European University Sports Association (EUSA) is an umbrella non-governmental ( NGO ) non-profit organisation , working in the field of university sport in Europe .
80-717: European Universities Games Status Active Location(s) Various The European Universities Games (EUG) is an international multi-sport event, organized every two years for university athletes by the European University Sports Association (EUSA). The first edition was held in 2012 in Cordoba , Spain . On April 9, 2016 the EUSA General Assembly in Wrocław, Poland announced Belgrade, Serbia to host
160-596: A bridge-restaurant which is a bridge built to serve as a restaurant. Other suspension bridge towers carry transmission antennas. Conservationists use wildlife overpasses to reduce habitat fragmentation and animal-vehicle collisions. The first animal bridges sprung up in France in the 1950s, and these types of bridges are now used worldwide to protect both large and small wildlife. Bridges are subject to unplanned uses as well. The areas underneath some bridges have become makeshift shelters and homes to homeless people, and
240-469: A blue letter "U" on a white background, with 12 yellow stars surrounding it. Below there was the abbreviation of the organisation – EUSA, in blue letters. The new logo always shows European University Sports Association abbreviation "EUSA" in blue letters with a yellow star above letter "U". In a formal version of the logo, below it is the full name of association. The EUSA flag includes the EUSA emblem centred on
320-520: A bridge is to be designed, standards authorities specify simplified notional load models, notably HL-93, intended to give the same load effects as the characteristic maximum values. The Eurocode is an example of a standard for bridge traffic loading that was developed in this way. Most bridge standards are only applicable for short and medium spans - for example, the Eurocode is only applicable for loaded lengths up to 200 m. Longer spans are dealt with on
400-471: A case-by-case basis. It is generally accepted that the intensity of load reduces as span increases because the probability of many trucks being closely spaced and extremely heavy reduces as the number of trucks involved increases. It is also generally assumed that short spans are governed by a small number of trucks traveling at high speed, with an allowance for dynamics. Longer spans on the other hand, are governed by congested traffic and no allowance for dynamics
480-480: A combination of structural health monitoring and testing. This is regulated in country-specific engineer standards and includes an ongoing monitoring every three to six months, a simple test or inspection every two to three years and a major inspection every six to ten years. In Europe, the cost of maintenance is considerable and is higher in some countries than spending on new bridges. The lifetime of welded steel bridges can be significantly extended by aftertreatment of
560-399: A different site, and re-used. They are important in military engineering and are also used to carry traffic while an old bridge is being rebuilt. Movable bridges are designed to move out of the way of boats or other kinds of traffic, which would otherwise be too tall to fit. These are generally electrically powered. The Tank bridge transporter (TBT) has the same cross-country performance as
640-594: A few will predominate. The separation of forces and moments may be quite clear. In a suspension or cable-stayed bridge , the elements in tension are distinct in shape and placement. In other cases the forces may be distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss. The world's longest beam bridge is Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in southern Louisiana in the United States, at 23.83 miles (38.35 km), with individual spans of 56 feet (17 m). Beam bridges are
720-535: A flag made out of white material. EUSA adopted the international university anthem Gaudeamus Igitur as its own anthem. Highest governing body of EUSA is the General Assembly which represents the members (currently 45 national university sports associations). The General Assembly elects the Executive Committee (consisting of 13 members) for a period of four years and it takes all the necessary decisions for
800-744: A new record for participation in EUSA's events. In November 2011, the 2014 European Universities Games were attributed to Rotterdam, Netherlands . In 2012, at the annual General Assembly held in Maribor, Slovenia , Adam Roczek from Poland was elected as the new EUSA President, with 12 other Executive Members elected as well. The very first edition of the European Universities Games took place in Cordoba, Spain, involving over 2500 participants from 154 different universities and 32 countries taking part in 10 different sports. EUSA officially became accredited for
880-438: A physical obstacle (such as a body of water , valley , road, or railway) without blocking the path underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many different designs of bridges, each serving a particular purpose and applicable to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on factors such as
