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84-429: Eucalyptus ( / ˌ juː k ə ˈ l ɪ p t ə s / ) is a genus of more than 700 species of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae . Most species of Eucalyptus are trees, often mallees , and a few are shrubs. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalypteae , including Corymbia and Angophora , they are commonly known as eucalypts or "gum trees". Plants in the genus Eucalyptus have bark that

168-451: A petiole 7–20 mm (0.28–0.79 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven, nine or eleven in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle 7–18 mm (0.28–0.71 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long. Mature buds are diamond-shaped, 5–9 mm (0.20–0.35 in) long and 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) wide with a beaked operculum . Flowering occurs between February and July and

252-410: A better chance of recovery from damage sustained to its leaves in an event such as a fire. Different commonly recognised types of bark include: Nearly all Eucalyptus are evergreen , but some tropical species lose their leaves at the end of the dry season. As in other members of the myrtle family, Eucalyptus leaves are covered with oil glands. The copious oils produced are an important feature of

336-421: A dramatic increase in the abundance of Eucalyptus pollen are associated with increased charcoal levels. Though this occurs at different rates throughout Australia, it is compelling evidence for a relationship between the artificial increase of fire frequency with the arrival of Aboriginals and increased prevalence of this exceptionally fire-tolerant genus. Several eucalypt species are among the tallest trees in

420-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

504-485: A grass fire is insufficient to ignite the scattered trees. In contrast, a Eucalyptus forest tends to promote fire because of the volatile and highly combustible oils produced by the leaves, as well as the production of large amounts of litter high in phenolics, preventing its breakdown by fungi and thus accumulating as large amounts of dry, combustible fuel. Consequently, dense eucalypt plantings may be subject to catastrophic firestorms. In fact, almost thirty years before

588-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

672-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

756-591: A natural insecticide , or an ability to be used to drain swamps and thereby reduce the risk of malaria . Eucalyptus oil finds many uses like in fuels, fragrances, insect repellence and antimicrobial activity. Eucalyptus trees show allelopathic effects; they release compounds which inhibit other plant species from growing nearby. Outside their natural ranges, eucalypts are both lauded for their beneficial economic impact on poor populations and criticised for being "water-guzzling" aliens , leading to controversy over their total impact. Genus The composition of

840-464: A range of climates but are usually damaged by anything beyond a light frost of −5 °C (23 °F); the hardiest are the snow gums, such as Eucalyptus pauciflora , which is capable of withstanding cold and frost down to about −20 °C (−4 °F). Two subspecies, E. pauciflora subsp. niphophila and E. pauciflora subsp. debeuzevillei in particular are even hardier and can tolerate even quite severe winters. Several other species, especially from

924-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

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1008-623: A shrub or small tree with a single, short trunk, that lacks a lignotuber and has spreading, densely leafy branches that often reach almost to the ground. Eucalyptus platypus is an example of a marlock. Eucalyptus trees, including mallets and marlocks, are single-stemmed and include Eucalyptus regnans , the tallest known flowering plant on Earth. The tallest reliably measured tree in Europe, Karri Knight , can be found in Coimbra , Portugal in Vale de Canas. It

1092-459: A single main stem or trunk but many eucalypts are mallees that are multistemmed from ground level and rarely taller than 10 metres (33 feet). There is no clear distinction between a mallee and a shrub but in eucalypts, a shrub is a mature plant less than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall and growing in an extreme environment. Eucalyptus vernicosa in the Tasmanian highlands, E. yalatensis on

1176-559: A small amount of ash survived and put out new ash trees as well. Eucalyptus oil is highly flammable and at high enough temperatures the oil expands quickening the spread of wildfires. Bushfires can travel easily through the oil-rich air of the tree crowns. Eucalypts obtain long-term fire survivability from their ability to regenerate from epicormic buds situated deep within their thick bark, or from lignotubers , or by producing serotinous fruits. In seasonally dry climates oaks are often fire-resistant, particularly in open grasslands, as

