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68-916: (Redirected from Eternal Light ) Eternal Light or eternal light may refer to Sanctuary lamp , shines before the altar of religious sanctuaries The Eternal Light , 1944–89 NBC radio program on Jewish themes Eternal Light (video game) , formerly titled Witches , combat game developed by Revistronic, cancelled in 2011 Eternal light mushroom ( Mycena luxaeterna ) bioluminescent fungus Eternal Light Flagstaff , 1923 monumental flagstaff in Madison Square, Manhattan, New York Eternal Light Peace Memorial , 1938 Gettysburg Battlefield monument Palace Theater Light , an incandescent light bulb in Fort Worth, Texas, continuously operating since 1908 See also [ edit ] Lux Aeterna (disambiguation) (from

136-462: A Chanukiah (the modern Israeli term). Some families use an oil lamp menorah (traditionally filled with olive oil) for Hanukkah; like the candle version, it has eight wicks to light plus the additional shammash light. In the United States, Hanukkah became a more visible festival in the public sphere from the 1970s when Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson called for public awareness and observance of

204-581: A Hanukkah menorah ( Hanukkiyah ), which has nine branches. This includes the shamash used to light the other eight flames (candles or oil wicks), evoking the story. Some Christian churches have at least one lamp continually burning before the tabernacle , not only as an ornament, but for the purpose of worship. The General Instruction of the Roman Missal of the Catholic Church , for instance, states (in 316): “In accordance with traditional custom, near

272-620: A Jewish festival commemorating the recovery of Jerusalem and subsequent rededication of the Second Temple at the beginning of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BCE. Hanukkah is observed for eight nights and days, starting on the 25th day of Kislev according to the Hebrew calendar , which may occur at any time from late November to late December in

340-523: A suzerainty over Judea, where they respected Jewish culture and protected Jewish institutions. This policy was drastically reversed by Antiochus IV Epiphanes , the son of Antiochus III, seemingly after what was either a dispute over leadership of the Temple in Jerusalem and the office of High Priest , or possibly a revolt whose nature was lost to time after being crushed. In 175 BCE, Antiochus IV invaded Judea at

408-555: A Greek official who was to enforce the government's behest (1 Mac. 2, 24–25 ). Judah became known as Yehuda HaMakabi ("Judah the Hammer"). By 166 BCE, Mattathias had died, and Judah took his place as leader. By 164 BCE, the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid monarchy was successful. The Temple was liberated and rededicated. The festival of Hanukkah was instituted to celebrate this event. Judah ordered

476-523: A fast [on those days], and anyone who has a vow to perform, let him perform it. The Al HaNissim prayer is recited on Hanukkah as an addition to the Amidah prayer, which was formalized in the late 1st century. Al HaNissim describes the history of the holiday as follows: The Jewish historian Titus Flavius Josephus narrates in his book, Jewish Antiquities XII, how the victorious Judas Maccabeus ordered lavish yearly eight-day festivities after rededicating

544-629: A group of Jews known as the Masoretes between the 7th and 10th centuries of the Common Era ). However, the books of Maccabees were included among the deuterocanonical books added to the Septuagint , a Jewish scholarly Greek-language translation of the Hebrew Bible originally compiled in the mid- 3rd century BCE . The Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches consider the books of Maccabees as a canonical part of

612-540: A historical event. This belief has been adopted by most of Orthodox Judaism , in as much as Karo's Shulchan Aruch is a main code of Jewish Law. The menorah first began to be used as a symbol of Judaism in the Hasmonean period – appearing on coins issued by Hasmonean king Mattathias Antigonus between 40 and 37 BCE, but these coins depict a seven-branched Temple menorah , not a nine-branched vessel that would correspond to an eight-day oil miracle. Selected battles between

680-499: A medal earned by scouts for meeting certain requirements of religious activity and education, is called the Ner Tamid . A song by Matisyahu called Aish Tamid ("eternal flame") that appears in his albums Shake Off the Dust... Arise (2004) and Live at Stubb's (2006). Hanukkah Hanukkah ( / ˈ h ɑː n ə k ə / ; חֲנֻכָּה ‎ Ḥănukkā listen ) is

748-508: A miracle was wrought therein, and they lit [the lamp] therewith for eight days. The following year these [days] were appointed a Festival with [the recital of] Hallel and thanksgiving." —Shabbat 21b Tertiary sources in the Jewish tradition make reference to this account. Maimonides (12th century) described Hanukkah as follows: When, on the twenty-fifth of Kislev, the Jews had emerged victorious over their foes and destroyed them, they re-entered

