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106-525: Estrella Azul and the brand's parent company, Industrias Lácteas, S.A., were both founded in 1956, the result of a union of Panamanian dairy-producing families. In 1973, the Estrella Azul brand expanded to include yogurts . In 2018, Estrella Azul announced to Panamanian grade-A milk producers that it was not going to keep buying milk from them. As a consequence, their competitor, Productos Nevada, announced that they would buy 240,000 additional liters of milk

212-723: A secular state , the Ottoman Caliphate, held by the Ottomans since 1517, was abolished and to mediate the power of religion in the public sphere (including recognized minority religions in the Treaty of Lausanne ) left to the Directorate for Religious Affairs. Under the reforms official recognition of the Ottoman millets withdrawn. Shar’iyya wa Awqaf Ministry followed the Office of Caliphate. This office

318-580: A European encounter with yogurt occurs in French clinical history: Francis I suffered from a severe diarrhea which no French doctor could cure. His ally Suleiman the Magnificent sent a doctor, who allegedly cured the patient with yogurt. The grateful king told many of the food that had cured him. Until the 1900s, yogurt was a staple in diets of people in the Russian Empire (and especially Central Asia and

424-427: A Turkish language Quranic commentary ( tafsir ) titled " Hak Dini Kur'an Dili ." Ersoy declined the offer and destroyed his work, to avoid the possible public circulation of a transliteration which might be remotely faulty. Only in 1935 did the version read in public find its way to print. The program also involved implementing a Turkish adhan , as opposed to the conventional Arabic call to prayer. The Arabic adhan

530-469: A carefully planned program to unravel the complex system that had developed over previous centuries. The reforms began with the modernization of the constitution, including enacting the new Constitution of 1924 to replace the Constitution of 1921 , and the adaptation of European laws and jurisprudence to the needs of the new republic. This was followed by a thorough secularization and modernization of

636-822: A cold soup. Ashe-Mâst is a warm yogurt soup with fresh herbs, spinach and lentils. Even the leftover water extracted when straining yogurt is cooked to make a sour cream sauce called kashk , which is usually used as a topping on soups and stews. Matsoni is a Georgian yogurt in the Caucasus and Russia. Tarator and cacık are cold soups made from yogurt during summertime in eastern Europe. They are made with ayran , cucumbers , dill , salt, olive oil, and optionally garlic and ground walnuts . Tzatziki in Greece and milk salad in Bulgaria are thick yogurt-based salads similar to tarator. Khyar w Laban (cucumber and yogurt salad)

742-558: A dessert in India, is made from strained yogurt, saffron , cardamom , nutmeg and sugar and sometimes fruits such as mango or pineapple . In North America, strained yogurt is commonly called "Greek yogurt". Powdered milk is sometimes added in lieu of straining to achieve thickness. In Britain as "Greek-style yogurt". In Britain the name "Greek" may only be applied to yogurt made in Greece. Ayran, doogh ("dawghe" in Neo-Aramaic ) or dhallë

848-464: A few more weeks. It is sometimes used with onions, meat, and nuts as a stuffing for a variety of pies or kibbeh balls. Some types of strained yogurts are boiled in open vats first, so that the liquid content is reduced. The East Indian dessert, a variation of traditional dahi called mishti dahi , offers a thicker, more custard-like consistency, and is usually sweeter than western yogurts. In western Indian (Marathi and Gujarati) cuisine, strained yogurt

954-705: A filter, traditionally made of muslin and more recently of paper or non-muslin cloth. This removes the whey , giving a much thicker consistency. Strained yogurt is made at home, especially if using skimmed milk which results in a thinner consistency. Yogurt that has been strained to filter or remove the whey is known as Labneh in Middle Eastern countries. It has a consistency between that of yogurt and cheese. It may be used for sandwiches in Middle Eastern countries. Olive oil, cucumber slices, olives, and various green herbs may be added. It can be thickened further and rolled into balls, preserved in olive oil, and fermented for

1060-490: A great degree of religious, cultural and ethnic continuity across the society but at the same time permitted the religious ideology to be incorporated into the administrative, economic and political system. There were two sections of the elite group at the helm of the discussions for the future. These were the "Islamist reformists" and the "Westernists". Many basic goals were common to both groups. Some secular intellectuals, and even certain reform-minded Muslim thinkers, accepted

