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38-606: The Eswatini Environment Authority , (EEA) is mandated to provide for and promote the protection, conservation and enhancement of the environment and the sustainable management of natural resources of Eswatini . It was created by the Swaziland Environment Act, 1992, and was transformed into a corporate body by The Environment Management Act, 2002. This latter act gives the SEA the power to halt developments that have not been adequately scrutinised for their environmental impact. It

76-901: A country's wealth; however, a sudden inflow of money caused by a resource boom can create social problems including inflation harming other industries (" Dutch disease ") and corruption, leading to inequality and underdevelopment, this is known as the " resource curse ". Extractive industries represent a large growing activity in many less-developed countries but the wealth generated does not always lead to sustainable and inclusive growth . People often accuse extractive industry businesses as acting only to maximize short-term value, implying that less-developed countries are vulnerable to powerful corporations. Alternatively, host governments are often assumed to be only maximizing immediate revenue . Researchers argue there are areas of common interest where development goals and business cross. These present opportunities for international governmental agencies to engage with

114-516: A fish, or it may be transformed by extractivist industries into an economically useful form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores , rare-earth elements , petroleum , timber and most forms of energy . Some resources are renewable , which means that they can be used at a certain rate and natural processes will restore them. In contrast, many extractive industries rely heavily on non-renewable resources that can only be extracted once. Natural resource allocations can be at

152-407: A large inflow of foreign currency , including a sharp surge in natural resource prices, foreign assistance , and foreign direct investment ". The classic economic model describing Dutch disease was developed by the economists W. Max Corden and J. Peter Neary in 1982. In the model, there is a non-tradable sector (which includes services ) and two tradable sectors : the booming sector, and

190-461: A major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations. At present, there is a particular concern for rainforest regions that hold most of the Earth's biodiversity. According to Nelson, deforestation and degradation affect 8.5% of the world's forests with 30% of the Earth's surface already cropped. If we consider that 80% of people rely on medicines obtained from plants and 3 ⁄ 4 of

228-471: Is a department of the Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Affairs. This Eswatini -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an environmental agency is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Natural resources Natural resources are part of humanity's natural heritage or protected in nature reserves . Particular areas (such as

266-515: Is a type of land management that seeks to conserve , protect and restore habitat areas for wild plants and animals , especially conservation reliant species , and prevent their extinction, fragmentation or reduction in range . Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water , soil , plants , and animals —with a particular focus on how management affects quality of life for present and future generations. Hence, sustainable development

304-438: Is also extremely capital intensive, resulting in few new jobs being created. There are three basic ways to reduce the threat of Dutch disease: (1) slowing the appreciation of the real exchange rate, (2) boosting the competitiveness of the adversely affected sectors, and (3) demographic adaptation. One approach is to withhold the boom revenues, that is, not to bring all the revenues into the country all at once, and to save some of

342-438: Is another factor causing depletion of natural resources. For example, the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen and desertification . The depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society. This is seen in the cited quote given by Theodore Roosevelt , a well-known conservationist and former United States president, who was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction. In 1982,

380-501: Is considered a sustainable development issue. The term sustainable development has many interpretations, most notably the Brundtland Commission's 'to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'; however, in broad terms it is balancing the needs of the planet's people and species now and in the future. In regards to natural resources, depletion

418-417: Is followed according to the judicious use of resources to supply present and future generations. The disciplines of fisheries, forestry, and wildlife are examples of large subdisciplines of natural resource management. Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the resources and who does not to define the management boundaries of the resource. The resources may be managed by

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456-408: Is government protectionism of the lagging sector, that is, increase in subsidies or tariffs . However, this could worsen the effects of Dutch disease, as large inflows of foreign capital are usually provided by the export sector and bought up by the import sector. Imposing tariffs on imported goods will artificially reduce that sector's demand for foreign currency, leading to further appreciation of

494-596: Is of concern for sustainable development as it has the ability to degrade current environments and the potential to impact the needs of future generations. "The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others." Theodore Roosevelt Depletion of natural resources is associated with social inequity . Considering most biodiversity are located in developing countries, depletion of this resource could result in losses of ecosystem services for these countries. Some view this depletion as