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816-692: A prominent window or near the door leading to the street. It is customary amongst some Ashkenazi Jews to have a separate menorah for each family member (customs vary), whereas most Sephardi Jews light one for the whole household. Only when there was danger of antisemitic persecution were lamps supposed to be hidden from public view, as was the case in Persia under the rule of the Zoroastrians , or in parts of Europe before and during World War II. However, most Hasidic groups light lamps near an inside doorway, not necessarily in public view. According to this tradition,

884-458: A solemn vow, they and the sons of Israel, all of them, to publish amongst the sons of Israel, [to the end] that they might observe these eight days of joy and honour, as the days of the feasts written in [the book of] the Law; [even] to light in them so as to make known to those who come after them that their God wrought for them salvation from heaven. In them, it is not permitted to mourn, neither to decree

952-486: A total of three blessings. The first blessing is recited before the candles are lit, and while most recite the other blessing(s) beforehand as well, some have the custom to recite them after. On the first night of Hanukkah one light (candle or oil) is lit on the right side of the menorah, on the following night a second light is placed to the left of the first but it is lit first, and so on, proceeding from placing candles right to left but lighting them from left to right over

1020-474: A traditional religion. The miracle of the oil is widely regarded as a legend and its authenticity has been questioned since the Middle Ages. However, given the famous question Joseph Karo (1488–1575) posed concerning why Hanukkah is celebrated for eight days when the miracle was only for seven days (since there was enough oil for one day), it was clear that writing in the 16th century CE, he believed it to be

1088-585: Is central to one of many stories behind the celebration of the Jewish festival of Hanukkah . When the ancient Maccabees rebelled and reclaimed the Temple in Jerusalem , they rekindled the eternal light. However, there was only enough oil to keep the flame burning for one day, and it took eight days to bring new oil. Miraculously, according to the narrative in the Talmud , the flame continued burning until new oil arrived. Modern Jewish celebrations of Hanukkah include lighting

1156-504: Is described in the Talmud , committed to writing about 600 years after the events described in the books of Maccabees. The Talmud says that after the forces of Antiochus IV had been driven from the Temple, the Maccabees discovered that almost all of the ritual olive oil had been profaned. They found only a single container that was still sealed by the High Priest , with enough oil to keep

1224-416: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sanctuary lamp And thou shalt command the children of Israel, that they bring thee pure oil olive beaten for the light, to cause the lamp to burn always. In the tabernacle of the congregation without the veil, which is before the testimony, Aaron and his sons shall order it from evening to morning before

1292-508: Is forbidden. It specifies, "On the 25th of [Kislev] is Hanukkah of eight days, and one is not to eulogize" and then references the story of the rededication of the Temple. The Mishna (late 2nd century) mentions Hanukkah in several places, but never describes its laws in detail and never mentions any aspect of the history behind it. To explain the Mishna's lack of a systematic discussion of Hanukkah, Nissim ben Jacob postulated that information on

1360-584: Is not prescribed. This serves to distinguish this light from various other votive lights within the church. In the Catholic Church, red is widely used despite the preference for white expressed by Fortescue . The custom of multiple lights in odd numbers (i.e., three, five, seven, or more) in place of a single lamp has become rarer, though it is still seen in some older Catholic churches and in Eastern Christianity. The lamp may hang by rope or chain over

1428-553: Is the first letter in the Hebrew spelling, is pronounced differently in modern Hebrew ( voiceless uvular fricative ) from in classical Hebrew ( voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ ħ ] ), and neither of those sounds is unambiguously representable in English spelling. However, its original sound is closer to the English H than to the Scottish Ch , and Hanukkah more accurately represents

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1496-409: Is to publicize the miracle. The blessings for Hanukkah lights are discussed in tractate Succah, p. 46a. Megillat Antiochus (probably composed in the 2nd century ) concludes with the following words: ...After this, the sons of Israel went up to the Temple and rebuilt its gates and purified the Temple from the dead bodies and from the defilement. And they sought after pure olive oil to light