1166-669: A horse-drawn wagon inscribed with the Armenian word " madzoon " which was later changed to "yogurt", the Turkish language name of the product, as Turkish was the lingua franca between immigrants of the various Near Eastern ethnicities who were the main consumers at that time. Yogurt's popularity in the United States was enhanced in the 1950s and 1960s, when it was presented as a health food by scientists like Hungarian-born bacteriologist Stephen A. Gaymont . Plain yogurt still proved too sour for

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1272-928: A lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes and a lower incidence of hip fracture in post-menopausal women. A 2021 review found a cause-and-effect relationship between yogurt consumption and improved lactose tolerance and digestion, and that potential associations exist between yogurt consumption and improving bone health, as well as lowering the risk of some diseases, including cancers and metabolic syndrome . Yogurt made with raw milk can be contaminated with bacteria that can cause significant illness and even result in death, including Listeria , Cryptosporidium , Campylobacter , Brucella , Escherichia coli and Salmonella . Yogurts can also be contaminated with aflatoxin -producing Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius . Contamination occurs in traditionally prepared yogurts more often than industrially processed ones, but may affect

1378-462: A minority variant of the French yaourt , although yogurt and yoghurt are also used. Analysis of the L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus genome indicates that the bacterium may have originated on the surface of a plant. Milk may have become spontaneously and unintentionally exposed to it through contact with plants, or bacteria may have been transferred from the udder of domestic milk-producing animals. The origins of yogurt are unknown but it

1484-462: A month from those producers affected. Later on, Estrella Azul announced it was temporarily suspending the cutting of buying grade-A milk. During 2020, it was announced that Honduran dairy products company Lacthosa was interested in buying Estrella Azul. That same year, Coca-Cola FEMSA decided to sell their percentage of Estrella Azul. Coca-Cola's percentage of Estrella Azul and its parent company were sold to Panama Dairy Ventures, which then became

1590-516: A proportion of the Daily Value (DV), a serving of yogurt is a rich source of vitamin B 12 (31% DV) and riboflavin (23% DV), with moderate content of protein, phosphorus , and selenium (14 to 19% DV; table). Tilde (~) represents missing or incomplete data. The above shows little difference exists between whole milk and yogurt made from whole milk with respect to the listed nutritional constituents. Because it may contain live cultures, yogurt

1696-451: A reformed Islam. In 1925 institutions of religious covenants and dervish lodges were declared illegal. The reformers imagined that the elimination of the orthodox and Ṣūfī religious establishments, along with traditional religious education, and their replacement with a system in which the original sources were available to all in the vernacular language, would pave the way for a new vision of Islam open to progress and modernity and usher in

1802-517: A rejection of the perceived corruption and decadence of cosmopolitan Istanbul and its Ottoman heritage, as well as electing to choose a capital more geographically centered in Turkey. During the disastrous 1912–13 First Balkan War , Bulgarian troops had advanced to Çatalca , mere miles from Istanbul, creating a fear that the Ottoman capital would have to be moved to Anatolia; the reform movement wanted to avoid

1908-432: A safe product. Acidity alone has been questioned by recent outbreaks of food poisoning by E. coli O157:H7 that is acid-tolerant. E. coli O157:H7 is easily destroyed by pasteurization (heating); the initial heating of the milk kills pathogens as well as denaturing proteins. The microorganisms that turn milk into yogurt can tolerate higher temperatures than most pathogens, so that a suitable temperature not only encourages

2014-624: A secular ( 2.1 ) and democratic ( 2.1 ), republic ( 1.1 ) that derives its sovereignty ( 6.1 ) from the people. Turkish sovereignty rests with the Turkish Nation, which delegates its will to an elected unicameral parliament (position in 1935), the Grand National Assembly of Turkey . The preamble also invokes the principles of nationalism, defined as the "material and spiritual well-being of the Republic" (position in 1935). The basic nature of

2120-508: A secular law structure based on the Swiss Civil Code , which is detailed under their headings. In the secular state or country purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion and claims to treat all its citizens equally regardless of religion, and claims to avoid preferential treatment for a citizen from a particular religion/nonreligion over other religions/nonreligion. Reformers followed

