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32-512: Eudoxius was from Arabissos of Asia Minor. Eudoxius came to Eustathius , bishop of Antioch between 324 and 331, seeking holy orders. However, Eustathius found his doctrine unsound and refused him. Nevertheless, when Eustathius was deposed, the Arians or Eusebians had everything their own way and admitted Eudoxius to orders and made him bishop of Germanicia, on the confines of Syria , Cilicia , and Cappadocia . This bishopric he held at least 17 years,

64-535: A contemporary of Sozomen and Theodoret . He is the author of a Historia Ecclesiastica ("Church History", Ἐκκλησιαστική Ἱστορία) which covers the history of late ancient Christianity during the years 305 to 439. He was born in Constantinople . Even in ancient times, nothing seems to have been known of his life except what can be gathered from notices in his Historia Ecclesiastica , which departed from its ostensible model, Eusebius of Caesarea , in emphasizing

96-464: A creed more Arian than those of Antioch, and it was signed by Eudoxius. Between 355 and 359 Eudoxius was in attendance on the emperor in the West, when news came of the death of Leontius of Antioch. Against the canons, he took over the see of Antioch. Allegedly excusing himself on the plea that the affairs of Germanicia required his presence, Eudoxius hastened to Antioch, and, representing himself as nominated by

128-587: Is asebes , the Son is eusebes ." A great tumult of indignation arose on all sides in St. Sophia. The orator, unabashed, explained: "The Father is asebes because He honours nobody; the Son is eusebes because He honours the Father." The new cathedral echoed with peals of uncontrollable laughter. Thus, says Socrates Scholasticus , these tore the church to pieces by their captious subtilties. Eudoxius consecrated his friend Eunomius to

160-537: The Arians." The only complete work by Eustathius is the De Engastrimytho contra Origenem. The Commentary on the Hexameron attributed to him in the manuscripts is too late to be authentic. Socrates Scholasticus Socrates of Constantinople ( c. 380 – after 439), also known as Socrates Scholasticus ( Ancient Greek : Σωκράτης ὁ Σχολαστικός ), was a 5th-century Greek Christian church historian ,

192-608: The Nicene Creed. His anti-Arian polemic against Eusebius of Nicomedia made him unpopular among his fellow bishops in the East, and a synod convened at Antioch in 330 deposed him for Sabellianism, which was confirmed by the emperor. After Nicaea, the conflict at Nicaea between the Eusebians and the pro-Nicenes continued. “Within ten years of the Council of Nicaea all the leading supporters of

224-573: The anger of Heaven at Valens' banishment of bishops who would not admit Eudoxius to their communion. Eudoxius died in 370. Eustathius of Antioch Eustathius of Antioch , sometimes surnamed the Great , was a Christian bishop and archbishop of Antioch in the 4th century. His feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church is February 21 . He was a native of Side in Pamphylia . About 320 he

256-506: The church. Socrates asserts that he owed the impulse to write his work to a certain Theodorus, who is alluded to in the proemium to the second book as "a holy man of God " and seems therefore to have been a monk or one of the higher clergy . The contemporary historians Sozomen and Theodoret were combined with Socrates in a sixth-century compilation, which has obscured their differences until recently, when their individual portrayals of

288-456: The church. Socrates' account is in many respects well-balanced. He is careful not to use hyperbolic titles when referring to prominent personalities in the church and the government and he even criticizes Eusebius for his excessive praises to Emperor Constantine the Great in his Vita Constantini . The Historia Ecclesiastica is one of the few sources of information about Hypatia , the female mathematician and philosopher of Alexandria, who

320-496: The creed of that Council had been deposed or disgraced or exiled," including Eustathius. Arius and his theology were now no longer the focus of the Controversy. The focus of the controversy was now the term homoousios: “The fifth-century ecclesiastical historian Sozomen reports a dispute immediately after the council, focused not on Arius, but … concerning the precise meaning of the term homoousios. Some thought this term … implied