1564-564: The Festival of Lights ( חַג הַאוּרִים ‎, Ḥag HaUrim ), based on a comment by Josephus in Antiquities of the Jews , καὶ ἐξ ἐκείνου μέχρι τοῦ δεῦρο τὴν ἑορτὴν ἄγομεν καλοῦντες αὐτὴν φῶτα "And from then on we celebrate this festival, and we call it Lights". The first Hebrew translation of Antiquities (1864) used ( חַג הַמְּאֹרוֹת ‎) "Festival of Lamps", but the translation "Festival of Lights" ( חַג הַאוּרִים ‎) appeared by

1632-505: The Gregorian calendar . The festival is observed by lighting the candles of a candelabrum with nine branches, commonly called a menorah or hanukkiah. One branch is typically placed above or below the others and its candle is used to light the other eight candles. This unique candle is called the shammash ( שַׁמָּשׁ ‎, "attendant"). Each night, one additional candle is lit by the shammash until all eight candles are lit together on

1700-646: The Old Testament is when God instructed Moses to have a lamp with pure oil perpetually burn in the Tabernacle (Exodus 27:20-21). This is the precedent for the Catholic custom of burning a candle before the tabernacle, which should be immobile and locked to prevent theft and Host desecration , as well as whenever transporting the Sacrament anywhere. Such sanctuary or tabernacle lamps are most often coloured red, though this

1768-603: The Septuagint to refer specifically to Hanukkah. This Greek word was chosen because the Hebrew word for 'consecration' or 'dedication' is Hanukkah ( חנכה ). The Aramaic New Testament uses the Aramaic word hawdata (a close synonym), which literally means 'renewal' or 'to make new'. After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE , Judea became part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt until 200 BCE, when King Antiochus III

1836-575: The chancel of Lutheran and Methodist churches to indicate the presence of Christ in the sanctuary, as well as a belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist . The sanctuary lamp may also be found in Eastern Orthodox Churches . Other Christian denominations burn the lamp to show that the light of Christ always burns in a sin-darkened world. A main influence from Judaism in

1904-435: The mitzvah , the number of lights lit is increased by one each night. An extra light called a shammash , meaning "attendant" or "sexton," is also lit each night, and is given a distinct location, usually higher, lower, or to the side of the others. Among Ashkenazim the tendency is for every male member of the household (and in many families, girls as well) to light a full set of lights each night, while among Sephardim

1972-424: The shammash candle would be available, and one would avoid using the prohibited lights. Some, especially Ashkenazim, light the shammash candle first and then use it to light the others. So altogether, including the shammash , two lights are lit on the first night, three on the second and so on, ending with nine on the last night, for a total of 44 (36, excluding the shammash ). It is Sephardic custom not to light

2040-523: The Great of Syria defeated King Ptolemy V Epiphanes of Egypt at the Battle of Panium . Judea then became part of the Seleucid Empire of Syria. King Antiochus III the Great, wanting to conciliate his new Jewish subjects, guaranteed their right to "live according to their ancestral customs" and to continue to practice their religion in the Temple of Jerusalem. The Seleucids, like the Ptolemies before them, held

2108-473: The Jews with a great army, and took their city by force, and slew a great multitude of those that favored Ptolemy, and sent out his soldiers to plunder them without mercy. He also spoiled the temple, and put a stop to the constant practice of offering a daily sacrifice of expiation for three years and six months. When the Second Temple in Jerusalem was looted and services stopped, Judaism was outlawed. In 167 BCE, Antiochus ordered an altar to Zeus erected in

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2176-483: The LORD: it shall be a statute for ever unto their generations on the behalf of the children of Israel. ( KJV ) In Judaism, the sanctuary lamp is known as a Ner Tamid ( Hebrew , “eternal flame” or “eternal light”), Hanging or standing in front of the ark in every Jewish synagogue , it is meant to represent the menorah of the Temple in Jerusalem , as well as the perpetual fire kept on the altar of burnt offerings before

2244-609: The Latin for "eternal light") Forugh-e Javidan (disambiguation) (from the Persian for "eternal light") Amar Deep (disambiguation) (from the Sanskrit for "eternal light/lamp") Peak of eternal light , point on a body within the Solar System which is always in sunlight Eternal flame (disambiguation) There Is a Light That Never Goes Out , song by The Smiths Topics referred to by