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#1732852047624960-553: A simple type of suspension bridge , were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century. The Ashanti built bridges over streams and rivers . They were constructed by pounding four large forked tree trunks into the stream bed, placing beams along these forked pillars, then positioning cross-beams that were finally covered with four to six inches of dirt. During
1040-578: A span of 552 m (1,811 ft). The bridge was opened 29 April 2009, in Chongqing , China. The longest suspension bridge in the world is the 4,608 m (15,118 ft) 1915 Çanakkale Bridge in Turkey. The longest cable-stayed bridge since 2012 is the 1,104 m (3,622 ft) Russky Bridge in Vladivostok , Russia. Some Engineers sub-divide 'beam' bridges into slab, beam-and-slab and box girder on
1120-732: A stream. Often in palaces, a bridge will be built over an artificial waterway as symbolic of a passage to an important place or state of mind. A set of five bridges cross a sinuous waterway in an important courtyard of the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. The central bridge was reserved exclusively for the use of the Emperor and Empress, with their attendants. The estimated life of bridges varies between 25 and 80 years depending on location and material. Bridges may age hundred years with proper maintenance and rehabilitation. Bridge maintenance consisting of
1200-479: A tank even when fully loaded. It can deploy, drop off and load bridges independently, but it cannot recover them. Double-decked (or double-decker) bridges have two levels, such as the George Washington Bridge , connecting New York City to Bergen County , New Jersey , US, as the world's busiest bridge, carrying 102 million vehicles annually; truss work between the roadway levels provided stiffness to
1280-456: Is a bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct, which is a bridge that connects points of equal height. A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic. Overway is a term for a bridge that separates incompatible intersecting traffic, especially road and rail. Some bridges accommodate other purposes, such as the tower of Nový Most Bridge in Bratislava , which features a restaurant, or
1360-571: Is a multi-sport event, encompassing 10 sports – 8 compulsory sports: basketball , football , futsal , handball , volleyball , badminton , tennis , table tennis and two optional sports (out of 4): beach volleyball , golf , rowing or rugby sevens . The first edition of the EUG was held in Cordoba , Spain between July 13 and 24, 2012. The second edition of the EUG was held between July 24 and August 8, 2014 in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The third edition
1440-574: Is an early example of a double-decked bridge. The upper level carries a railway, and the lower level is used for road traffic. Other examples include Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait and Craigavon Bridge in Derry, Northern Ireland. The Oresund Bridge between Copenhagen and Malmö consists of a four-lane highway on the upper level and a pair of railway tracks at the lower level. Tower Bridge in London
1520-485: Is different example of a double-decked bridge, with the central section consisting of a low-level bascule span and a high-level footbridge . A viaduct is made up of multiple bridges connected into one longer structure. The longest and some of the highest bridges are viaducts, such as the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway and Millau Viaduct . A multi-way bridge has three or more separate spans which meet near
1600-417: Is led by architects, bridges are usually designed by engineers. This follows from the importance of the engineering requirements; namely spanning the obstacle and having the durability to survive, with minimal maintenance, in an aggressive outdoor environment. Bridges are first analysed; the bending moment and shear force distributions are calculated due to the applied loads. For this, the finite element method
1680-540: Is needed. Calculating the loading due to congested traffic remains a challenge as there is a paucity of data on inter-vehicle gaps, both within-lane and inter-lane, in congested conditions. Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) systems provide data on inter-vehicle gaps but only operate well in free flowing traffic conditions. Some authors have used cameras to measure gaps and vehicle lengths in jammed situations and have inferred weights from lengths using WIM data. Others have used microsimulation to generate typical clusters of vehicles on
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#17328520476241760-737: Is the licence-holder and coordinator of European Universities Championships, European Universities Games, and EUSA Cups. EUSA may also award the title of EUSA Patronage to university sport events in Europe. There are currently 23 sports on the programme of European Universities Championships, including individual and team sports: badminton , basketball , basketball 3x3 , beach volleyball , beach handball , bridge , chess , football , futsal , golf , handball , judo , karate , kickboxing , muaythai , orienteering , rowing , rugby sevens , sport climbing , table tennis , taekwondo , tennis , volleyball and water polo . European Universities Games (EUG)