1260-450: A smaller number are only found outside the continent. Eucalypts have been grown in plantations in many other countries because they are fast-growing, have valuable timber, or can be used for pulpwood , honey production, or essential oils . In some countries, however, they have been removed because of the danger of forest fires due to their high flammability. Eucalypts vary in size and habit from shrubs to tall trees. Trees usually have

1344-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

1428-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

1512-532: Is a Eucalyptus diversicolor of 72.9 meters height and of 5.71 meters girth. Tree sizes follow the convention of: All eucalypts add a layer of bark every year and the outermost layer dies. In about half of the species, the dead bark is shed exposing a new layer of fresh, living bark. The dead bark may be shed in large slabs, in ribbons or in small flakes. These species are known as "smooth barks" and include E. sheathiana , E. diversicolor , E. cosmophylla and E. cladocalyx . The remaining species retain

1596-498: Is a tree that typically grows to a height of 12–35 m (39–115 ft) and forms a lignotuber . It has rough, stringy, grey to reddish brown bark on the trunk and branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped leaves 25–105 mm (0.98–4.13 in) long and 20–52 mm (0.79–2.05 in) wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, the same dull to glossy green colour on both sides, 75–140 mm (3.0–5.5 in) long and 12–38 mm (0.47–1.50 in) wide on

1680-712: Is almost three times as great as native oak woodland. During World War II , one California town cut down their Eucalyptus trees to "about a third of their height in the vicinity of anti-aircraft guns " because of the known fire-fueling qualities of the trees, with the mayor telling a newspaper reporter, "If a shell so much as hits a leaf, it's supposed to explode." Some species of Eucalyptus drop branches unexpectedly. In Australia, Parks Victoria warns campers not to camp under river red gums . Some councils in Australia such as Gosnells, Western Australia , have removed eucalypts after reports of damage from dropped branches, even in

1764-511: Is also used in a number of industries, from fence posts (where the oil-rich wood's high resistance to decay is valued) and charcoal to cellulose extraction for biofuels . Fast growth also makes eucalypts suitable as windbreaks and to reduce erosion . Some Eucalyptus species have attracted attention from horticulturists, global development researchers, and environmentalists because of desirable traits such as being fast-growing sources of wood, producing oil that can be used for cleaning and as

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1848-620: Is covered by 92,000,000 hectares (230,000,000 acres) of eucalypt forest, comprising three quarters of the area covered by native forest. The Blue Mountains of southeastern Australia have been a centre of eucalypt diversification; their name is in reference to the blue haze prevalent in the area, believed derived from the volatile terpenoids emitted by these trees. The oldest definitive Eucalyptus fossils are from Patagonia in South America , where eucalypts are no longer native, though they have been introduced from Australia. The fossils are from

1932-516: Is derived from the Greek words ευ ( eu ) "well" and καλύπτω ( kalýpto ) "to cover", referring to the operculum on the calyx that initially conceals the flower . There are more than 700 species of Eucalyptus and most are native to Australia; a very small number are found in adjacent areas of New Guinea and Indonesia . One species, Eucalyptus deglupta , ranges as far north as the Philippines . Of

2016-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

2100-659: Is either smooth, fibrous, hard, or stringy and leaves that have oil glands . The sepals and petals are fused to form a "cap" or operculum over the stamens , hence the name from Greek eû ("well") and kaluptós ("covered"). The fruit is a woody capsule commonly referred to as a "gumnut". Most species of Eucalyptus are native to Australia, and every state and territory has representative species. About three-quarters of Australian forests are eucalypt forests. Many eucalypt species have adapted to wildfire , are able to resprout after fire, or have seeds that survive fire. A few species are native to islands north of Australia, and

2184-679: Is high due to its high resin content, increasing the hazard. Eucalypts were introduced from Australia to the rest of the world following the Cook expedition in 1770. Collected by Sir Joseph Banks , botanist on the expedition, they were subsequently introduced to many parts of the world, notably California , southern Europe, Africa, the Middle East , South Asia and South America. About 250 species are under cultivation in California. In Portugal and also Spain , eucalypts have been grown in plantations for