2312-645: The Maccabean Jews and the Hellenized Jews in Jerusalem. These competed violently over who would be the High Priest, with traditionalists with Hebrew/Aramaic names like Onias contesting with Hellenizing High Priests with Greek names like Jason and Menelaus . In particular, Jason's Hellenistic reforms would prove to be a decisive factor leading to eventual conflict within the ranks of Judaism. Other authors point to possible socioeconomic reasons in addition to

2380-436: The Maccabean Jews regained control of Jerusalem and rededicated the Temple. Many homiletical explanations have been given for the name: In Hebrew , the word Hanukkah is written חֲנֻכָּה ‎ or חֲנוּכָּה ‎ ( Ḥănukā ). It is most commonly transliterated to English as Hanukkah or Chanukah . The spelling Hanukkah , which is based on using characters of the English alphabet as symbols to re-create

2448-511: The Maccabees and the Seleucid Syrian-Greeks: Hanukkah is celebrated with a series of rituals that are performed every day throughout the eight-day holiday, some are family-based and others communal. There are special additions to the daily prayer service , and a section is added to the blessing after meals . Hanukkah is not a "Sabbath-like" holiday, and there is no obligation to refrain from activities that are forbidden on

2516-460: The Old Testament. The eight-day rededication of the temple is described in 1 Maccabees, though the miracle of the oil does not appear here. A story similar in character, and older in date, is the one alluded to in 2 Maccabees according to which the relighting of the altar fire by Nehemiah was due to a miracle which occurred on the 25th of Kislev, and which appears to be given as the reason for

2584-700: The Sabbath , as specified in the Shulkhan Arukh . Adherents go to work as usual but may leave early in order to be home to kindle the lights at nightfall. There is no religious reason for schools to be closed, although in Israel schools close from the second day for the whole week of Hanukkah. Many families exchange gifts each night, such as books or games, and "Hanukkah Gelt" is often given to children. Fried foods—such as latkes (potato pancakes), jelly doughnuts ( sufganiyot ) and Sephardic bimuelos —are eaten to commemorate

2652-703: The Temple in Jerusalem that had been profaned by Antiochus IV Epiphanes . Josephus does not say the festival was called Hanukkah but rather the "Festival of Lights": In the New Testament , John 10:22–23 says, "Then came the Festival of Dedication at Jerusalem. It was winter, and Jesus was in the temple courts walking in Solomon's Colonnade " (NIV). The Greek noun used appears in the neuter plural as "the renewals" or "the consecrations" ( Ancient Greek : τὰ ἐγκαίνια ; ta enkaínia ). The same root appears in 2 Esdras 6:16 in

2720-615: The Temple to be cleansed, a new altar to be built in place of the polluted one and new holy vessels to be made. According to the Talmud, "For when the Greeks entered the Sanctuary, they defiled all the oils therein, and when the Hasmonean dynasty prevailed against and defeated them, they made search and found only one cruse of oil which lay with the seal of the kohen gadol (high priest), but which contained sufficient [oil] for one day's lighting only; yet

2788-463: The Temple where they found only one jar of pure oil, enough to be lit for only a single day; yet they used it for lighting the required set of lamps for eight days, until they managed to press olives and produce pure oil. Because of this, the sages of that generation ruled that the eight days beginning with the twenty-fifth of Kislev should be observed as days of rejoicing and praising the Lord. Lamps are lit in

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2856-478: The Temple. It also symbolizes God's eternal presence, and is thus never extinguished, and to draw parallels between God and fire or light as emphasized throughout Exodus in the Torah . These lights are never allowed to dim or go out, and in case of electric problems, alternative emergency power is used to prevent them from extinguishing. Though once fuelled by oil, most today are electric lights. The eternal light

2924-446: The Temple. He banned brit milah (circumcision) and ordered pigs to be sacrificed at the altar of the temple. Antiochus's actions provoked a large-scale revolt . Mattathias (Mattityahu), a Jewish priest , and his five sons Jochanan , Simeon , Eleazar , Jonathan , and Judah led a rebellion against Antiochus. It started with Mattathias killing first a Jew who wanted to comply with Antiochus's order to sacrifice to Zeus, and then

2992-480: The corresponding obligations, and is therefore a relatively minor holiday in strictly religious terms. Nevertheless, Hanukkah has attained major cultural significance in North America and elsewhere, especially among secular Jews, due to often occurring around the same time as Christmas during the festive season . The name "Hanukkah" derives from the Hebrew verb " חנך ‎", meaning "to dedicate". On Hanukkah,

