65-613: The Etruria Works was a ceramics factory opened by Josiah Wedgwood in 1769 in a district of Stoke-on-Trent , Staffordshire , England, which he named Etruria . The factory ran for 180 years, as part of the wider Wedgwood business. Wedgwood kept his old works in the nearby town of Burslem at the Ivy House Works and the Brick House Works (demolished – the Wedgwood Institute is built on its site). At least initially,
130-735: A Chair (all of whom are Fellows of the Royal Society ). Members of the 10 Sectional Committees change every three years to mitigate in-group bias . Each Sectional Committee covers different specialist areas including: New Fellows are admitted to the Society at a formal admissions day ceremony held annually in July, when they sign the Charter Book and the Obligation which reads: "We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise, that we will endeavour to promote
195-505: A color that was enriched and deepened with the addition of manganese to the clay. The designers employed by Wedgwood, of whom John Flaxman is the most famous, were able to adapt this classical art for the eighteenth-century market. The products of Wedgwood's factory were greatly admired in Britain and abroad. Some of Flaxman's designs are still in production today. Wedgwood used division of labour . The site, its appearance and organisation
260-482: A couple of years. Sir George Strickland, 6th Baronet, was asked for advice on getting models from Rome. Gilding was to prove unpopular, and around 1772, Wedgwood reduced the amount of "offensive gilding" in response to suggestions from Sir William Hamilton . When English society found the uncompromisingly naked figure of the classics "too warm" for their taste, and the ardor of the Greek gods too readily apparent, Wedgwood
325-682: A month the fashionable world thronged the rooms and blocked the streets with their carriages. (Catharine paid £2,700. It can still be seen in the Hermitage Museum . ) Strictly uneconomical in themselves, these productions offered huge advertising value. As a leading industrialist, Wedgwood was a major backer of the Trent and Mersey Canal dug between the River Trent and River Mersey , during which time he became friends with Erasmus Darwin . Later that decade, his burgeoning business caused him to move from
390-561: A professor of metallurgy . The older children first went to school in 1772; the boys to Hindley , while Sukey went to a dame school in Lancashire along with his niece, the daughter of Mrs. Willet. In 1774 he sent his son John to the Bolton boarding school trun by the Unitarian minister Philip Holland , followed by young Josiah the next year, and Tom in 1779. Wedgwood was keenly interested in
455-713: A surgeon, he was accommodated by Thomas Bentley , who would become his close business associate. While recuperating, he met the chemist Joseph Priestley , who became a close friend, and discussed his dissenting theological ideas. In May Wedgwood began a long correspondence with Bentley, writing from Burslem, and moved into larger premises, the Brick House Works and dwelling. Wedgwood had wooed his distant cousin Sarah (1734–1815) since first meeting her, but her father Richard wanted to ensure his prospective son-in-law had sufficient means, and insisted on long negotiation by attorneys over
520-538: Is also noted as an early adopter/founder of managerial accounting principles by Anthony Hopwood , professor of accounting and financial management at the London School of Economics , in "The Archaeology of Accounting Systems". The V&A historian Tristram Hunt called Wedgwood a "difficult, brilliant, creative entrepreneur whose personal drive and extraordinary gifts changed the way we work and live." The Adam Smith Institute states, " Steve Jobs and Elon Musk are
585-522: Is amazing how rapidly the use of it has spread all most [ sic ] over the whole Globe." He first opened a warehouse at Charles Street, Mayfair in London as early as 1765 and it soon became an integral part of his sales organization. In two years, his trade had outgrown his rooms in Grosvenor Square . In 1767, Wedgwood and Bentley drew up an agreement to divide decorative wares between them,
650-725: Is confirmed by the Council in April, and a secret ballot of Fellows is held at a meeting in May. A candidate is elected if they secure two-thirds of votes of those Fellows voting. An indicative allocation of 18 Fellowships can be allocated to candidates from Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences; and up to 10 from Applied Sciences, Human Sciences and Joint Physical and Biological Sciences. A further maximum of six can be 'Honorary', 'General' or 'Royal' Fellows. Nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by Sectional Committees, each with at least 12 members and
715-421: Is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society (a proposer and a seconder), who sign a certificate of proposal. Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer, which was criticised for supposedly establishing an old boy network and elitist gentlemen's club . The certificate of election (see for example ) includes a statement of the principal grounds on which
