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78-465: Eugene Higgins was born on January 14, 1860, in New York City. His parents were Elias Smith Higgins (1815–1889), a carpet manufacturer who made a fortune with "labor-saving devices," and Emma Louise Baldwin (1827–1890). In 1882, he graduated from Columbia University, where he was a classmate of future Columbia president Nicholas Murray Butler . Higgins never worked for a living, though he did maintain

156-652: A 1915 essay he published in The New Republic . Butler wrote and spoke voluminously on all manner of subjects ranging from education to world peace . Although marked by erudition and great learning, his work tended toward the portentous and overblown. In The American Mercury , the critic Dorothy Dunbar Bromley referred to Butler's pronouncements as "those interminable miasmas of guff". * indicates acting or interim president or chancellor Elihu Root Elihu Root ( / ˈ ɛ l ɪ h juː ˈ r uː t / ; February 15, 1845 – February 7, 1937)

234-524: A Eugene Higgins Professorship include: In 1976, Eugene Higgins Charitable Trust was founded, now based in Providence, Rhode Island. Nicholas Murray Butler Nicholas Murray Butler (April 2, 1862 – December 7, 1947) was an American philosopher, diplomat, and educator. Butler was president of Columbia University , president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , a recipient of

312-455: A Phi Beta Kappa Occasion" that followed a classical format of unrhymed blank verse in iambic pentameter with one classical reference per line. The first letters of each line of the resulting acrostic spelled out the message: "Nicholas Murray Butler is a horses [sic] ass". Upon discovering the "hidden" message, the irate editors ran a formal apology. Randolph Bourne lampooned Butler as "Alexander Macintosh Butcher" in "One of our Conquerors",

390-465: A career in the law. He enrolled at New York University School of Law and earned money teaching American history at elite girls' schools. At the time, most law students in the United States applied for admission to the bar after one year of study, but Root stayed on for a second year, essentially a private tutelage under Professor John Norton Pomeroy . He graduated in 1867 with a Bachelor of Laws and

468-548: A client never can justify or require bad faith to your own consciences, and that however good a thing it may be to be known as successful and great lawyers, it is even a better thing to be known as honest men." Root took a more active role in the Ingersoll defense, successfully appealing a jurisdictional issue to the New York Court of Appeals . Judge Allen remarked to Root's co-counsel that Root's argument "was not excelled by any in

546-452: A defense of ignorance, claiming that he had been fooled by the scheme, just as the Grants had been. For six weeks, Root devoted his full attention to the case, including the deposition of former President Grant, who died before a verdict was reached. The jury returned a guilty verdict after a night of deliberation, and Fish was sentenced to ten years in prison. The Fish verdict won Root praise in

624-568: A firm. His public career lasted through 1915, when Root returned to practice in an of counsel role at his son's firm of Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland. Around that time, Root was elected the 38th president of the American Bar Association . In December 1871, Tammany Hall boss William M. Tweed was indicted on charges of deceit and fraud in connection to his real estate dealings and political corruption. Tweed retained eminent defense counsel led by David Dudley Field ; Root joined

702-537: A lawyer," Root said in 1930. "He got in the habit politicians have of sitting around and talking instead of working." Nevertheless, after his 1878 marriage and move to East 55th Street , Root became actively involved in the Republican Party organization in his well-to-do State Assembly district . He also expanded his involvement at the Union League Club, where his father-in-law was an active member. In 1879, he

780-500: A predecessor of the modern firm Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman . His early work was assorted and menial, but expanded rapidly after he met John J. Donaldson, the president of the Bank of North America , through their pastor. Donaldson hired Root as a Latin tutor and was impressed with his ability as a lawyer, eventually sending him personal matters and small cases for the Bank. In March 1869, Root

858-647: A private office at 50 Union Square East. In 1908, his steam yacht the Varuna wrecked off the Madeira Islands ; he received a medal for saving the lives of several guests aboard. A sportsman, Higgins won the 1890 American fencing championship and was a proficient golfer, hunter, fisherman, and yachtsman. He maintained a townhouse on Fifth Avenue in New York City and a country house in Morristown, New Jersey . In 1910, he ran into trouble with customers officials. In 1932,