3060-576: The end of the nineteenth century. The story of Hanukkah is told in the books of the First and Second Maccabees , which describe in detail the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem and the lighting of the menorah . These books, however, are not a part of the canonized Masoretic Text version of the Tanakh (Hebrew and Aramaic language Jewish Bible) used and accepted by normative Rabbinical Judaism and therefore modern Jews (as copied, edited and distributed by

3128-441: The evening over the doors of the homes, on each of the eight nights, so as to display the miracle. These days are called Hanukkah, when it is forbidden to lament or to fast, just as it is on the days of Purim. Lighting the lamps during the eight days of Hanukkah is a religious duty imposed by the sages. Some modern scholars, following the account in 2 Maccabees, observe that the king was intervening in an internal civil war between

3196-486: The festival and encouraged the lighting of public menorahs . The reason for the Hanukkah lights is not for the "lighting of the house within", but rather for the "illumination of the house without," so that passersby should see it and be reminded of the holiday's miracle (i.e. that the sole cruse of pure oil found which held enough oil to burn for one night actually burned for eight nights). Accordingly, lamps are set up at

3264-441: The final night of the festival. Other Hanukkah festivities include singing Hanukkah songs , playing the game of dreidel and eating oil-based foods, such as latkes and sufganiyot , and dairy foods. Since the 1970s, the worldwide Chabad Hasidic movement has initiated public menorah lightings in open public places in many countries. Originally instituted as a feast "in the manner of Sukkot (Booths)", it does not come with

3332-640: The holiday was so commonplace that the Mishna felt no need to explain it. Modern scholar Reuvein Margolies suggests that as the Mishnah was redacted after the Bar Kochba revolt , its editors were reluctant to include explicit discussion of a holiday celebrating another relatively recent revolt against a foreign ruler, for fear of antagonizing the Romans. The miracle of the one-day supply of oil miraculously lasting eight days

3400-450: The importance of oil during the celebration of Hanukkah. Some also have a custom of eating dairy products to remember Judith and how she overcame Holofernes by feeding him cheese, which made him thirsty, and giving him wine to drink. When Holofernes became very drunk, Judith cut off his head . Each night throughout the eight-day holiday, a candle or oil-based light is lit. As a universally practiced "beautification" ( hiddur mitzvah ) of

3468-503: The lamps are placed on the opposite side from the mezuzah , so people passing through the door are surrounded by the holiness of mitzvot (the commandments ). Generally, women are exempt in Jewish law from time-bound positive commandments, although the Talmud requires that women engage in the mitzvah of lighting Hanukkah candles "for they too were involved in the miracle." Some Jews in North America and Israel have taken up environmental concerns in relation to Hanukkah's "miracle of

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3536-499: The lamps therewith, but could not find any, except one bowl that was sealed with the signet ring of the High Priest from the days of Samuel the prophet and they knew that it was pure. There was in it [enough oil] to light [the lamps therewith] for one day, but the God of heaven whose name dwells there put therein his blessing and they were able to light from it eight days. Therefore, the sons of Ḥashmonai made this covenant and took upon themselves

3604-538: The lighting of the Shabbat candles. Therefore, the Hanukkah menorah is lit first with larger candles than usual, followed by the Shabbat candles . At the end of the Shabbat, there are those who light the Hanukkah lights before Havdalah and those who make Havdalah before the lighting Hanukkah lights. If for whatever reason one didn't light at sunset or nightfall, the lights should be kindled later, as long as there are people in

3672-402: The menorah in the Temple lit for a single day. They used this, yet it burned for eight days (the time it took to have new oil pressed and made ready). The Talmud presents three options: Except in times of danger, the lights were to be placed outside one's door, on the opposite side of the mezuza , or in the window closest to the street. Rashi , in a note to Shabbat 21b, says their purpose

3740-405: The obligation of publicizing the miracle by the presence of their Hasidim when they kindle the lights. Inexpensive small wax candles sold for Hanukkah burn for approximately half an hour so should be lit no earlier than nightfall. Friday night presents a problem, however. Since candles may not be lit on Shabbat itself, the candles must be lit before sunset. However, they must remain lit through

3808-635: The oil", emphasizing reflection on energy conservation and energy independence . An example of this is the Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life's renewable energy campaign. Hanukkah lights should usually burn for at least half an hour after it gets dark. Many light at sundown and those who do so should be careful to have enough oil or wax to last until half an hour after dark. Most Hasidim and many other communities light later, generally around nightfall. Many Hasidic Rebbes light much later to fulfill