SECTION 10
#1732851453224780-631: Is remembered too for his Am I Not a Man And a Brother? anti-slavery medallion , which had been commissioned by Joseph Hooper, a founder of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade . The medallion used the design from that society. Wedgwood was a member of the Darwin–Wedgwood family , and he was the grandfather of Charles and Emma Darwin . There were several related Wedgwood families in
845-516: The Moonstones in Birmingham. Leaving his company and his fortune to his children, Wedgwood died at home, probably of cancer of the jaw , in 1795. He was buried three days later in the parish church of Stoke-upon-Trent . Seven years later a marble memorial tablet commissioned by his sons was installed there. One of the wealthiest entrepreneurs of the 18th century, Wedgwood created goods to meet
910-426: The post-nominal letters FRS . Every year, fellows elect up to ten new foreign members. Like fellows, foreign members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016 , there are around 165 foreign members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS . Honorary Fellowship is an honorary academic title awarded to candidates who have given distinguished service to
975-588: The (Green) Frog Service from Wedgwood, consisting of 952 pieces and over a thousand original paintings, for the Kekerekeksinen Palace ( palace on a frog swamp (in Finnish) ), later known as Chesme Palace . Most of the painting was carried out in Wedgwood's decorating studio at Chelsea. Its display, Wedgwood thought, 'would bring an immence [ sic ] number of People of Fashion into our Rooms. For over
1040-719: The Churchyard Works. Josiah resumed potter's wheel work for a year or two until his knee pains returned, causing him to turn to moulded ware and small ornaments. His brother thought his ideas of improvements unnecessary, and turned down his proposed partnership, so in 1751 or 1752 Josiah worked as a partner and manager in a pot-works near Stoke . Several potters locally used practical chemistry to innovate, and Wedgwood very soon went into partnership with Thomas Whieldon , who made high value small items such as snuff boxes . After six months of research and preparation, Wedgwood developed an exceptionally brilliant green glaze , and there
1105-540: The Etruria Works made the more expensive "ornamental" stonewares Wedgwood was developing, while Burslem continued to produce the cheaper "useful" wares, such as transfer-printed creamware . In 1767 Wedgwood paid about three thousand pounds for his new site, which was then known as the Ridgehouse Estate. It lay directly in the path of the Trent and Mersey Canal of which Wedgwood was a promoter. On one side of
1170-1811: The Royal Society ( FRS , ForMemRS and HonFRS ) is an award granted by the Fellows of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge , including mathematics , engineering science , and medical science ". Fellowship of the Society, the oldest known scientific academy in continuous existence, is a significant honour. It has been awarded to many eminent scientists throughout history, including Isaac Newton (1672), Benjamin Franklin (1756), Charles Babbage (1816), Michael Faraday (1824), Charles Darwin (1839), Ernest Rutherford (1903), Srinivasa Ramanujan (1918), Jagadish Chandra Bose (1920), Albert Einstein (1921), Paul Dirac (1930), Winston Churchill (1941), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1944), Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (1945), Dorothy Hodgkin (1947), Alan Turing (1951), Lise Meitner (1955), Satyendra Nath Bose (1958), and Francis Crick (1959). More recently, fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking (1974), David Attenborough (1983), Tim Hunt (1991), Elizabeth Blackburn (1992), Raghunath Mashelkar (1998), Tim Berners-Lee (2001), Venki Ramakrishnan (2003), Atta-ur-Rahman (2006), Andre Geim (2007), Bai Chunli (2014), James Dyson (2015), Ajay Kumar Sood (2015), Subhash Khot (2017), Elon Musk (2018), Elaine Fuchs (2019) and around 8,000 others in total, including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900. As of October 2018 , there are approximately 1,689 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members, of whom 85 are Nobel Laureates. Fellowship of
1235-439: The Royal Society has been described by The Guardian as "the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar " with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year. Up to 60 new Fellows (FRS), honorary (HonFRS) and foreign members (ForMemRS) are elected annually in late April or early May, from a pool of around 700 proposed candidates each year. New Fellows can only be nominated by existing Fellows for one of
1300-655: The Society, we shall be free from this Obligation for the future". Since 2014, portraits of Fellows at the admissions ceremony have been published without copyright restrictions in Wikimedia Commons under a more permissive Creative Commons license which allows wider re-use. In addition to the main fellowships of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS & HonFRS), other fellowships are available which are applied for by individuals, rather than through election. These fellowships are research grant awards and holders are known as Royal Society Research Fellows . In addition to