2268-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

2352-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

2436-503: Is useful to consider where Eucalyptus fossils have not been found. Extensive research has gone into the fossil floras of the Paleocene to Oligocene of South-Eastern Australia, and has failed to uncover a single Eucalyptus specimen. Although the evidence is sparse, the best hypothesis is that in the mid-Tertiary, the continental margins of Australia only supported more mesic noneucalypt vegetation, and that eucalypts probably contributed to

2520-677: The Endeavour River in northern Queensland , E. platyphylla ; neither of these species was named as such at the time. In 1777, on Cook's third expedition, David Nelson collected a eucalypt on Bruny Island in southern Tasmania . This specimen was taken to the British Museum in London , and was named Eucalyptus obliqua by the French botanist L'Héritier , who was working in London at the time. He coined

2604-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

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2688-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

2772-510: The Nullarbor and E. surgens growing on coastal cliffs in Western Australia are examples of eucalypt shrubs. The terms " mallet " and " marlock " are only applied to Western Australian eucalypts. A mallet is a tree with a single thin trunk with a steeply branching habit but lacks both a lignotuber and epicormic buds . Eucalyptus astringens is an example of a mallet. A marlock is

2856-534: The Oakland firestorm of 1991 , a study of Eucalyptus in the area warned that the litter beneath the trees builds up very rapidly and should be regularly monitored and removed. It has been estimated that 70% of the energy released through the combustion of vegetation in the Oakland fire was due to Eucalyptus . In a National Park Service study, it was found that the fuel load (in tons per acre) of non-native Eucalyptus woods

2940-488: The Peruvian Andes , despite concerns that the trees are invasive in some environments like those of South Africa . Best-known are perhaps the varieties karri and yellow box . Due to their fast growth, the foremost benefit of these trees is their wood. They can be chopped off at the root and grow back again. They provide many desirable characteristics for use as ornament , timber, firewood and pulpwood. Eucalyptus wood

3024-641: The Sydney region. These include the economically valuable E. pilularis , E. saligna and E. tereticornis . The first endemic Western Australian Eucalyptus to be collected and subsequently named was the Yate ( E. cornuta ) by the French botanist Jacques Labillardière , who collected in what is now the Esperance area in 1792. Several Australian botanists were active during the 19th century, particularly Ferdinand von Mueller , whose work on eucalypts contributed greatly to

3108-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

3192-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

3276-597: The 15 species found outside Australia, just nine are exclusively non-Australian. Species of Eucalyptus are cultivated widely in the tropical and temperate world, including the Americas , Europe , Africa , the Mediterranean Basin , the Middle East , China , and the Indian subcontinent . However, the range over which many eucalypts can be planted in the temperate zone is constrained by their limited cold tolerance. Australia

3360-404: The arrangement reverts to decussate by the absorption of some of the leaf-bearing faces of the stem. In those species with opposite adult foliage the leaf pairs, which have been formed opposite at the stem apex, become separated at their bases by unequal elongation of the stem to produce the apparently alternate adult leaves. The most readily recognisable characteristics of Eucalyptus species are

3444-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

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3528-1051: The characteristics of buds, fruits, leaves and bark. Over 700 species of Eucalyptus are known. Some have diverged from the mainstream of the genus to the extent that they are quite isolated genetically and are able to be recognised by only a few relatively invariant characteristics. Most, however, may be regarded as belonging to large or small groups of related species, which are often in geographical contact with each other and between which gene exchange still occurs. In these situations, many species appear to grade into one another, and intermediate forms are common. In other words, some species are relatively fixed genetically, as expressed in their morphology , while others have not diverged completely from their nearest relatives. Hybrid individuals have not always been recognised as such on first collection and some have been named as new species, such as E. chrysantha ( E. preissiana × E. sepulcralis ) and E. "rivalis" ( E. marginata × E. megacarpa ). Hybrid combinations are not particularly common in

