405: The that "we do not know the location of either mint" and that it is particularly uncertain whether there was a mint at Ai Khanoum at all. The earliest coins use portrait type 1 and have a 6 o'clock die axis (i.e. the top of the obverse is aligned with the bottom of the reverse). At Mint A, these coins, Group I (A1-A10) consist of silver tetradrachms , drachms , and hemidrachms ; they use either of

3456-526: The threat of attack by nomads on the Central Asian steppe : Archaeological evidence from coin finds shows that Euthydemus' reign saw extensive activity at fortresses in northwestern Bactria (the modern Surkhan Darya region of Uzbekistan ), especially in the Gissar and Köýtendag mountains . The Seleucid fortress at Uzundara was expanded and large numbers of Euthydemus' bronze coins have been found there, as

3520-531: The two monograms, plus the letters ΤΙ, ΑΝ, Α, Ν, or no monogram at all. These additional letters may have referred to the specific batch of bullion used in minting the coins. Partway through this issue, Mint A switches to a 12 o'clock die axis (i.e. the top of the obverse is aligned with the top of the reverse). At Mint A, Group I continues after this change. At Mint B ("Group I"), the coins consist of gold staters (ca. 8.27 g), and small numbers of silver tetradrachms and drachms, and all three monograms are used. Some of

3584-407: The ΡΚ monogram, and produced in much large numbers than had previously been the case at Mint B. The third portrait type, introduced only at Mint B, characterises Group V (B14-B15), which consists of tetradrachms and drachms. At Mint A, the introduction of portrait type 4 is marked by the start of Group III (A16-A17) and a gold octodrachm (A15) with a reverse modelled on Mint B's Group V, known from

3648-571: Was a subdialect of the Attic–Ionic or Eastern dialect group of Ancient Greek . The Ionic group traditionally comprises three dialectal varieties that were spoken in Euboea (West Ionic), the northern Cyclades (Central Ionic), and from c.  1000 BC onward in Asiatic Ionia (East Ionic), where Ionian colonists from Athens founded their cities. Ionic was the base of several literary language forms of

3712-574: Was as hundreds of arrowheads and other remains indicating a violent assault. Coin finds also seem to indicate that Euthydemus was responsible for the first construction of the Derbent Wall, otherwise known as the " Iron Gate ", a 1.6-1.7 km long stone wall with towers and a central fortress guarding a key pass. Landislav Stančo tentatively links the archaeological evidence with the nomad threat. However, Stančo also notes that Derbent wall seems to have been designed not to defend against an attack from Sogdia to

3776-435: Was buried in Khatlon in a tomb which still stands. The city was conquered by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and subsequently formed part of the Timurid Empire . It was incorporated into the Khanate of Bukhara in 1559 and subsequently usually aligned with the Emirate of Bukhara against Kokand and Afghanistan after the 18th century. Its name was changed to Kulob in 1750. The local lord Surrah Khan imprisoned

3840-459: Was characterized by a focus on non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena and a search for rational explanations of the universe, thereby laying the foundation for scientific inquiry and rational thought in Western philosophy. The etymology of the word Ἴωνες or Ἰᾱ́ϝoνες is uncertain. Frisk isolates an unknown root, *Ia- , pronounced *ya- . There are, however, some theories: Unlike "Aeolians" and "Dorians", "Ionians" appears in

3904-444: Was current in the Classical period suggested that the Ionians were named after Ion , son of Xuthus , who lived in the north Peloponnesian region of Aigialeia . When the Dorians invaded the Peloponnese they expelled the Achaeans from the Argolid and Lacedaemonia . The displaced Achaeans moved into Aigialeia (thereafter known as Achaea ), in turn expelling the Ionians from Aigialeia. The Ionians moved to Attica and mingled with

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3968-410: Was one of the three cities—alongside Dushanbe and Qurghonteppa —where the Russian 201st Motor Rifle Division was deployed. Following a number of scandals with local residents, Russia unexpectedly pulled its troops from Kulob in November 2015, effectively abandoning the base there. Kulob has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ). The average annual temperature

4032-525: Was only incorporated into the Soviet Union in March 1921 and was organized as part of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in 1929. Kulob was one of the largest cities in the republic. During the Tajikistani Civil War in the early 1990s, the city served as the main base of the Popular Front militias. Danghara , a village in the Kulob area, is the birthplace of Tajikistan's president Emomali Rahmon . In September 2006, Kulob celebrated its 2700th anniversary. After Tajikistan's independence in 1991, Kulob

4096-471: Was the last Greco-Bactrian coinage to include gold denominations until the time of Eucratides I (ca. 170-145 BC). Euthydemus' gold and silver issues are all minted on the Attic weight standard with a tetradrachm of ca. 16.13 g and all have the same basic design. On the obverse , his face is depicted in profile, clean-shaven, with unruly hair, and a diadem - this iconography is typical of Hellenistic kings, ultimately deriving from depictions of Alexander

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