532-503: Is that while revenues increase in a growing sector (or inflows of foreign aid), the given economy's currency becomes stronger (appreciates) compared to foreign currencies (manifested in the exchange rate ). This results in the country's other exports becoming more expensive for other countries to buy, while imports become cheaper, altogether rendering those sectors less competitive . While it most often refers to natural resource discovery, it can also refer to "any development that results in

570-497: Is the apparent causal relationship between the increase in the economic development of a specific sector (for example natural resources ) and a decline in other sectors (like the manufacturing sector or agriculture ). The term was coined in 1977 by The Economist to describe the decline of the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands after the discovery of the large Groningen natural gas field in 1959. The presumed mechanism

608-655: Is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species , their habitats , and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction . It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on science, economics and the practice of natural resource management . The term conservation biology was introduced as the title of a conference held at the University of California, San Diego , in La Jolla, California, in 1978, organized by biologists Bruce A. Wilcox and Michael E. Soulé . Habitat conservation

646-609: The Heckscher–Ohlin/Heckscher–Ohlin-Vanek , the Dutch disease can be explained by the Rybczynski theorem . Simple trade models suggest that a country should specialize in industries in which it has a comparative advantage ; thus a country rich in some natural resources would be better off specializing in the extraction of those natural resources. However, other theories suggest that this is detrimental, for example when

684-569: The United Nations developed the World Charter for Nature , which recognized the need to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity. It states that measures must be taken at all societal levels, from international to individual, to protect nature. It outlines the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should be incorporated into national and international systems of law. To look at

722-552: The private sector and host governments through revenue management and expenditure accountability, infrastructure development, employment creation , skills and enterprise development , and impacts on children, especially girls and women. A strong civil society can play an important role in ensuring the effective management of natural resources. Norway can serve as a role model in this regard as it has good institutions and open and dynamic public debate with strong civil society actors that provide an effective checks and balances system for

760-937: The Russian Federation , the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan , Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund of Alberta , Canada, the Permanent School Fund and Permanent University Fund of Texas, the Alaska Permanent Fund and the Future Generations Fund of the State of Kuwait established in 1976. Recent talks led by the United Nations Development Programme in Cambodia – International Oil and Gas Conference on fueling poverty reduction – point out

798-771: The centre of many economic and political confrontations both within and between countries. This is particularly true during periods of increasing scarcity and shortages ( depletion and overconsumption of resources). Resource extraction is also a major source of human rights violations and environmental damage. The Sustainable Development Goals and other international development agendas frequently focus on creating more sustainable resource extraction, with some scholars and researchers focused on creating economic models, such as circular economy , that rely less on resource extraction, and more on reuse , recycling and renewable resources that can be sustainably managed. There are various criteria for classifying natural resources. These include

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836-410: The country runs a budget surplus . A country can encourage individuals and firms to save more by reducing income and profit taxes . By increasing saving, a country can reduce the need for loans to finance government deficits and foreign direct investment . Investments in education and infrastructure can increase the competitiveness of the lagging manufacturing or agriculture sector. Another approach

874-628: The country slowly is that it can give a country a stable revenue stream, giving more certainty to revenues from year to year. Also, by saving the boom revenues, a country is saving some of the revenues for future generations. Examples of these sovereign wealth funds include the Future Fund , Iranian national development fund , the Government Pension Fund in Norway, the Stabilization Fund of

912-511: The government as in Norway's case, natural resources can actually be a factor in whether a civil war starts and how long the war lasts. In recent years, the depletion of natural resources has become a major focus of governments and organizations such as the United Nations (UN). This is evident in the UN's Agenda 21 Section Two, which outlines the necessary steps for countries to take to sustain their natural resources. The depletion of natural resources

950-493: The government's management of extractive industries, such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), a global standard for the good governance of oil, gas and mineral resources. It seeks to address the key governance issues in the extractive sectors. However, in countries that do not have a very strong and unified society, meaning that there are dissidents who are not as happy with