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936-513: A range of foreign and domestic issues. He also served as a United States Senator from New York and received the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize . Root was a leading New York City lawyer who moved frequently between high-level appointed government positions in Washington, D.C., and private-sector legal practice in New York. He headed organizations such as the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and

1014-449: A second term at the 1912 Republican National Convention . By 1916, he was a leading proponent of military preparedness with the expectation that the United States would enter World War I . President Woodrow Wilson sent him to Russia in 1917 in an unsuccessful effort to establish an alliance with the new revolutionary government that had replaced the Czar . Root supported Wilson's vision of

1092-489: A sentence of twelve years and a $ 12,750 fine, later reduced on appeal. Three of Tweed's attorneys were fined for contempt of court; Root was not among them. Instead, Davis addressed the junior attorneys: "I know how young lawyers are apt to follow their seniors. ... [Elihu Root and Willard Bartlett ] displayed great ability during the trial. I shall impose no penalty, except what they may find in these few words of advice: I ask you young gentlemen, to remember that good faith to

1170-560: A token of affection... knowing that they are all well and amply provided for." In 1949, The United States Trust Company issued more than $ 18 million of "outstanding tax-exempt bonds" owned by Higgins' estate. In 1952, his personal secretary asked for $ 150,000 in recognition of his extra duties as chess and yachting expert. In 1953, the Higgins Estate was valued at more than $ 40 million ($ 457 million in 2023 dollars). Eugene Higgins Scientific Trust (aka "Higgins Trust"), also known as

1248-728: The American Society of International Law . As Secretary of War from 1899 to 1904, Root administered colonial possessions won in the Spanish–American War . Root favored a paternalistic approach to colonial administration, emphasizing technology, engineering, and disinterested public service. He helped craft the Foraker Act of 1900, the Platt Amendment of 1901, and the Philippine Organic Act (1902) . Root also modernized

1326-526: The Boxer Rebellion of 1900, Root handled foreign policy matters for Secretary of State John Hay , who was ill. Root resigned from the cabinet on February 1, 1904, and returned to private practice as a lawyer. He was succeeded by William Howard Taft . At Root's appointment, the Department of War had a public reputation for inefficiency, corruption, and scandals which had characterized Alger's tenure and

1404-562: The Bureau of Insular Affairs by Root's predecessor, Russell Alger , and drafted an internal report taking the official position that residents of Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and other territories became subject to all the rights granted by the Constitution. After Root's appointment, Magoon controversially revised the department's legal position to require an Act of Congress, as had been passed in

1482-590: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , from 1910 to 1925. In 1912, as a result of his work to bring nations together through arbitration and cooperation, Root received the Nobel Peace Prize . In a 1910 letter published by The New York Times , Root supported the proposed income tax amendment, which was ratified as the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution : It

1560-806: The Château de Chavaniac , birthplace of the Marquis de Lafayette in Auvergne , to serve as a headquarters for the French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund, which was managed by Chanler's ex-wife, Beatrice Ashley Chanler. Butler was President of the Pilgrims Society , which promotes Anglo-American friendship. He served as President of the Pilgrims from 1928 to 1946. Butler was president of The American Academy of Arts and Letters from 1928 to 1941 and

1638-590: The Havemeyer family , Charlie Delmonico , and E. H. Harriman . In 1889, Root advised Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Thomas Brackett Reed on his controversial efforts to revise the House rules . On January 19, 1898, Root was elected a member of the executive committee of the newly formed North American Trust Company . After moving to Washington in 1899, Root never again became partner in

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1716-569: The League of Nations but with reservations along the lines proposed by Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge . Elihu Root was born on February 15, 1845, in Clinton, Oneida County, New York , to Oren Root and Nancy Whitney Buttrick, both of English descent. His father was a professor of mathematics at Hamilton College . Elihu studied at local schools, including the Clinton Grammar School and