1365-451: The Trent and Mersey Canal. The new factory was built in 1938–40 and most of the old factory was demolished in the twentieth century after the Wedgwood company moved production to Barlaston. Little remains of the factory today, although one surviving structure has been protected since the 1970s as a listed building . Between 1986 and 2013 the local newspaper The Sentinel was based on part of
SECTION 20
#17328514532241430-511: The abolition-of-slavery cause. His anti-slavery medallion, which had been commissioned by Joseph Hooper, a founder of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade , brought public attention to abolitionism. Wedgwood reproduced the design in a cameo with the black figure against a white background and donated hundreds to the society for distribution. Thomas Clarkson wrote: "ladies wore them in bracelets, and others had them fitted up in an ornamental manner as pins for their hair. At length
1495-482: The business model with innovations that have continued into the present. "[Wedgwood] is someone who commercialised creativity. He made an industry of his talent." — Sir Howard Stringer , chairman of Sony Corporation , 2012. For devising a number of sales methods, historian Judith Flanders in The New York Times called him "among the greatest and most innovative retailers the world has ever seen". He
1560-488: The business. As a result of the close association that grew up between the Wedgwood and Darwin families, Josiah's eldest daughter would later marry Erasmus' son. To clinch his position as leader of the new fashion, he sought out the famous Barberini vase as the final test of his technical skill. Wedgwood's obsession was to duplicate the Portland Vase , a blue-and-white glass vase dating to the first century BC. He worked on
1625-518: The canal Wedgwood built a large house, Etruria Hall and on the other side the factory. His architect was Joseph Pickford . The motto of the Etruria works was Artes Etruriae Renascuntur . This may be translated from the Latin as "The Arts of Etruria are reborn". Wedgwood was inspired by ancient pottery then generally described as Etruscan , but now known to be mostly Ancient Greek pottery . In particular, he
1690-511: The canal opened in June 1769, in July the family moved there. For several months they stayed in Little Etruria, a house built for Bentley's use, then they moved into the just competed Etruria Hall . As a Unitarian, aware of legal constraints on nonconformists getting education, Wedgwood supported dissenting academies such as Warrington Academy , where he gave lectures on chemistry, and was made
1755-597: The cause of science, but do not have the kind of scientific achievements required of Fellows or Foreign Members. Honorary Fellows include the World Health Organization's Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (2022), Bill Bryson (2013), Melvyn Bragg (2010), Robin Saxby (2015), David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville (2008), Onora O'Neill (2007), John Maddox (2000), Patrick Moore (2001) and Lisa Jardine (2015). Honorary Fellows are entitled to use
1820-687: The company's works for posterity, with the collection later put into the Wedgwood Museum . In 2009, the museum won a UK Art Fund Prize for Museums and Art Galleries (Museum of the Year) for its displays of Wedgwood pottery, skills, designs and artefacts. In 2011, the archive of the museum was inscribed in UNESCO 's UK Memory of the World Register . Wedgwood was a prominent slavery abolitionist . His friendship with Thomas Clarkson – abolitionist campaigner and
1885-509: The daughter of Josiah Stringer, a dissenting minister whose church had been outlawed by the Corporation Act , but preached occasionally. The young Thomas and Mary moved to a small pot-works producing moulded ware , then after his father died in 1716 they moved back to the Churchyard Works. Their first son, Thomas , was born in 1716, Catherine was born in 1726, and Josiah was their thirteenth and last child. The children were baptised in
1950-557: The demands of the consumer revolution and growth in prosperity that helped drive the Industrial Revolution in Britain. He is credited as a pioneer of modern marketing , specifically direct mail , money-back guarantees , travelling salesmen , carrying pattern boxes for display, self-service , free delivery, buy one get one free , and illustrated catalogues. He is the subject of Brian Dolan's 2004 book, Wedgwood: The First Tycoon , in which Dolan explains how he revolutionised
2015-524: The designs of his wares in tune with current fashion. He was an early adopter of transfer printing which gave similar effects to hand-painting for a far lower cost. Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution that helped drive the Industrial Revolution in Britain, Wedgwood is credited as a pioneer of modern marketing . He pioneered direct mail , money-back guarantees , self-service , free delivery, buy one get one free , and illustrated catalogues. A prominent abolitionist fighting slavery, Wedgwood