1840-737: Is the most popular. The analysis can be one-, two-, or three-dimensional. For the majority of bridges, a two-dimensional plate model (often with stiffening beams) is sufficient or an upstand finite element model. On completion of the analysis, the bridge is designed to resist the applied bending moments and shear forces, section sizes are selected with sufficient capacity to resist the stresses. Many bridges are made of prestressed concrete which has good durability properties, either by pre-tensioning of beams prior to installation or post-tensioning on site. In most countries, bridges, like other structures, are designed according to Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) principles. In simple terms, this means that
1920-683: The Modern Olympics Aryan Games Friendship Games GANEFO Goodwill Games Inter-Allied Games Islamic Games Liberty Bell Classic People's Olympiad Workers' Olympiads Spartakiad Defunct regional or community events Afro-Asian Games Asian Indoor Games Asian Martial Arts Games Baltic Sea Games Black Sea Games Central African Games East Asian Games Far Eastern Championship Games FESPIC Games Games of
2000-2211: The 2020 Edition . Editions [ edit ] Year Games Host Date Nations Athletes Ref 2012 1 [REDACTED] Cordoba , Spain 13–23 July 32 2583 2014 2 [REDACTED] Rotterdam , Netherlands 24 July – 8 August 34 2830 2016 3 [REDACTED] Zagreb and Rijeka , Croatia 12–25 July 41 4786 2018 4 [REDACTED] Coimbra , Portugal 15–28 July 38 4027 2020 5 [REDACTED] Belgrade , Serbia Cancelled 2022 6 [REDACTED] Łódź , Poland 17–30 July 37 4459 2024 7 [REDACTED] Debrecen and Miskolc , Hungary 12–24 July 2026 8 [REDACTED] Salerno , Italy 2028 9 [REDACTED] Split , Croatia 2030 10 [REDACTED] Granada , Spain Sport events [ edit ] [REDACTED] 3x3 basketball [REDACTED] Badminton [REDACTED] Basketball [REDACTED] Beach handball [REDACTED] Beach soccer [REDACTED] Beach volleyball [REDACTED] Bridge [REDACTED] Chess [REDACTED] Climbing [REDACTED] Football [REDACTED] Futsal [REDACTED] Golf [REDACTED] Handball [REDACTED] Judo [REDACTED] Karate [REDACTED] Kickboxing [REDACTED] Orienteering [REDACTED] Rowing [REDACTED] Rugby [REDACTED] Swimming [REDACTED] Table tennis [REDACTED] Taekwondo [REDACTED] Tennis [REDACTED] Volleyball [REDACTED] Water polo See also [ edit ] European Universities Championships International Erasmus Games References [ edit ] ^ "European Universities Games Belgrade 2020" . EUSA . Archived from
2080-616: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , EUSA suspended the universities from Russia and Belarus and the representatives of the National University Sports Associations from Russia and Belarus from all EUSA events, blocked the organization of EUSA events in Russia and Belarus, and will not call upon the Members of EUSA Committees, Commissions, and Working Groups from Russia and Belarus for future EUSA meetings and activities. EUSA
2160-553: The European Universities Games Belgrade 2020 will take place from 12 until 25 of July. It will be Europe’s largest university sport event of the year, and the second-largest multisport event ever organised in Serbia, after the 2009 Summer Universiade . The expected number of participants is over 5500 and they will compete in more than 20 sports. EUSA's mission is to maintain and develop regular communication between
2240-618: The Hellenistic era can be found in the Peloponnese. The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans . The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs, some of which still stand today. An example is the Alcántara Bridge , built over the river Tagus , in Spain. The Romans also used cement, which reduced
2320-833: The University of Minnesota ). Likewise, in Toronto , the Prince Edward Viaduct has five lanes of motor traffic, bicycle lanes, and sidewalks on its upper deck; and a pair of tracks for the Bloor–Danforth subway line on its lower deck. The western span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also has two levels. Robert Stephenson 's High Level Bridge across the River Tyne in Newcastle upon Tyne , completed in 1849,
2400-495: The river Severn . With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron does not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel . In Canada and the United States, numerous timber covered bridges were built in
2480-511: The 18th century, there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich Grubenmann , Johannes Grubenmann , as well as others. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716. A major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England in 1779. It used cast iron for the first time as arches to cross
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2560-1627: The Caribbean Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games Latin American ALBA Games Bolivarian Games North American CANUSA Games North American Indigenous Games North American Outgames South American South American Games South American Beach Games South American University Games South American Youth Games Caribbean Caribbean Games Asia Pan Asian Asian Games Summer Winter Asian Para Games Asian Beach Games Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games Asian Youth Games Southeast Asian SEA Games ASEAN School Games ASEAN University Games ASEAN Para Games Central Asian Games East Asian Youth Games South Asian Games West Asian Games Europe Black Sea Games European Games European Masters Games European Championships European Para Championships European Para Youth Games European Youth Olympic Festival EuroGames European Universities Championships European Universities Games Games of