3876-430: The prevalent custom is to have one set of lights for the entire household. The purpose of the shammash is to adhere to the prohibition, specified in the Talmud, against using the Hanukkah lights for anything other than publicizing and meditating on the Hanukkah miracle. This differs from Sabbath candles which are meant to be used for illumination and lighting. Hence, if one were to need extra illumination on Hanukkah,

3944-643: The religious reasons behind the civil war. What began in many respects as a civil war escalated when the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria sided with the Hellenizing Jews in their conflict with the traditionalists. As the conflict escalated, Antiochus took the side of the Hellenizers by prohibiting the religious practices the traditionalists had rallied around. This may explain why the king, in a total departure from Seleucid practice in all other places and times, banned

4012-471: The request of the sons of Tobias. The Tobiads , who led the Hellenizing Jewish faction in Jerusalem, were expelled to Syria around 170 BCE when the high priest Onias and his pro-Egyptian faction wrested control from them. The exiled Tobiads lobbied Antiochus IV Epiphanes to recapture Jerusalem. As Flavius Josephus relates: The king being thereto disposed beforehand, complied with them, and came upon

4080-423: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Eternal light . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternal_light&oldid=1251667143 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

4148-475: The selection of the same date for the rededication of the altar by Judah Maccabee. The above account in 1 Maccabees, as well as 2 Maccabees portrays the feast as a delayed observation of the eight-day Feast of Booths ( Sukkot ); similarly 2 Maccabees explains the length of the feast as "in the manner of the Feast of Booths". Megillat Taanit (1st century) contains a list of festive days on which fasting or eulogizing

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4216-399: The shammash first and use it to light the rest. Instead, the shammash candle is the last to be lit, and a different candle or a match is used to light all the candles. Some Hasidic Jews follow this Sephardic custom as well. The lights can be candles or oil lamps. Electric lights are sometimes used and are acceptable in places where open flame is not permitted, such as a hospital room, or for

4284-420: The spelling in the Hebrew alphabet. Moreover, the 'kaf' consonant is geminate in classical (but not modern) Hebrew. Adapting the classical Hebrew pronunciation with the geminate and pharyngeal Ḥeth can lead to the spelling Hanukkah , while adapting the modern Hebrew pronunciation with no gemination and uvular Ḥeth leads to the spelling Chanukah . In Modern Hebrew , Hanukkah may also be called

4352-464: The streets. Later than that, the lights should still be kindled, but the blessings should be recited only if there is at least somebody else awake in the house and present at the lighting of the Hannukah lights. Typically two blessings ( brachot ; singular: brachah ) are recited during this eight-day festival when lighting the candles. On the first night only, the shehecheyanu blessing is added, making

4420-580: The tabernacle a special lamp, fueled by oil or wax, should be kept alight to indicate and honor the presence of Christ.” The sanctuary lamp, also called a chancel lamp, is placed before the tabernacle or aumbry in Roman Catholic churches as a sign of Jesus’ presence within, and in Old Catholic and Anglican churches as a sign that the Blessed Sacrament is reserved or stored. It is also found in

4488-487: The tabernacle or near the entry of the sanctuary, or affixed to a wall; it may also be on a ledge or the altar gradine right beside the tabernacle, or on its own nearby stand placed on the floor, as seen in the image of St. Martin's Church, Kortrijk , Belgium, in the article Church tabernacle . Oil lamps or candles may be used, while electric ones are seen. In the United States, the Boy Scout Jewish religious emblem,

4556-437: The very elderly and infirm; however, those who permit reciting a blessing over electric lamps only allow it if it is incandescent and battery operated (an incandescent flashlight would be acceptable for this purpose), while a blessing may not be recited over a plug-in menorah or lamp. Most Jewish homes have a special candelabrum referred to as either a Hanukkah menorah (the traditional name, menorah being Hebrew for 'lamp') or

4624-595: The word's correct spelling in Hebrew, is the most common and the preferred choice of Merriam–Webster , Collins English Dictionary , the Oxford Style Manual , and the style guides of The New York Times and The Guardian . The sound represented by Ch ( [ χ ] , similar to the Scottish pronunciation of loch ) is not native to the English language . Furthermore, the letter ḥeth ( ח ‎), which

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