2226-587: A series of political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes, designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular nation-state , implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in accordance with the Kemalist framework. His political party, the Republican People's Party (CHP), ran Turkey as a one-party state and implemented these reforms, starting in 1923. After Atatürk's death, his successor İsmet İnönü continued

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2332-473: A series of radical political and social reforms were instituted. They transformed Turkey and ushered in a new era of modernization, including civil and political equality for sectarian minorities and women. The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic state in which the head of the state, the Sultan, also held the position of Caliph . The social system was organized around the millet structure. The millet structure allowed

2438-671: A similar incident with Turkey. The Anadolu Agency was founded in 1920 during the Turkish War of Independence by Journalist Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu and writer Halide Edip . The agency was officially launched on 6 April 1920, 17 days before the Turkish Grand National Assembly convened for the first time. It announced the first legislation passed by the Assembly, which established the Republic of Turkey. However, Anadolu Agency acquired an autonomous status after Atatürk reformed

2544-648: A small yogurt business in Barcelona , Spain, naming the business Danone ("little Daniel") after his son. The brand later expanded to the United States under an Americanized version of the name, Dannon . Yogurt with added fruit jam was patented in 1933 by the Radlická Mlékárna dairy in Prague . Yogurt was introduced to the United States in the first decade of the twentieth century, influenced by Élie Metchnikoff 's The Prolongation of Life; Optimistic Studies (1908); it

2650-518: A society guided by modernity. Along with the multi-party period, with Democrats both taking part and winning for the first time in the 1950 Turkish general election , religious establishments started becoming more active in the country. Turkey adapted the European workweek and weekend as the complementary parts of the week devoted to labor and rest, respectively. In the Ottoman Empire, the workweek

2756-405: Is "a discursive space in which individuals and groups congregate to discuss matters of mutual interest and, where possible, to reach a common judgment." Atatürk's Reforms target the structure of the public space. The construction of a secular nation-state required important changes in state organization, though Atatürk's reforms benefited from the elaborate blueprints for a future society prepared by

2862-536: Is a dish in Lebanon and Syria. Also, a wide variety of local Lebanese and Syrian dishes are cooked with yogurt like "Kibbi bi Laban" Rahmjoghurt , a creamy yogurt with much higher fat content (10%) than many yogurts offered in English-speaking countries. Dovga , a yogurt soup cooked with a variety of herbs and rice, is served warm in winter or refreshingly cold in summer. Jameed , yogurt salted and dried to preserve it,

2968-521: Is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. Fermentation of sugars in the milk by these bacteria produces lactic acid , which acts on milk protein to give yogurt its texture and characteristic tart flavor. Cow's milk is most commonly used to make yogurt. Milk from water buffalo , goats, ewes , mares , camels, and yaks is also used to produce yogurt. The milk used may be homogenized or not. It may be pasteurized or raw . Each type of milk produces substantially different results. Yogurt

3074-480: Is a yogurt-based beverage that is usually slightly salty or sweet, and may be commercially flavored with rosewater , mango or other fruit juice. Salty lassi is usually flavored with ground, roasted cumin and red chilies , and may be made with buttermilk . An unsweetened and unsalted yogurt drink usually called simply jogurt is consumed with burek and other baked goods in the Balkans . Sweetened yogurt drinks are

3180-461: Is a yogurt-based, salty drink. It is made by mixing yogurt with water and (sometimes) salt. Borhani (or burhani) is a spicy yogurt drink from Bangladesh . It is usually served with kacchi biryani at weddings and special feasts. Key ingredients are yogurt blended with mint leaves ( mentha ), mustard seeds and black rock salt ( Kala Namak ). Ground roasted cumin , ground white pepper , green chili pepper paste and sugar are often added. Lassi

3286-462: Is at least 1 million CFU per milliliter. The bacterial culture is mixed in, and a warm temperature of 30–45 °C (86–113 °F) is maintained for 4 to 12 hours to allow fermentation to occur, with the higher temperatures working faster but risking a lumpy texture or whey separation. The word for yogurt is derived from the Ottoman Turkish : یوغورت , romanized :  yoğurt , and