1794-598: The Nobel Peace Prize , and the late James S. Sherman 's replacement as William Howard Taft ’s running mate in the 1912 United States presidential election . The New York Times printed his Christmas greeting to the nation for many years during the 1920s and 1930s. Butler, great-grandson of Morgan John Rhys , was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, to Mary Butler and manufacturing worker Henry Butler. He enrolled in Columbia College (later Columbia University) and joined

1872-523: The Peithologian Society . He earned his bachelor of arts degree in 1882, his master's degree in 1883 and his doctorate in 1884. Butler's academic and other achievements led Theodore Roosevelt to call him "Nicholas Miraculous". In 1885, Butler studied in Paris and Berlin and became a lifelong friend of future Secretary of State Elihu Root . Through Root he also met Roosevelt and William Howard Taft . In

1950-677: The Republic of the Netherlands . The suit was appealed to the Supreme Court, where the government prevailed. Root's highest profile case as U.S. Attorney was the prosecution for embezzlement of James C. Fish, a partner in Ward and Grant, a Ponzi scheme trading on the name of former President Ulysses S. Grant and his son, Ulysses Jr. The collapse of Ward and Grant precipitated the Panic of 1884 . Fish offered

2028-507: The Treaty of Paris , the native independence movement resisted imperial control. Relative to Cuba and Puerto Rico, the islands' distance and the relative underdevelopment of Spanish institutions made administration far more challenging. Root's primary goal was the establishment of a civilian governor-general (as had been applied in Cuba) rather than a military governor; however, he felt that education of

2106-813: The United States Supreme Court ruled that Higgins was "not entitled to deduct for Federal income purposes the expenses of managing his securities in 1932 and 1933." Higgins was reputedly the "wealthiest bachelor in New York," ahead of George Washington Vanderbilt II , Mehmet Ali (brother of the Khedive of Egypt , Frank W. Riggs, and members of the Goelet family . He never married. Higgins died at age 88 on July 29, 1948, in Torquay , United Kingdom. He bequeathed $ 10,000 each to his brother-in-law Henry Mortimer Brooks (for his nephew, Reginald Brooks) and two nieces, "merely as

2184-725: The Williston Seminary , where he was a classmate of G. Stanley Hall , before enrolling at Hamilton. He joined the Sigma Phi Society and was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society . After graduation, Root was an instructor of physical education for two years at Williston Seminary and taught for one year at the Rome Free Academy. Despite his parents' encouragement to become a Presbyterian minister , Root moved to New York City in 1865 with his brother Wally and sought

2262-469: The 1916 Republican presidential nomination for Elihu Root . Butler also sought the nomination for himself in 1920 , without success. Butler believed that Prohibition was a mistake, with negative effects on the country. He was active in the successful effort for Repeal Prohibition in 1933. He credited John W. Burgess along with Alexander Hamilton for providing the philosophical basis of his Republican principles. In June 1936, Butler traveled to

2340-741: The Army into a professional military apparatus with a general staff, restructured the National Guard , and established the U.S. Army War College . Root returned to the Roosevelt administration as Secretary of State from 1905 to 1909. He modernized the consular service by minimizing patronage, maintained the Open Door Policy in China, promoted friendly relations with Latin America, and resolved frictions with Japan over

2418-542: The Army and Navy, including the establishment of a joint board under General Orders No. 107. Root also sought to enhance military training. To that end, he enlarged the United States Military Academy and established the U.S. Army War College and additional training posts, especially Fort Leavenworth . He likewise provided for additional National Guard officer training programs at Fort Leavenworth for those volunteer officers who had shown capacity during

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2496-557: The Carnegie Endowment Peace Conference in London where, at the meeting, fundamental problems of money and finance were explored. According to historian Stephen H. Norwood , Butler failed to "grasp the nature and implications of Nazism... influenced both by his antisemitism, privately expressed, and his economic conservatism and hostility to trade unionism." Butler was a longtime admirer of Benito Mussolini . He compared

2574-534: The Cubans, ensured a charter of government for the Philippines, and eliminated tariffs on goods imported to the United States from Puerto Rico. When the Anti-Imperialist League attacked American policies in the Philippines, Root defended the policies and counterattacked the critics, saying they prolonged the insurgency. For this work, he relied on legal advisor Charles Edward Magoon . Magoon had been hired at