Etruria Works - Misplaced Pages Continue
2080-427: The domestic wares being sold on Wedgwood's behalf. A special display room was built to beguile the fashionable company. Wedgwood's in fact had become one of the most fashionable meeting places in London. His workers had to work day and night to satisfy the demand, and the crowds of visitors showed no sign of abating. The proliferating decoration, the exuberant colours, and the universal gilding of rococo were banished,
2145-515: The fellowships described below: Every year, up to 52 new fellows are elected from the United Kingdom, the rest of the Commonwealth of Nations , and Ireland, which make up around 90% of the society. Each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use
2210-454: The fifth generation of a family of potters whose traditional occupation continued through another five generations. Wedgwood's company is still a famous name in pottery (as part of the Fiskars group), and "Wedgwood China" is sometimes used as a term for his Jasperware , the coloured pottery with applied relief decoration (usually white). As early as 1774, Wedgwood began preserving samples of all
2275-652: The first historian of the British abolition movement – aroused his interest in slavery [The above seems to be a closed arguement and unlikely to be true. Jospeh Hooper and Erasmus Darwin knew each other well, via the Medical Society of London, before Clarkson and Wedgwood became involved in the abolition movement. John Fothergill was their mentor as young Doctors. Darwin must have introduced Wedgwood to Hooper, and through Hooper, Wedgwood and Clarkson would have become known to one another]. Wedgwood mass-produced cameos depicting
2340-530: The good of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, and to pursue the ends for which the same was founded; that we will carry out, as far as we are able, those actions requested of us in the name of the Council; and that we will observe the Statutes and Standing Orders of the said Society. Provided that, whensoever any of us shall signify to the President under our hands, that we desire to withdraw from
2405-508: The marriage settlement. Then, "Jos" and "Sally" were married on 25 January 1764 at Astbury parish church, near Congleton. They had eight children: During negotiations for the proposed Trent and Mersey Canal , Wedgwood met and befriended Erasmus Darwin (Robert's father), whose family long remembered as saying that Unitarianism was "a feather-bed to catch a falling Christian". After more problems with his knee, Wedgwood had his leg amputated on 28 May 1768. The Etruria Works built at
2470-511: The original or merely possessed a Wedgwood copy mattered little to Wedgwood's customers. In 1773 they published the first Ornamental Catalogue , an illustrated catalogue of shapes. A plaque, in Wedgwood's blue pottery style, marking the site of his London showrooms between 1774 and 1795 in Wedgwood Mews, is located at 12, Greek Street , London, W1 . In 1773, Empress Catherine the Great ordered
2535-462: The parish church; Josiah was baptised on 12 July 1730, probably his date of birth. Though her husband continued to occupy the pew, Mary brought them up with the values taught by her father, who held that "knowledge based on reason, experience, and experiment was preferable to dogma." Josiah went with the others to dame school then, around 1737 when able to walk to and from Newcastle-under-Lyme about 3 miles (4.8 km) distant, he went with them to
2600-509: The post nominal letters HonFRS . Statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997. Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough (1983) and John Palmer, 4th Earl of Selborne (1991). The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British royal family for election as Royal Fellow of the Royal Society . As of 2023 there are four royal fellows: Elizabeth II
2665-654: The project for three years, eventually producing what he considered a satisfactory copy in 1789. In 1784, Wedgwood was exporting nearly 80% of his total produce. By 1790, he had sold his wares in every city in Europe. To give his customers a greater feeling of the rarity of his goods, he strictly limited the number of jaspers on display in his rooms at any given time, a sales technique detailed by Cambridge professor Neil McKendrick in "Josiah Wedgwood: An Eighteenth-Century Entrepreneur in Salesmanship and Marketing Techniques". He
Etruria Works - Misplaced Pages Continue
2730-546: The proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations made each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership. The Council of the Royal Society oversees the selection process and appoints 10 subject area committees, known as Sectional Committees, to recommend the strongest candidates for election to the Fellowship. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates
2795-464: The royal association in his paperwork and stationery. Anything Wedgwood made for the Queen was automatically exhibited before it was delivered. In 1764, he received his first order from abroad. Wedgwood marketed his Queen's Ware at affordable prices, everywhere in the world British trading ships sailed. In 1767 he wrote, "The demand for this sd. Creamcolour, Alias, Queen Ware, Alias, Ivory, still increases – It