988-647: The importance of protecting natural resources further, the World Ethic of Sustainability, developed by the IUCN , WWF and the UNEP in 1990, set out eight values for sustainability, including the need to protect natural resources from depletion. Since the development of these documents, many measures have been taken to protect natural resources including establishment of the scientific field and practice of conservation biology and habitat conservation, respectively. Conservation biology

1026-411: The lagging (or non-booming) tradable sector. The booming sector is usually the extraction of natural resources such as oil, natural gas, gold, copper, diamonds or bauxite, or the production of crops, such as coffee or cocoa. The lagging sector is usually manufacturing or agriculture . A resource boom affects this economy in two ways: In a model of international trade based on resource endowments as

1064-460: The natural resources deplete. Also, prices may decrease and competitive manufacturing cannot return as quickly as it left. This may happen because technological growth is smaller in the booming sector and the non-tradable sector than the non-booming tradable sector. Because that economy had smaller technological growth than did other countries, its comparative advantage in non-booming tradable goods will have shrunk, thus leading firms not to invest in

1102-404: The nature of the shared resources, the individuals who are affected by the rules can participate in setting or changing them. The users have rights to devise their own management institutions and plans under the recognition by the government. The right to resources includes land, water, fisheries, and pastoral rights. The users or parties accountable to the users have to actively monitor and ensure

1140-415: The need for better education of state officials and energy CaDREs (Capacity Needs Diagnostics for Renewable Energies) linked to a sovereign wealth fund to avoid the resource curse (Paradox of plenty). Another strategy for avoiding real exchange rate appreciation is to increase saving in the economy in order to reduce large capital inflows which may appreciate the real exchange rate. This can be done if

1178-505: The rainforest in Fatu-Hiva ) often feature biodiversity and geodiversity in their ecosystems. Natural resources may be classified in different ways. Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as freshwater, air , or any living organism such as

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1216-468: The real exchange rate. It is usually difficult to be certain that a country has Dutch disease because it is difficult to prove the relationship between an increase in natural resource revenues, the real-exchange rate, and a decline in the lagging sector. An appreciation in the real exchange rate could be caused by other things such as productivity increases in the Balassa-Samuelson effect , changes in

1254-403: The revenues abroad in special funds and bring them in slowly. In developing countries , this can be politically difficult as there is often pressure to spend the boom revenues immediately to alleviate poverty, but this ignores broader macroeconomic implications. Withholding shall reduce the spending effect, alleviating some of the effects of inflation. Another benefit of letting the revenues into

1292-591: The source of origin, stages of development, renewability and ownership . Resource extraction involves any activity that withdraws resources from nature. This can range in scale from the traditional use of preindustrial societies to global industry. Extractive industries are, along with agriculture, the basis of the primary sector of the economy. Extraction produces raw material , which is then processed to add value . Examples of extractive industries are hunting , trapping , mining , oil and gas drilling , and forestry . Natural resources can add substantial amounts to

1330-441: The tradables sector. Also, volatility in the price of natural resources, and thus the real exchange rate, limits investment by private firms, because firms will not invest if they are not sure what the future economic conditions will be. Commodity exports such as raw materials drive up the value of the currency. This is what leads to the lack of competition in the other sectors of the economy. The extraction of natural resources

1368-443: The users according to the rules governing when and how the resource is used depending on local condition or the resources may be managed by a governmental organization or other central authority. A "...successful management of natural resources depends on freedom of speech, a dynamic and wide-ranging public debate through multiple independent media channels and an active civil society engaged in natural resource issues..." because of

1406-558: The utilisation of the resource compliance with the rules and impose penalties on those people who violate the rules. These conflicts are resolved quickly and efficiently by the local institution according to the seriousness and context of the offense. The global science-based platform to discuss natural resources management is the World Resources Forum , based in Switzerland. Dutch disease In economics , Dutch disease

1444-487: The world's prescription medicines have ingredients taken from plants, loss of the world's rainforests could result in a loss of finding more potential life-saving medicines. The depletion of natural resources is caused by 'direct drivers of change' such as mining , petroleum extraction , fishing , and forestry as well as 'indirect drivers of change' such as demography (e.g. population growth), economy, society, politics, and technology. The current practice of agriculture

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