2652-565: The Eugene Higgins Science Fund, was founded upon his death. In 1948, the trust donated $ 40 million to Columbia , Harvard , and Princeton . In 1949, the trust gave another $ 600,000 to each of these universities for advanced scientific studies. In 1951, the trust donated another $ 1 million, shared equally, to Columbia, Harvard, and Princeton universities. The funds from this trust endowed chairs at Columbia , Harvard , Princeton , and Yale universities. Notable people holding

2730-628: The Italian Fascist leader to Oliver Cromwell and, in the 1920s, he noted "the stupendous improvement which Fascism has brought". In November 1933, months after the Nazi book burnings began, he welcomed Hans Luther , the German ambassador to the United States, to Columbia and refused to appear with a notable German dissident when the latter visited the university. Butler was criticized for his "remarkable silence" and complicity towards Hitler's regime until

2808-528: The Republican National Committee. He also repeatedly refused efforts to draft him as the Republican candidate for Governor in the 1904 election; instead, he focused on securing Roosevelt's nomination to a full term at the national convention, where he delivered the opening speech. After the death of John Hay, President Roosevelt named Root as United States Secretary of State and he returned to

2886-626: The Secretary of War and the President. The Chief of Staff would carry out the Secretary's instructions and supervise discipline and maneuvers. The reorganization was accomplished by an act of Congress passed on February 14, 1903. Root also changed the procedures for promotions and also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line. Working with Secretary of the Navy William Henry Moody , Root established closer coordination between

2964-582: The Southern District of New York . There was limited opposition to his nomination given that Arthur was trying to force out a political rival, Stewart L. Woodford , who had been appointed by Garfield, but he was approved by the Senate and sworn in on March 12. The role was part-time, with Root devoting his mornings to the Attorney's office and his afternoons to his private practice. Many of his cases were suits for

3042-539: The Spanish–American War; per Root's instructions, the National Guard would also be equipped with the same arms as the regular army and examinations would be administered to qualify members for higher command. As a result of the Spanish–American War , the United States held military control of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. As Secretary of War, Root was tasked with the administration of martial law on

3120-697: The United States and Canada on the Alaska boundary dispute , and competition in the North Atlantic fisheries. He supported arbitration in resolving international disputes. In January 1909 , Root was elected by the legislature as a U.S. Senator from New York , serving from March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1915. He was a member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary . He chose not to seek re-election in 1914 . During and after his Senate service, Root served as president of

3198-653: The cabinet on July 7, 1905. As secretary, Root placed the consular service under the civil service . He maintained the Open Door Policy in the Far East. On a tour of Latin America in 1906, Root persuaded those governments to participate in the Hague Peace Conference . He worked with Japan to limit emigration to the United States and on dealings with China. He established the Root–Takahira Agreement . He worked with Great Britain in arbitration of issues between

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3276-473: The case on behalf of Tweed's co-defendant James Ingersoll, a furniture manufacturer who stood accused of fraudulently billing the city government for millions of dollars. Root's law partner, Alexander Compton, was Ingersoll's cousin by marriage, and Compton turned the case over to Root due to his courtroom experience. Despite his family's dismay, he accepted the case and joined Tweed's defense in addition to Ingersoll's. The Tweed case stretched on for years, with

3354-695: The case, paid partly in cash and partly by a real estate transfer, also came in for criticism, with Hearst papers implying that Root had inherited Tweed's mansion. In fact, Tweed was penniless after paying the fines assessed against him, and his heavily encumbered real estate holdings were his lone assets. Early in his legal career, Root joined the Union League Club , where he met a number of young New York Republicans. He avoided political office personally, believing that it would obstruct his legal career. As an example, he cited Robert H. Strahan , an early law partner who had entered state politics. "It ruined him as

3432-539: The case." Ingersoll was ultimately sentenced to five years but was pardoned by Governor Samuel J. Tilden . After Root had risen to national prominence, his work on the Tweed case formed the basis for public attacks from newspapers owned and directed by William Randolph Hearst , particularly after Root opposed Hearst's 1906 campaign for governor. Hearst exaggerated Root's role in the case and implied he had advised Tweed on political corruption before his indictment. Root's fee in