2860-496: The school there of Mr and Mrs Blunt, who were reputably Puritans . After his father died in June 1739, Josiah finished school then, at about the usual age, began an informal apprenticeship and learnt to "throw" pots on the potter's wheel . When nearly twelve, he suffered a severe bout of smallpox which affected his right knee, but recovered sufficiently to get a formal indenture on 11 November 1744, serving as an apprentice potter under his eldest brother Thomas, who had taken over
2925-451: The scientific advances of his day and it was this interest that underpinned his adoption of its approach and methods to revolutionise the quality of his pottery. His unique glazes began to distinguish his wares from anything else on the market. By 1763, he was receiving orders from the highest-ranking people, including Queen Charlotte . Wedgwood convinced her to let him name the line of pottery she had purchased " Queen's Ware ", and trumpeted
2990-545: The seal for the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade and had them widely distributed, which thereby became a popular and celebrated image. The Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion was, according to the BBC , "the most famous image of a black person in all of 18th-century art". The actual design of the cameo was probably done by either William Hackwood or Henry Webber who were modellers at his factory. From 1787 until his death in 1795, Wedgwood actively participated in
3055-515: The site. As well as The Sentinel , the print plant in Etruria was responsible for printing Northern editions of the Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday . Josiah Wedgwood Josiah Wedgwood FRS (12 July 1730 – 3 January 1795) was an English potter , entrepreneur and abolitionist . Founding the Wedgwood company in 1759, he developed improved pottery bodies by systematic experimentation, and
3120-448: The smaller Ivy Works to the newly built Etruria Works , which would run for 180 years. The factory was named after the Etruria district of Italy, where black porcelain dating to Etruscan times was being excavated. Wedgwood found this porcelain inspiring, and his first major commercial success was its duplication with what he called "Black Basalt". He combined experiments in his art and in
3185-463: The spiritual heirs of Josiah Wedgwood, developing and promoting the new products and processes that will enrich our world with new opportunities". He was a friend, and commercial rival, of the potter John Turner the elder ; their works have sometimes been misattributed. For the further comfort of his foreign buyers he employed French-, German-, Italian- and Dutch-speaking clerks and answered their letters in their native tongue. Wedgwood belonged to
3250-587: The splendours of baroque became distasteful; the intricacies of chinoiserie lost their favour. The demand was for purity, simplicity and antiquity. To encourage this outward spread of fashion and to speed it on its way Wedgwood set up warehouses and showrooms at Bath, Liverpool and Dublin in addition to his showrooms at Etruria and in Westminster . Great care was taken in timing the openings, and new goods were held back to increase their effect. The most important of Wedgwood's early achievements in vase production
3315-493: The taste for wearing them became general, and thus fashion, which usually confines itself to worthless things, was seen for once in the honourable office of promoting the cause of justice, humanity and freedom". The design on the medallion became popular and was used elsewhere: large-scale copies were painted to hang on walls and it was used on clay tobacco pipes. Fellow of the Royal Society Fellowship of
SECTION 50
#17328514532243380-536: The technique of mass production with an interest in improved roads, canals, schools, and living conditions. At Etruria, he even built a village for his workers. The motto, Sic fortis Etruria crevit ("Thus Etruria grew strong"), was inscribed over the main entrance to the works. Not long after the new works opened, continuing trouble with his smallpox-afflicted knee made necessary the amputation of his right leg. In 1780, his long-time business partner Thomas Bentley died, and Wedgwood turned to Darwin for help in running
3445-400: The village of Burslem , which around 1650 was the main centre of Staffordshire Potteries . Each pot-works had one bottle kiln . Thomas Wedgwood set up the Churchyard Works, near St John's parish church . In 1679 the business went to his son of the same name, master potter and churchwarden who bought a family pew , whose son Thomas , born in 1685, married Mary Stringer around 1710. She was
3510-427: The way in the use of Wedgwood plaques. Wedgwood hoped to monopolise the aristocratic market and thus win for his wares a special social cachet that would filter to all classes of society. Wedgwood fully realised the value of such a lead and made the most of it by giving his pottery the name of its patron: Queensware, Royal Pattern, Russian pattern, Bedford , Oxford and Chetwynd vases for instance. Whether they owned