352-557: The death of Eustathius, Meletius became Bishop of Antioch in 360, the Eustathians would not recognize him, even after his election was approved by the Synod of Alexandria in 362. Their intransigent attitude gave rise to two factions among the orthodox, the so-called Meletian Schism , which lasted till the second decade of the fifth century. "The schism at Antioch, between the Eustathians, or old Catholic party, under their Bishop Paulinus … and

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384-487: The decision of this synod and were ready to take up arms in his defence. But Eustathius kept them in check, exhorted them to remain true to their faith and humbly left for his place of exile, accompanied by a large body of his clergy. Eustathius was banished to Trajanopolis in Thrace , where he died, probably about 337, though possibly not until 370. The Eusebians proposed Eusebius as the new bishop, but he declined. When, after

416-409: The deposition of Macedonius , and on January 27, 360, took possession of his throne in the presence of 72 bishops. On February 15 the great church of Constantinople, Saint Sophia , begun in 342 by the emperor Constantius II , was dedicated. Eudoxius, it is claimed, mounting his episcopal throne before the expectant multitude of courtiers, ecclesiastics, and citizens, began with the words: "The Father

448-482: The emperor confirmed the election. In the first year of his episcopate at Antioch Eudoxius held a council, which received the creed of Sirmium . An idea may be formed of the Homoousian reception of his sermons from three different sources. Hilary of Poitiers , then in the East, heard Eudoxius in his cathedral, and wished his ears had been deaf. Theodoret and Epiphanius of Cyprus reported him as boasting that he had

480-408: The emperor, got himself made bishop, and sent Asphalus , a presbyter of Antioch, to make the best of the case at court. Emperor Constantius II wrote to the church of Antioch: "Eudoxius went to seek you without my sending him. . . . To what restraint will men be amenable, who impudently pass from city to city, seeking with a most unlawful appetite every occasion to enrich themselves?". Nonetheless,

512-503: The history is to continue the work of Eusebius of Caesarea (1.1). It relates in simple Greek language what the Church experienced from the days of Constantine to the writer's time. Ecclesiastical dissensions occupy the foreground, for when the Church is at peace, there is nothing for the church historian to relate (7.48.7). In the preface to Book 5, Socrates defends dealing with Arianism and with political events in addition to writing about

544-497: The latter, lest he should be imagined a Sabellian.… Peter served as a kind of connection between the two conflicting parties, though his sentiments inclined to those of Damasus. S. Basil addressed a letter to him while at Rome, on the subject, in which he complains in very strong language, that the Western Bishops, who could not be so well acquainted with the actual state of affairs, should presume to class Meletius and Eusebius among

576-482: The mob, declaring, "Surely nothing can be farther from the spirit of Christianity than the allowance of massacres, fights, and transactions of that sort." Socrates is often assumed to have been a follower of Novatianism , but this is based on the fact that he gives a lot of details about the Novatianists, and speaks of them in generous terms, as he does of Arians and other groups. He speaks of himself as belonging to

608-457: The new Catholic party under S. Meletius, had troubled both the East and West. The holiest Bishops in the East, such as S. Basil and S. Eusebius of Samosata, sided with Meletius. S. Damasus and the Western Bishops communicated with Paulinus. Meletius asserted Three Hypostases in the HOLY TRINITY, Paulinus One: S. Damasus would not allow the former, for fear of being considered an Arian, nor S. Basil

640-556: The non-existence of the Son of God; and that it involved the error of Montanus and Sabellius. … Eustathius accused Eusebius [of Caesarea] of altering the doctrines ratified by the council of Nicaea, while the latter declared that he approved of all the Nicaean doctrines, and reproached Eustathius for cleaving to the heresy of Sabellius.” Eustathius was accused, condemned, and deposed at a synod in Antioch. His supporters at Antioch rebelled against

672-553: The period of the principal intrigues against Athanasius , and of the reigns of Constantine the Great 's sons. In 341 the council of the Dedication or Encaenia was held under Placillus at Antioch. Eudoxius of Germanicia attended. He was an Arian pure and simple, a disciple of Aetius , a friend of Eunomius . The council produced four creeds , in which the Eusebian party succeeded in making their doctrine as plausible as might be, and