2640-657: The European Commission's Youth in Action programme of European Voluntary Service (EVS). In 2013, 17 European Universities Championships were hosted across the continent, with 3x3 Basketball the latest sport to be integrated into the EUSA programme. At the EUSA Executive Committee meeting held in Ljubljana, Slovenia , two bids from Coimbra and Zagreb-Rijeka were considered, with the latter two Croatian cities attributed
2720-637: The European Universities Games in 2016. In 2015, 19 European Universities Championships were organised involving over 3800 participants from 40 different countries, as Sport Climbing and Chess made their first appearance on the Championships programme. In 2016, The biggest edition of the European Universities Games to date was organised in the Croatian cities of Zagreb and Rijeka , which involved 5410 participants in total from 388 universities and 40 different countries. Sports for student-athletes with disabilities
2800-775: The First EUSA Symposium took place in Nicosia, Cyprus. The General Assembly established the EUSA Student Commission in order to enhance the participation of students in European university sports. The federation constantly grew – both in membership, as well as activities. In 2004, there were 9 sports in the programme of the European University Championships. The 3rd EUSA Symposium was held in Falun, Sweden , and at
2880-1875: The New Emerging Forces Pacific Ocean Games Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR Tailteann Games (modern) West African Games Women's Islamic Games World Youth Games IWAS World Games Cerebral Palsy Games South African Games North Dakota Netherlands Spartakiad of Albania Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR youth Winter sports International Olympics Paralympics Winter University Games FIS Games Nordic Games Commonwealth World Scout Arctic Winter Games Kennedy Memorial New Zealand Winter Games Winter World Masters Games Regional National Winter Games of China Asian Winter Games European Youth Olympic Festival Winter X Games Europe Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games Defunct Sub-national 51 component games in 36 U.S. states [REDACTED] Category [REDACTED] List [REDACTED] WikiProject Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Universities_Games&oldid=1220094733 " Categories : European Universities Games Student sports competitions Multi-sport events in Europe European University Sports Association It links national university sport federations, universities, teams, individual competitors, volunteers and other partners in over 40 countries throughout Europe. In reaction to
2960-581: The President of EUSA. On April 9, 2016 the EUSA General Assembly announced Belgrade, Serbia to host the 2020 Edition of EUG. In 2016 was also the year when EUSA Institute was established to manage projects and support development. In 2017, for the first time, over 4000 participants from 43 countries were involved in the European Universities Championships, organised in 19 different sports in 14 different European host cities. After water polo
3040-2042: The Small States of Europe International Erasmus Games Oceania Australian Youth Olympic Festival Micronesian Games Pacific Games Pacific Mini Games Arafura Games Intercontinental Arab Games Arctic Winter Games Asia Pacific Deaf Games Asia Pacific Masters Games Isles Indian Ocean Island Games Island Games Jeux des îles Mediterranean Games National Americas Canada British Columbia Ontario Quebec Saskatchewan Western Colombia United States amateur juniors seniors Warrior Games NCSG , United States Alabama California Florida Massachusetts Missouri Montana Nebraska New York North Carolina Lakota Nation Texas Wisconsin Asia Bangladesh China All-China Games National Games National Peasants' Games National Youth Games India Youth University Indonesia Japan Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Pakistan Philippines National Games Para Games Student Youth Singapore South Korea Summer Winter Thailand Youth Vietnam Taiwan National Games (Taiwan) Europe Poland (youth) WheelPower Historical Pre-Modern Olympics (in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD) Tailteann Games (ancient) Panhellenic Games Ancient Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Heraean Games Panathenaic Games Roman Games Cotswold Olimpick Games Gog Magog Games Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games Zappas Olympics Alternatives to
3120-610: The appearance of the bridge can have great importance. Often, this is the case with a large bridge that serves as an entrance to a city, or crosses over a main harbor entrance. These are sometimes known as signature bridges. Designers of bridges in parks and along parkways often place more importance on aesthetics, as well. Examples include the stone-faced bridges along the Taconic State Parkway in New York. Bridges are typically more aesthetically pleasing if they are simple in shape,