3510-602: The cases of the Northwest Territory and Louisiana Purchase , to regulate the rights of territorial subjects. This revised position was upheld by the Supreme Court in a series of landmark decisions collectively known as the Insular Cases . In Cuba, the American challenge was to arrange for the transition to civilian government while preserving order and guaranteeing protection against international predation. Root established

3588-399: The conspiracy were later prosecuted, and Root returned from private life to assist with the prosecutions. In July 1899, President William McKinley offered Root a position in his cabinet as Secretary of War . The offer came on the heels of the Spanish–American War . In general, the war had been a success, but Secretary Russell A. Alger had come under heavy criticism for his management of

3666-436: The department, and McKinley had requested his resignation. At first, Root declined, but accepted when he realized "McKinley wanted a lawyer to run the governments of the islands." As Secretary of War, Root actively framed the establishment of civilian governments in the new American territories of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. He also modernized the Department of War. His rapid success and popularity led Root to become

3744-458: The dispute was resolved by British jurist Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone in favor of the United States on every point of contention. Root's retirement from public office was brief, but he remained active in public life, delivering speeches in defense of Roosevelt's policies in Panama and in the Northern Securities case . After Mark Hanna died in February 1904, shortly after Root's resignation, Root declined to succeed him as chair of

3822-511: The election. He never again stood for a popular election, other than as a delegate to party conventions, but his association with Arthur rapidly advanced his national profile. In 1880, Arthur was elected Vice President of the United States with Root's support. Root attended the inauguration and was among the friends at Arthur's New York home on September 19, 1881, when the Vice President was informed that President James A. Garfield had succumbed to an assassin's bullet and that he had succeeded to

3900-437: The fall of 1885, Butler joined the staff of Columbia's philosophy department. In 1887, he co-founded with Grace Hoadley Dodge , and became president of, the New York School for the Training of Teachers, which later affiliated with Columbia University and was renamed Teachers College, Columbia University , and from which a co-educational experimental and developmental unit became Horace Mann School . From 1890 to 1891, Butler

3978-399: The first choice of the Republican National Committee for the vice presidential nomination in 1900 by December 1899, but McKinley had objected to losing his Secretary of War, and Root himself preferred to stay in the Cabinet. The nomination ultimately went to Theodore Roosevelt over his own objection and led to his ascension as President upon the assassination of McKinley in 1901. During

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4056-432: The first trial commencing more than fifteen months after the indictment and ending in a hung jury. Four more indictments were brought in November 1873 after the defense's failed attempt to get judge Noah Davis to recuse himself. Root took a minor role in the proceedings, examining jurors and occasionally cross-examining the prosecution witnesses. The jury returned a guilty verdict on two hundred and four counts; Davis imposed

4134-401: The immigration and treatment of Japanese citizens to the West Coast of the United States . He negotiated 24 bilateral international arbitration treaties, which led to the creation of the Permanent Court of International Justice . As a United States Senator from New York , Root was a conservative supporter of President William Howard Taft , playing a central role in Taft's nomination to

4212-402: The island's first republican form of government under the command of Leonard Wood . This was accomplished by the Cuban constitution of 1901, and the American military government withdrew in 1902. Root's primary administrative challenge as Secretary of War was the effort to establish control of the Philippine Islands. Though American government of the islands was internationally recognized under

4290-410: The islands and the eventual transition to civilian government. Under the terms of the Teller Amendment , the United States was additionally bound to return "control of [Cuba] to its people." Particularly in the Philippines , the United States also faced militant insurgency from natives who resisted their transfer from one foreign empire to another. He worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to

4368-419: The late 1930s. From 1907 to 1912, Butler was the chair of the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration . Butler was also instrumental in persuading Andrew Carnegie to provide the initial $ 10 million funding for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Butler became head of international education and communication, founded the European branch of the Endowment headquartered in Paris, and