3612-425: The cup-like base of the flower; this is one of the features that unites the genus. The woody fruits or capsules are roughly cone-shaped and have valves at the end which open to release the seeds, which are waxy, rod-shaped, about 1 mm in length, and yellow-brown in colour. Most species do not flower until adult foliage starts to appear; E. cinerea and E. perriniana are notable exceptions. The genus Eucalyptus

3696-424: The dead bark is retained in the lower half of the trunks or stems—for example, E. brachycalyx , E. ochrophloia , and E. occidentalis —or only in a thick, black accumulation at the base, as in E. clelandii . In some species in this category, for example E. youngiana and E. viminalis , the rough basal bark is very ribbony at the top, where it gives way to the smooth upper stems. The smooth upper bark of

3780-451: The dead bark which dries out and accumulates. In some of these species, the fibres in the bark are loosely intertwined (in stringybarks such as E. macrorhyncha or peppermints such as E. radiata ) or more tightly adherent (as in the "boxes" such as E. leptophleba ). In some species (the "ironbarks" such as E. crebra and E. jensenii ) the rough bark is infused with gum resin. Many species are 'half-barks' or 'blackbutts' in which

3864-433: The distinctive flowers and fruit (capsules or "gumnuts"). Flowers have numerous fluffy stamens which may be white, cream, yellow, pink, or red; in bud, the stamens are enclosed in a cap known as an operculum which is composed of the fused sepals or petals, or both. Thus, flowers have no petals, but instead decorate themselves with the many showy stamens. As the stamens expand, the operculum is forced off, splitting away from

3948-469: The drier vegetation of the arid continental interior. With the progressive drying out of the continent since the Miocene , eucalypts were displaced to the continental margins, and much of the mesic and rainforest vegetation that was once there was eliminated. The current superdominance of Eucalyptus in Australia may be an artefact of human influence on its ecology. In more recent sediments, numerous findings of

4032-620: The early Eocene (51.9 Mya), and were found in the Laguna del Hunco Formation in Chubut Province in Argentina . This shows that the genus had a Gondwanan distribution. Fossil leaves also occur in the Miocene of New Zealand, where the genus is not native today, but again have been introduced from Australia. Despite the prominence of Eucalyptus in modern Australia, estimated to contribute some 75% of

4116-488: The face of lengthy, well publicised protests to protect particular trees. A former Australian National Botanic Gardens director and consulting arborist, Robert Boden, has been quoted referring to "summer branch drop". Dropping of branches is recognised in Australia literature through the fictional death of Judy in Seven Little Australians . Although all large trees can drop branches, the density of Eucalyptus wood

4200-405: The field, but some other published species frequently seen in Australia have been suggested to be hybrid combinations. For example, Eucalyptus × erythrandra is believed to be E. angulosa × E. teraptera and due to its wide distribution is often referred to in texts. Renantherin , a phenolic compound present in the leaves of some Eucalyptus species, allows chemotaxonomic discrimination in

4284-582: The first comprehensive account of the genus in George Bentham 's Flora Australiensis in 1867. The account is the most important early systematic treatment of the genus. Bentham divided it into five series whose distinctions were based on characteristics of the stamens, particularly the anthers (Mueller, 1879–84), work elaborated by Joseph Henry Maiden (1903–33) and still further by William Faris Blakely (1934). The anther system became too complex to be workable and more recent systematic work has concentrated on

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4368-617: The flower buds. The type specimen was collected in 1777 by David Nelson , the gardener-botanist on Cook's third voyage . He collected the specimen on Bruny Island and sent it to de Brutelle who was working in London at that time. Although eucalypts must have been seen by the very early European explorers and collectors, no botanical collections of them are known to have been made until 1770 when Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander arrived at Botany Bay with Captain James Cook . There they collected specimens of E. gummifera and later, near