3575-468: Was a friend of Willet. Around 1759, Wedgwood expanded his Burslem business, renting Ivy House Works and cottage from his distant cousins John and Thomas. They were often visited by their brother Richard Wedgwood, a wealthy Congleton cheesemonger, along with his daughter Sarah. She had been well educated, as was Unitarian practice, soon "Jos" wrote to his "loving Sally". On a business trip in 1762, Wedgwood had another knee accident. After attention from
3640-402: Was already in development as the Etruria works were being built and came on the market in 1768. As with the black, burnished and unglazed bucchero pottery characteristic of genuinely Etruscan ceramics, Wedgwood's "Black Basaltes " were fired in a reducing atmosphere, achieved by closing vents, where the oxygen-starved flames drew off the oxygen from iron oxides, rendering the ceramic body black,
3705-494: Was documented in Artes Etruriae renascuntur; a record of the historical old works at Etruria as they exist today, forming an [ sic ] unique example of an eighteenth century English factory (1920). There is a description of Etruria in the 1930s in J. B. Priestley 's English Journey . By this time the site was affected by mining subsidence, and plans were drawn for a new factory at Barlaston some miles south on
3770-512: Was elected to the Royal Society in 1783 for the development of the pyrometric device (a type of pyrometer ) working on the principle of clay contraction (see Wedgwood scale for details) to measure the high temperatures which are reached in kilns during the firing of ceramics. He was an active member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham , often held at Erasmus Darwin House , and is remembered on
3835-691: Was immediate demand for products with this glaze. Like his partner, Wedgwood occasionally took samples to Birmingham wholesalers to get orders, making business contacts. Unfortunately a knee injury spread to general inflammation, forcing him to convalesce in his room for several months. He took this as an opportunity to extend his education, reading literature and science books. His studies were helped by repeated visits from Wiliam Willet, minister of Newcastle-under-Lyme Meeting House , who had married Wedgwood's sister Catherine in 1754; "a man of extensive learning and general acquirements". Josiah attended this English Presbyterian chapel, later known as Unitarian , and
3900-460: Was interested in the painted vases which Sir William Hamilton began to collect in the 1760s while serving as British Ambassador to the Kingdom of Naples . Hamilton's collections were published as Etruscan, although the term was a misnomer, as many of the "Etruscan" items turned out to be pottery of ancient Greece . More authentically Etruscan in inspiration was Wedgwood's black basalt stoneware, which
3965-421: Was not a Royal Fellow, but provided her patronage to the society, as all reigning British monarchs have done since Charles II of England . Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1951) was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow. The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination and a period of peer-reviewed selection. Each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership
SECTION 60
#17328514532244030-414: Was quick to cloak their pagan immodesty – gowns for the girls and fig leaves for the gods were usually sufficient. Just as he felt that his flowerpots would sell more if they were called "Duchess of Devonshire flowerpots", his creamware more if called Queensware, so he longed for Brown, James Wyatt , and the brothers Adam to lead the architect in the use of his chimneypieces and for George Stubbs to lead
4095-434: Was quickly copied. Having once achieved efficiency in production, he obtained efficiencies in sales and distribution. His showrooms in London gave the public the chance to see his complete range of tableware . Wedgwood's company never made porcelain during his lifetime, but specialised in fine earthenwares and stonewares that had many of the same qualities, but were considerably cheaper. He made great efforts to keep
4160-452: Was the leader in the industrialisation of the manufacture of European pottery . The renewed classical enthusiasms of the late 1760s and early 1770s were of major importance to his sales promotion. His expensive goods were in much demand from the upper classes, while he used emulation effects to market cheaper sets to the rest of society. Every new invention that Wedgwood produced – green glaze, creamware , black basalt, and jasperware –
4225-564: Was the perfection of the black stoneware body, which he called "basalt". This body could imitate the colour and shapes of Etruscan or Greek vases which were being excavated in Italy. In 1769, "vases was all the cry" in London; he opened a new factory called Etruria , north of Stoke. Wedgwood became what he wished to be: "Vase Maker General to the Universe". Around 1771, he started to experiment with Jasperware , but he did not advertise this new product for
#223776