4446-489: The native population was necessary before such a transition could be successful. In 1900, Root guided the establishment of the Philippine commission, led by William Howard Taft , as a move toward autonomous civil government. The first step in his proposed process was the establishment of municipal governments and administrative divisions. The commission was to be guided by the principles of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . In addition to his duties as Secretary of War, Root

4524-540: The number of Jewish students (it became the first American institution of higher learning to establish an anti-Jewish quota). Butler's policy was successful and the number of students hailing from New York City dropped from 54% to 23% stemming "the invasion of the Jewish student". This is one of the reasons why Butler has been called an anti-semite. In September 1931, Butler told the freshman class at Columbia that totalitarian systems produced "men of far greater intelligence, far stronger character, and far more courage than

4602-527: The presidency. In 1881, Root encountered another future President: Theodore Roosevelt , who was elected to the State Assembly from Root's district. Root actively supported the young Roosevelt's career by signing Roosevelt's nomination papers, aiding in efforts to sideline a rival candidate, and speaking on behalf of his 1886 mayoral campaign . Though many observers expected Arthur would offer Root appointment as Attorney General or to another cabinet post, in March 1883 he appointed Root United States Attorney for

4680-467: The press. According to the New York Sun , "The manner in which he conducted the prosecution... has won him high praise wherever reports of the trial have been published. The cross-examination of the defendant was characterized by exceptional acumen and professional skill, and was made much more effective than it would otherwise have been by Mr. Root's evident familiarity with the details of the banking business." The Mail and Express wrote: "The credit of

4758-493: The prize that year. During his lifetime, Columbia named its philosophy library for him; after he died, its main academic library, previously known as South Hall, was rechristened Butler Library . A faculty apartment building on 119th Street and Morningside Drive was also renamed in Butler's honor, as was a major prize in philosophy. A polemical attack on Butler's time at Columbia University appeared in The Goose-Step: A Study of American Education , by Upton Sinclair. Butler

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4836-416: The publication of the second volume of Across the Busy Years . Butler became almost completely blind in 1945 at age 83. He resigned from the posts he held and died two years later. He is interred at Cedar Lawn Cemetery , in Paterson, New Jersey . Butler was not universally liked. In 1939, a former student of Butler, Rolfe Humphries , published in the pages of Poetry an effort titled "Draft Ode for

4914-475: The refund of customs duties paid under protest. As U.S. Attorney, Root had his first exposure to international law , which would become the cornerstone of his public legacy. He prosecuted two cases for violation of United States neutrality laws against vessels for aiding Haitian and Colombian insurgents and defended the government in the Head Money Cases , a challenge to the Immigration Act of 1882 on grounds that it conflicted with international treaties with

4992-569: The result must be awarded mainly to the District Attorney." In particular, Root was credited with vindicating the late President: "The unspeakable meanness of the conspirators in trying to save themselves by implicating General Grant in their fraudulent transactions... was dealt with in terms of deserved scorn and severity by the District Attorney." Just before his resignation, Root successfully won an indictment of Fish's co-conspirator, Ferdinand Ward. He quietly submitted his resignation to President Grover Cleveland on July 1, 1885. Two other members of

5070-441: The system of elections." In 1937, he was admitted as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati . In 1941, the Pulitzer Prize fiction jury selected Ernest Hemingway 's For Whom the Bell Tolls . The Pulitzer Board initially agreed with that judgment, but Butler, ex officio head of the Pulitzer board, found the novel offensive and persuaded the board to reverse its determination, so that no novel received

5148-528: The war. His immediate focus was reforming military administration, which he viewed as a prerequisite for success in territorial administration or any future military campaign. Though the United States had just completed a successful, brief military campaign against Spain, its officer corps was still organized on peacetime terms; Root set about permanently placing the United States military on a war footing. Root worked closely with Adjutant General Henry Clark Corbin and William Harding Carter . His chief obstacle

5226-415: Was Commanding General of the Army Nelson A. Miles ; the offices of Commanding General and Secretary of War had long been engaged in a power struggle, and Root's reforms would directly implicate Miles's authority. Root proposed the establishment of a General Staff led by the office of Chief of Staff of the United States Army . The Chief of Staff was to be a general officer of the Army answerable directly to