4452-504: The flowers are white. The fruit is a woody hemispherical or shortened spherical capsule 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long and 6–12 mm (0.24–0.47 in) wide with the valves protruding above the rim of the fruit. Near Bundarra and Barraba , this species is difficult to distinguish from E. laevopinea . Eucalyptus macrorhyncha was first formally described in 1867 by George Bentham based on specimens collected by Frederick Adamson and by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave

4536-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

4620-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

4704-507: The generic name from the Greek roots eu and calyptos , meaning "well" and "covered" in reference to the operculum of the flower bud which protects the developing flower parts as the flower develops and is shed by the pressure of the emerging stamens at flowering. The name obliqua was derived from the Latin obliquus , meaning "oblique", which is the botanical term describing a leaf base where

4788-488: The genus. Although mature Eucalyptus trees may be towering and fully leafed, their shade is characteristically patchy because the leaves usually hang downwards. The leaves on a mature Eucalyptus plant are commonly lanceolate , petiolate , apparently alternate and waxy or glossy green. In contrast, the leaves of seedlings are often opposite , sessile and glaucous . But many exceptions to this pattern exist. Many species such as E. melanophloia and E. setosa retain

4872-406: The half-barks and that of the completely smooth-barked trees and mallees can produce remarkable colour and interest, for example E. deglupta . E. globulus bark cells are able to photosynthesize in the absence of foliage, conferring an "increased capacity to re-fix internal CO 2 following partial defoliation". This allows the tree to grow in less-than-ideal climates, in addition to providing

4956-797: The high plateau and mountains of central Tasmania such as Eucalyptus coccifera , Eucalyptus subcrenulata and Eucalyptus gunnii , have also produced extreme cold-hardy forms and it is seed procured from these genetically hardy strains that are planted for ornament in colder parts of the world. An essential oil extracted from Eucalyptus leaves contains compounds that are powerful natural disinfectants and can be toxic in large quantities. Several marsupial herbivores , notably koalas and some possums , are relatively tolerant of it. The close correlation of these oils with other more potent toxins called formylated phloroglucinol compounds ( euglobals , macrocarpals and sideroxylonals ) allows koalas and other marsupial species to make food choices based on

5040-443: The juvenile and adult phases. In all except a few species, the leaves form in pairs on opposite sides of a square stem, consecutive pairs being at right angles to each other (decussate). In some narrow-leaved species, for example E. oleosa , the seedling leaves after the second leaf pair are often clustered in a detectable spiral arrangement about a five-sided stem. After the spiral phase, which may last from several to many nodes,

5124-471: The juvenile leaf form even when the plant is reproductively mature. Some species, such as E. macrocarpa , E. rhodantha , and E. crucis , are sought-after ornamentals due to this lifelong juvenile leaf form. A few species, such as E. petraea , E. dundasii , and E. lansdowneana , have shiny green leaves throughout their life cycle. Eucalyptus caesia exhibits the opposite pattern of leaf development to most Eucalyptus , with shiny green leaves in

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5208-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

5292-536: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Eucalyptus macrorhyncha Eucalyptus macrorhyncha , commonly known as the red stringybark , is a species of medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, stringy, grey to brown bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and hemispherical fruit. Eucalyptus macrorhyncha

5376-542: The modern vegetation, the fossil record is very scarce throughout much of the Cenozoic , and suggests that this rise to dominance is a geologically more recent phenomenon. The oldest reliably dated macrofossil of Eucalyptus is a 21-million-year-old tree-stump encased in basalt in the upper Lachlan Valley in New South Wales . Other fossils have been found, but many are either unreliably dated or else unreliably identified. It

5460-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

5544-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

5628-453: The production of pulpwood . Eucalyptus are the basis for several industries, such as sawmilling, pulp, charcoal and others. Several species have become invasive and are causing major problems for local ecosystems, mainly due to the absence of wildlife corridors and rotations management. Eucalypts have many uses which have made them economically important trees, and they have become a cash crop in poor areas such as Timbuktu , Mali and