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704-479: The place of the emperor in church affairs and in giving secular as well as church history. Socrates' teachers, noted in his prefaces, were the grammarians Helladius and Ammonius , who came to Constantinople from Alexandria , where in 391 they had been involved in a violent revolt that culminated in the destruction of the Serapeum of Alexandria . It is not proved that Socrates of Constantinople later profited from

736-523: The proceedings. In 367 Valens , as he was setting out for the Gothic War, was induced by his wife Albia Dominica to receive baptism from Eudoxius. In the same year he issued, likely under the advice of Eudoxius, an order that such bishops as had been banished by Constantius and had returned under Julian should again be exiled. The years during which Eudoxius and Valens acted together were allegedly troubled by portents , which Homoousians attributed to

768-494: The same knowledge about God as God had about Himself. In September 359, a Council of Seleucia was held at Seleucia Isauria , the orthodox forming a very small minority. The majority signed the "Creed of the Dedication"; Eudoxius who was present, was deposed by Basil of Ancyra 's party, and appears to have sought the shelter of the court at Constantinople. Here, by the aid of the Acacians , he secured his appointment as bishop on

800-455: The second of these became known as the " Creed of the Dedication ". Athanasius says that Eudoxius was sent with Martyrius and Macedonius to take the new creed of Antioch to Italy. This new creed may, however, have been the Macrostich, or Long Formula, drawn up at a later council of Antioch. In 343 or 347 the rival councils of Sardica and Philippopolis were held. At the latter was drawn up

832-512: The see of Cyzicus ; but such complaints were brought to the emperor Constantius II that he ordered Eudoxius to depose him. Eudoxius acquiesced to the emperor's command and quietly persuaded Eunomius to retire. In 365 an attack was made on Eudoxius by the semi-Arians, now called Macedonians. Holding a meeting at Lampsacus , they signed the "Creed of the Dedication," cited Eudoxius and his party before them, and, as they did not come, sentenced them to deprivation; but emperor Valens refused to confirm

864-551: The series Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller (Berlin:Akademie Verlag) 1995. An English translation by A. C. Zenos was published in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wallace. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.) (online editions: newadvent.org ccel.org munseys.com . More recently (2004-2007), Socrates' History has been published in four bilingual (Greek/Latin and French) volumes by Pierre Maraval in

896-488: The series of Christian emperors were distinguished one from another and contrasted by Hartmut Leppin, Von Constantin dem Großen zu Theodosius II (Göttingen 1996). The Historia Ecclesiastica was first edited in Greek by Robert Estienne , on the basis of Codex Regius 1443 (Paris, 1544); a translation into Latin by Johannes Christophorson (1612) is important for its variant readings. The fundamental early modern edition, however,

928-450: The teachings of the sophist Troilus . No certainty exists as to Socrates' precise vocation, though it may be inferred from his work that he was a layman. In later years, he traveled and visited, among other places, Paphlagonia and Cyprus . The history covers the years 305 to 439, and experts believe it was finished in 439 or soon thereafter, and certainly during the lifetime of Emperor Theodosius II , i.e., before 450. The purpose of

960-559: Was bishop of Beroea , and he became patriarch of Antioch shortly before the Council of Nicaea in 325. In that assembly he distinguished himself zealously against the Arians , though the Allocutio ad Imperatorem with which he has been credited is probably not by him. At Nicaea, he and Marcellus joined forces with Alexander. In this way, they were able to significantly influence the formulation of

992-413: Was brutally murdered by a mob, allegedly by order of Patriarch Cyril of Alexandria . Socrates presents Hypatia's murder as entirely politically motivated and makes no mention of any role that Hypatia's neoplatonism might have played in her death, arguing instead that she was killed for supporting local prefect Orestes in his political struggle against Cyril. Socrates unequivocally condemns the actions of

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1024-516: Was produced by Henricus Valesius (Henri Valois) (Paris, 1668), who used the Codex Regius , a Codex Vaticanus, and a Codex Florentinus, and also employed the indirect tradition of Theodorus Lector ( Codex Leonis Alladi ). The text was edited in Patrologia Graeca vol. 67 (online at documentacatholicaomnia.eu ). The new critical edition of the text is edited by G. C. Hansen, and published in

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