3200-613: The attention of the general public in the 1990s by the novel, movie and play The Bridges of Madison County . In 1927, welding pioneer Stefan Bryła designed the first welded road bridge in the world, the Maurzyce Bridge which was later built across the river Słudwia at Maurzyce near Łowicz , Poland in 1929. In 1995, the American Welding Society presented the Historic Welded Structure Award for
3280-596: The basis of their cross-section. A slab can be solid or voided (though this is no longer favored for inspectability reasons) while beam-and-slab consists of concrete or steel girders connected by a concrete slab. A box-girder cross-section consists of a single-cell or multi-cellular box. In recent years, integral bridge construction has also become popular. Most bridges are fixed bridges, meaning they have no moving parts and stay in one place until they fail or are demolished. Temporary bridges, such as Bailey bridges , are designed to be assembled, taken apart, transported to
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3360-437: The bridge to Poland. Bridges can be categorized in several different ways. Common categories include the type of structural elements used, by what they carry, whether they are fixed or movable, and by the materials used. Bridges may be classified by how the actions of tension , compression , bending , torsion and shear are distributed through their structure. Most bridges will employ all of these to some degree, but only
3440-439: The center of the bridge. Multi-way bridges with only three spans appear as a "T" or "Y" when viewed from above. Multi-way bridges are extremely rare. The Tridge , Margaret Bridge , and Zanesville Y-Bridge are examples. A bridge can be categorized by what it is designed to carry, such as trains, pedestrian or road traffic ( road bridge ), a pipeline ( Pipe bridge ) or waterway for water transport or barge traffic. An aqueduct
3520-473: The cities of Debrecen and Miskolc in Hungary for the 2024 Games . In 2019, the European Universities Championships were organised in 21 different sports in 14 different host cities, attracting 5242 participants in total from 570 universities – a EUSA record. Four sports were included in the official programme for the first time including Beach Handball , Kickboxing , Orienteering , and Water Polo . In 2020
3600-467: The deck is thinner in proportion to its span, the lines of the structure are continuous, and the shapes of the structural elements reflect the forces acting on them. To create a beautiful image, some bridges are built much taller than necessary. This type, often found in east-Asian style gardens, is called a Moon bridge , evoking a rising full moon. Other garden bridges may cross only a dry bed of stream-washed pebbles, intended only to convey an impression of
3680-525: The different European Universities Championships as volunteers via a network connecting them to the organisers. In 2011, EUSA became partner of an EU-funded project (funded by the European Commission in the preparatory Action in the field of Sport 2011–2012): the European Anti-Doping Initiative. This project has for chief goal to establish a European-wide "Anti-Doping Mentality" in the youth sector. Until 2013 EUSA logo or emblem consisted of
3760-571: The end of the year, EUSA published the 1st EUSA Magazine. At the General Assembly in Nottingham, the United Kingdom, the Assembly passed several amendments of the statutes. Among others, the new position of a Treasurer and a non-voting, paid Secretary General were installed. In 2006, the sports events were renamed European Universities Championships , to stress the universities being the participants in
3840-727: The events. The first edition of the EUSA Convention for the Organisers of the European Universities Championships was organised in Eindhoven, Netherlands , where also the first EUSA multi-sport event was held, hosting championships in volleyball, football, and tennis as well as EUSA Cup in Water Polo. EUSA celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2009; the main celebration was held at the General Assembly in Vienna, Austria. Special recognitions were awarded at
3920-595: The first human-made bridges with significant span were probably intentionally felled trees. Among the oldest timber bridges is the Holzbrücke Rapperswil-Hurden bridge that crossed upper Lake Zürich in Switzerland; prehistoric timber pilings discovered to the west of the Seedamm causeway date back to 1523 BC. The first wooden footbridge there led across Lake Zürich; it was reconstructed several times through
4000-454: The function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it. The earliest bridges were likely made with fallen trees and stepping stones . The Neolithic people built boardwalk bridges across marshland. The Arkadiko Bridge , dating from the 13th century BC, in the Peloponnese is one of