5712-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

5796-417: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

5880-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

5964-449: The sections renantheroideae and renantherae and the ratio of the amount of leucoanthocyanins varies considerably in certain species. Eucalyptus is one of three similar genera that are commonly referred to as " eucalypts ", the others being Corymbia and Angophora . Many species, though by no means all, are known as gum trees because they exude copious kino from any break in the bark (e.g., scribbly gum ). The generic name

6048-432: The seedling stage and dull, glaucous leaves in mature crowns. The contrast between juvenile and adult leaf phases is valuable in field identification. Four leaf phases are recognised in the development of a Eucalyptus plant: the 'seedling', 'juvenile', 'intermediate', and 'adult' phases. However, no definite transitional point occurs between the phases. The intermediate phase, when the largest leaves are often formed, links

6132-946: The smell of the leaves. For koalas, these compounds are the most important factor in leaf choice. A wide variety of insects also feed exclusively on Eucalyptus leaves, such as beetles in the genus Paropsisterna . The eusocial beetle Austroplatypus incompertus makes and defends its galleries exclusively inside eucalypts, including some species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia . Fungal species Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria have been associated with leaf disease on various Eucalyptus species. Several fungal species from Teratosphaeriaceae family are causal agents in leaf diseases and stem cankers of Eucalyptus in Uruguay , and Australia . Eucalypts originated between 35 and 50 million years ago, not long after Australia-New Guinea separated from Gondwana , their rise coinciding with an increase in fossil charcoal deposits (suggesting that fire

6216-536: The species its name and wrote an unpublished description. The formal description was published in Flora Australiensis . In 1973, Lawrie Johnson and Donald Blaxell changed the name of Eucalyptus cannonii to E. macrorhyncha subsp. cannonii and the names of the two subspecies are accepted by the Australian Plant Census : The Wiradjuri people of New South Wales use the name gundhay for

6300-915: The species. Red stringybark occurs on ranges and tablelands of New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria, with a small, disjunct population in the Spring Gully Conservation Park south-west of Clare in South Australia. E.   macrorhyncha is listed as a least concern species with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as it is spread over a broad geographic range and has an estimated extent of occurrence of 702,982 km (271,423 sq mi) and an estimated area of occupancy of 2,228 km (860 sq mi). Although it

6384-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

6468-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

6552-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

6636-523: The two sides of the leaf blade are of unequal length and do not meet the petiole at the same place. E. obliqua was published in 1788–89, which coincided with the European colonisation of Australia. Between then and the turn of the 19th century, several more species of Eucalyptus were named and published. Most of these were by the English botanist James Edward Smith and most were, as might be expected, trees of

6720-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

6804-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

6888-669: The world. Eucalyptus regnans , the Australian 'mountain ash', is the tallest of all flowering plants ( angiosperms ); today, the tallest measured specimen named Centurion is 100.5 m (330 ft) tall. Coast Douglas-fir is about the same height; only coast redwood is taller, and they are conifers ( gymnosperms ). Six other eucalypt species exceed 80 metres in height: Eucalyptus obliqua , Eucalyptus delegatensis , Eucalyptus diversicolor , Eucalyptus nitens , Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus viminalis . Most eucalypts are not tolerant of severe cold. Eucalypts do well in

6972-650: Was a factor even then), but they remained a minor component of the Tertiary rainforest until about 20 million years ago, when the gradual drying of the continent and depletion of soil nutrients led to the development of a more open forest type, predominantly Casuarina and Acacia species. The two valuable timber trees, alpine ash E. delegatensis and Australian mountain ash E. regnans , are killed by fire and only regenerate from seed. The same 2003 bushfire that had little impact on forests around Canberra resulted in thousands of hectares of dead ash forests. However,

7056-466: Was first formally described in 1789 by Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle who published the description in his book Sertum Anglicum, seu, Plantae rariores quae in hortis juxta Londinum along with a description of the type species , Eucalyptus obliqua . The name Eucalyptus is derived from the Ancient Greek words "eu" meaning 'well' and "calyptos" 'covered', referring to the operculum covering

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