5304-450: Was President Roosevelt . Butler was president of Columbia for 43 years, the longest tenure in the university's history, retiring in 1945. As president, Butler carried out a major expansion of the campus, adding many new buildings, schools, and departments. These additions included Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center , the first academic medical center in the world. In 1919, Butler amended the admissions process to Columbia in order to limit

5382-550: Was President of the Endowment from 1925 to 1945. For his work in this field, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for 1931 (shared with Jane Addams ) "[For his promotion] of the Kellogg-Briand pact " and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement". In December 1916, Butler, Roosevelt and other philanthropists, including Scottish-born industrialist John C. Moffat, William Astor Chanler , Joseph Choate , Clarence Mackay , George von Lengerke Meyer , and John Grier Hibben , purchased

5460-430: Was a delegate to each Republican National Convention from 1888 to 1936; when Vice President James S. Sherman died six days before the 1912 United States presidential election , Butler was designated to receive the electoral votes that Sherman would have received: the Republican ticket won only 8 electoral votes from Utah and Vermont , finishing third behind the Democrats and the Progressives . Butler tried to secure

5538-452: Was a lecturer at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore . Throughout the 1890s, Butler served on the New Jersey Board of Education and helped form the College Entrance Examination Board . During the 1890s Butler edited The Great Educators book series for Charles Scribner's Sons . In 1901, Butler became acting president of Columbia University and, in 1902, formally became president. Among the many dignitaries in attendance at his investiture

5616-588: Was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1881. In 1883, President Chester A. Arthur appointed him U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, the chief government attorney in New York City. As U.S. Attorney, Root headed the prosecutions for the Ward and Grant fraud which precipitated the Panic of 1884 . Through 1899, Root took on many other prominent and wealthy clients, including Jay Gould , Chester A. Arthur , Charles Anderson Dana , William C. Whitney , Thomas Fortune Ryan ,

5694-443: Was admitted to the bar on June 18, 1867. Upon his admission to the bar, Root completed a year of unpaid apprenticeship at the leading New York City firm Mann and Parsons. In 1868, he and several other young lawyers founded the firm of Strahan & Root with offices on Pine Street . He had various partners through 1897, when a disagreement led to the dissolution of his firm and the formation of Root, Howard, Winthrop & Stimson ,

5772-461: Was an American lawyer, Republican politician, and statesman who served as the 41st United States Secretary of War under presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt and the 38th United States Secretary of State under Roosevelt. In both positions as well as a long legal career, he pioneered the American practice of international law. Root is sometimes considered the prototype of the 20th-century political " wise man ", advising presidents on

5850-431: Was an early member of the academy. Butler married Susanna Edwards Schuyler (1863–1903) in 1887 and had one daughter from that marriage. Susanna was the daughter of Jacob Rutsen Schuyler (1816–1887) and Susannah Haigh Edwards (born 1830). His wife died in 1903 and he married again in 1907 to Kate La Montagne, granddaughter of New York property developer Thomas E. Davis . In 1940, Butler completed his autobiography with

5928-556: Was elected to the Club's executive committee. Through the Club, Root met Chester A. Arthur , an experienced Manhattan attorney and the powerful Collector of the Port of New York . In 1879, Arthur and Alonzo B. Cornell persuaded Root to stand for the Court of Common Pleas . Root viewed the campaign as hopeless given the city's Democratic reputation, took no part in the campaign, and was relieved to lose

6006-458: Was hired to reorganize the bank to acquire a state charter . Soon after, Alexander Compton was elevated to the partnership, and the firm was renamed Compton & Root. Root's public profile and professional reputation were enhanced by his defense of Tammany Hall boss William M. Tweed , and Compton & Root grew throughout the 1870s into a varied practice with a primary focus on banks, railroads, wills and estates, and municipal government. Root

6084-459: Was one of three Americans appointed by President Roosevelt (with Henry Cabot Lodge and George Turner ) to an international arbitration court to resolve the boundary dispute between Alaska and Great Britain. The dispute arose as a result of the Klondike Gold Rush of 1900, which heightened interest in the region and tensions over the exact boundary between the regions. On October 20, 1903,

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