4080-547: The hosts for the 2018 European Universities Games were announced, with the Portuguese city of Coimbra chosen ahead of Finland's Tampere . During the European Universities Games in Rotterdam, EUSA launched its travelling EUSA Exhibition, which highlights the association's history, activities, responsibilities, partners and events. The European Paralympic Committee (EPC) and EUSA signed a Memorandum of Understanding, with events for athletes with disabilities scheduled to take place at
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#17328520476244160-748: The late 1700s to the late 1800s, reminiscent of earlier designs in Germany and Switzerland. Some covered bridges were also built in Asia. In later years, some were partly made of stone or metal but the trusses were usually still made of wood; in the United States, there were three styles of trusses, the Queen Post, the Burr Arch and the Town Lattice. Hundreds of these structures still stand in North America. They were brought to
4240-410: The late 2nd century AD, when the Roman Empire built a 6-metre-wide (20 ft) wooden bridge to carry transport across the lake. Between 1358 and 1360, Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria , built a 'new' wooden bridge across the lake that was used until 1878; it was approximately 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) long and 4 metres (13 ft) wide. On 6 April 2001, a reconstruction of the original wooden footbridge
4320-427: The load is factored up by a factor greater than unity, while the resistance or capacity of the structure is factored down, by a factor less than unity. The effect of the factored load (stress, bending moment) should be less than the factored resistance to that effect. Both of these factors allow for uncertainty and are greater when the uncertainty is greater. Most bridges are utilitarian in appearance, but in some cases,
4400-455: The national federations; to co-ordinate competitions, conferences, mass-sport-events and other activities both at university and national level; to represent university sport in general and the member federations in particular in relation to European organisations; to disseminate throughout Europe the ideals of university sport in close collaboration with the International University Sports Federation (FISU) and other European organisations. EUSA
4480-548: The occasion of 10th anniversary for achievements 1999–2009. 15 European Universities Championships were organised, participation number reached 3000 student athletes, representing 417 universities from 32 countries. In 2010, EUSA opened its new office in Ljubljana, Slovenia , where the secretariat is located. The 1st European Universities Games to be held in 2012 were attributed to the city of Cordoba, Spain . In 2011, 16 European Universities Championships were organised, participation number exceeded 3500 student athletes which set
4560-412: The occasion of the European Universities Games, the annual photo competition was rebranded to the #MyEusa campaign, with EUSA launching its own Application for hand-held devices. The annual General Assembly took place in Madrid, Spain, where Kosovo (the youngest member) was welcomed as the 46th member of EUSA. Also, hosting rights of the 2022 European Universities Games were awarded to Łódź, Poland , and to
4640-416: The oldest arch bridges in existence and use. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg , of the same meaning. The Oxford English Dictionary also notes that there is some suggestion that the word can be traced directly back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēw-. However, they also note that "this poses semantic problems." The origin of
4720-3181: The original on 6 July 2020 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ "EUSA General Assembly 2016" . EUSA . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ "Cordoba 2012 - EUSA" . www.eusa.eu . ^ "Rotterdam 2014 - EUSA" . www.eusa.eu . ^ "Zagreb-Rijeka 2016 - EUSA" . www.eusa.eu . ^ "Coimbra 2018 - EUSA" . www.eusa.eu . ^ Morgan, Liam (6 May 2021). "EUSA confirms European Universities Games will not be held this year" . www.insidethegames.biz . Retrieved 6 May 2021 . ^ "Lodz 2022 - EUSA" . www.eusa.eu . ^ "Debrecen-Miskolc 2024 - EUSA" . www.eusa.eu . ^ "Salermo 2026 - EUSA" . www.eusa.eu . External links [ edit ] Official website v t e European Universities Games Games Cordoba 2012 Rotterdam 2014 Zagreb, Rijeka 2016 Coimbra 2018 Belgrade 2020 Łódź 2022 Debrecen, Miskolc 2024 v t e Multi-sport events Global Olympic Games Olympic Games Summer Winter Paralympic Games Summer Winter Youth Olympic Games Parasports Arafura Games Deaflympics Summer Winter Défi sportif IBSA World Games INAS Global Games Invictus Games World Dwarf Games Special Olympics Summer Winter World Abilitysport Games Professions International Army Games Lumberjack World Championship Military World Games World Air Games World Firefighters Games World Police and Fire Games Youth and students FISU World University Games (Universiade) World School Sport Games (Gymnasiade) International Youth Green Games International Children's Games SELL Student Games World Interuniversity Games Commonwealth Youth Games CPLP Games University International Sports Festival Intercommunity Arab Games BRICS Games Commonwealth Games Croatian World Games Gay Games Highland games Islamic Solidarity Games Jeux de la Francophonie Lusofonia Games Maccabiah Games Pan-Armenian Games World Transplant Games World Eskimo Indian Olympics World Indigenous Games World Polonia Games Other CSIT World Sports Games Dew Tour Mind Sports Olympiad UCI Cycling World Championships World Beach Games World Combat Games World Games World Masters Games World Mind Games World Nomad Games World Skate Games World Urban Games X Games Regional Africa African Games African Para Games African Youth Games All-Africa University Games West African University Games Americas Pan American Pan American Games Parapan American Games Junior Pan American Games Americas Masters Games Central American and
4800-629: The past, these load models were agreed by standard drafting committees of experts but today, this situation is changing. It is now possible to measure the components of bridge traffic load, to weigh trucks, using weigh-in-motion (WIM) technologies. With extensive WIM databases, it is possible to calculate the maximum expected load effect in the specified return period. This is an active area of research, addressing issues of opposing direction lanes, side-by-side (same direction) lanes, traffic growth, permit/non-permit vehicles and long-span bridges (see below). Rather than repeat this complex process every time
4880-419: The principles of Load and Resistance Factor Design . Before factoring to allow for uncertainty, the load effect is generally considered to be the maximum characteristic value in a specified return period . Notably, in Europe, it is the maximum value expected in 1000 years. Bridge standards generally include a load model, deemed to represent the characteristic maximum load to be expected in the return period. In
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#17328520476244960-453: The rights to host the third edition of the European Universities Games in 2016. EUSA was rebranded, with the association adopting a new look and logo. In 2014, the second edition of the European Universities Games took place in Rotterdam, Netherlands, involving over 2800 participants from 174 different universities and 34 countries, taking part in 10 different sports. The EUSA Conference and General Assembly took place in Denizli, Turkey , where
5040-571: The roadways and reduced movement of the upper level when the lower level was installed three decades after the upper level. The Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge in Hong Kong have six lanes on their upper decks, and on their lower decks there are two lanes and a pair of tracks for MTR metro trains. Some double-decked bridges only use one level for street traffic; the Washington Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis reserves its lower level for automobile and light rail traffic and its upper level for pedestrian and bicycle traffic (predominantly students at
5120-414: The same year, has the span of 90 m (295 ft) and crosses the valley of the Syrabach River. The difference between the two is that the Solkan Bridge was built from stone blocks, whereas the Friedensbrücke was built from a mixture of crushed stone and cement mortar. The world's largest arch bridge is the Chaotianmen Bridge over the Yangtze River with a length of 1,741 m (5,712 ft) and
5200-430: The simplest and oldest type of bridge in use today, and are a popular type. Some cantilever bridges also have a smaller beam connecting the two cantilevers, for extra strength. The largest cantilever bridge is the 549-metre (1,801 ft) Quebec Bridge in Quebec, Canada. With the span of 220 metres (720 ft), the Solkan Bridge over the Soča River at Solkan in Slovenia is the second-largest stone bridge in
5280-421: The smooth running of the organisation. Permanent and ad hoc commissions advise the Executive Committee in their specialised areas (Technical Commission, Medical Commission, Student Commission, Gender Commission, etc.). EUSA is a member of the International University Sports Federation (FISU). The current EUSA president is Adam Roczek from Poland. Bridge A bridge is a structure built to span
5360-513: The sports programme and activities, EUSA also supports and encourages educational activities in the field of student sport. These are mainly realised by the three events organised by EUSA: EUSA Seminars, EUSA Symposiums and EUSA Conventions. EUSA Seminars are organised biannually, and usually accompany the General Assemblies and focus on subjects which are of interest for the member organisations. EUSA Symposiums are also organised biannually, and focus in active inclusion of students and cooperation with
5440-526: The time of the Warring States period , the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge , built from 595 to 605 AD during the Sui dynasty . This bridge is also historically significant as it is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge (approximately 2nd century AD), while the enormous Roman era Trajan's Bridge (105 AD) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden construction. Rope bridges ,
5520-644: The undertimbers of bridges all around the world are spots of prevalent graffiti. Some bridges attract people attempting suicide, and become known as suicide bridges . The materials used to build the structure are also used to categorize bridges. Until the end of the 18th century, bridges were made out of timber, stone and masonry. Modern bridges are currently built in concrete, steel, fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), stainless steel or combinations of those materials. Living bridges have been constructed of live plants such as Ficus elastica tree roots in India and wisteria vines in Japan. Unlike buildings whose design
5600-458: The universities. EUSA Conventions are organised annually as a training programme for the organisers of the European Universities Championships and European Universities Games. To support the development of University Sport in Europe, EUSA is also implementing or participating in different programs and projects. Since 2005, through its Student Commission, EUSA has implemented a Volunteer Program. It allows student from all over Europe to take part in
5680-407: The variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called pozzolana , consisted of water, lime , sand, and volcanic rock . Brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era , as the technology for cement was lost (then later rediscovered). In India, the Arthashastra treatise by Kautilya mentions the construction of dams and bridges. A Mauryan bridge near Girnar
5760-433: The weld transitions . This results in a potential high benefit, using existing bridges far beyond the planned lifetime. While the response of a bridge to the applied loading is well understood, the applied traffic loading itself is still the subject of research. This is a statistical problem as loading is highly variable, particularly for road bridges. Load Effects in bridges (stresses, bending moments) are designed for using
5840-632: The word for the card game of the same name is unknown. The simplest and earliest types of bridges were stepping stones . Neolithic people also built a form of boardwalk across marshes ; examples of such bridges include the Sweet Track and the Post Track in England, approximately 6000 years old. Ancient people would also have used log bridges consisting of logs that fell naturally or were intentionally felled or placed across streams. Some of
5920-505: The world and the longest railroad stone bridge. It was completed in 1905. Its arch, which was constructed from over 5,000 tonnes (4,900 long tons; 5,500 short tons) of stone blocks in just 18 days, is the second-largest stone arch in the world, surpassed only by the Friedensbrücke (Syratalviadukt) in Plauen , and the largest railroad stone arch. The arch of the Friedensbrücke, which was built in
6000-639: Was founded in November 1999 in Vienna, Austria , by 25 founding member organisation as a federation and network of national university sports organisations from Europe. In 2000, the first General Assembly of EUSA was held in Paris, France. Four more countries became members and the Assembly approved the introduction of European Championships based on university teams for 2001. In 2001, the first European University Championships were organised – in basketball and volleyball. In 2002,
6080-523: Was held in 2016 in Zagreb and Rijeka , Croatia . The fourth edition of the EUG was held in 2018 in Coimbra , Portugal . The title of EUSA Cup is awarded to those sport events that are yet to be considered to be put on the list of European Universities Championships. EUSA also grants its patronage to already established university sport events in Europe, helping to promote them through its networks. Apart from
6160-562: Was included in the European Universities Games or the first time, with events in Para Table Tennis and Para Swimming. During the European Universities Games, a Rectors’ Conference was organised for the first time, with representatives from various universities and institutions present to discuss university sport. A new Executive Committee was elected at the annual General Assembly which took place in Wroclaw, Poland , with Adam Roczek reelected as
6240-519: Was opened; it is also the longest wooden bridge in Switzerland. The Arkadiko Bridge is one of four Mycenaean corbel arch bridges part of a former network of roads, designed to accommodate chariots , between the fort of Tiryns and town of Epidauros in the Peloponnese , in southern Greece . Dating to the Greek Bronze Age (13th century BC), it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. Several intact, arched stone bridges from
6320-639: Was successfully featured as a demonstrative sport during the European Universities Games 2016, the first edition of the EUSA Water Polo Cup took place in Koper, Slovenia . 2017. After submitting an application the previous year, EUSA received participatory status with the Council of Europe. In 2018, the fourth edition of the European Universities Games was held in Coimbra, Portugal , and involved over 4000 participants from 289 universities and 38 different countries. On
6400-606: Was surveyed by James Princep . The bridge was swept away during a flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the chief architect of emperor Chandragupta I . The use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century. A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India. Although large bridges of wooden construction existed in China at
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