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3392-509: Is common in Nepal , where it is served as both an appetizer and dessert. Locally called dahi , it is a part of the Nepali culture, used in local festivals, marriage ceremonies, parties, religious occasions, family gatherings, and so on. One Nepalese yogurt is called juju dhau , originating from the city of Bhaktapur . In Tibet , yak milk (technically dri milk, as the word yak refers to the male animal)

3498-575: Is consumed in Jordan . Zabadi is the type of yogurt made in Egypt, usually from the milk of the Egyptian water buffalo . It is particularly associated with Ramadan fasting, as it is thought to prevent thirst during all-day fasting. To offset its natural sourness , yogurt is also sold sweetened, sweetened and flavored or in containers with fruit or fruit jam on the bottom. The two styles of yogurt commonly found in

3604-424: Is macerated with sugar and spices such as saffron, cardamom and nutmeg to make the dessert "shrikhand". Strained yogurt is also enjoyed in Greece and is the main component of tzatziki (from Turkish " cacık "), a well-known accompaniment to gyros and souvlaki pita sandwiches: it is a yogurt sauce or dip made with the addition of grated cucumber , olive oil , salt and, optionally, mashed garlic. Srikhand ,

3710-574: Is made into yogurt (and butter and cheese) and consumed. In Northern Iran , Mâst Chekide is a variety of kefir yogurt with a distinct sour taste. It is usually mixed with a pesto -like water and fresh herb purée called delal . Common appetizers are spinach or eggplant borani , Mâst-o-Khiâr with cucumber, spring onions and herbs, and Mâst-Musir with wild shallots . In the summertime, yogurt and ice cubes are mixed together with cucumbers, raisins , salt, pepper and onions and topped with some croutons made of Persian traditional bread and served as

3816-413: Is often associated with probiotics , which have been postulated as having positive effects on immune , cardiovascular or metabolic health. As of the early 21st century, high-quality clinical evidence was insufficient to conclude that consuming yogurt lowers the risk of diseases or otherwise improves health. Meta-analyses found that consuming 80 grams per day of low-fat yogurt was associated with

3922-452: Is produced using a culture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus bacteria. Other lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are sometimes added during or after culturing yogurt. Some countries require yogurt to contain a specific amount of colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria; for example, in China the requirement for the number of lactobacillus bacteria

4028-490: Is recorded in the books Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Mahmud Kashgari and Kutadgu Bilig by Yusuf Has Hajib written in the 11th century. Both texts mention the word "yogurt" in different sections and describe its use by nomadic Turks. The earliest yogurts were probably spontaneously fermented by wild bacteria in goat skin bags. Some accounts suggest that Mughal Indian emperor Akbar 's cooks would flavor yogurt with mustard seeds and cinnamon. Another early account of

4134-612: Is the Turkish government agency commissioned with producing official statistics on Turkey, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. It was founded in 1926 and has its headquarters in Ankara. In 1930, the title of the Department was changed to The General Directorate of Statistics (GDS), and The National Statistical System was changed to a centralized system. In earlier years, statistical sources were relatively simple and data collection

4240-578: Is to you that I appeal . To the men : If henceforward the women do not share in the social life of the nation, we shall never attain to our full development. We shall remain irremediably backward, incapable of treating on equal terms with the civilizations of the West . In the following years of Atatürk's Reforms women's rights campaigners in Turkey differed from their sisters (and sympathetic brothers) in other countries. Rather than fighting directly for their basic rights and equality, they saw their best chance in

4346-474: Is usually related to the verb yoğurmak , "to knead", or "to be curdled or coagulated; to thicken". It may be related to yoğun , meaning thick or dense. The sounds historically represented by the Arabic letter ghayn in the Turkish language ranging from a voiced velar fricative to a voiced velar plosive were traditionally romanized as "gh" prior to the introduction of a new Latin-based Turkish alphabet and

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4452-681: The Caucasus ), Western Asia, South Eastern Europe / Balkans , Central Europe, and the Indian subcontinent . Stamen Grigorov (1878–1945), a Bulgarian student of medicine in Geneva , first examined the microflora of the Bulgarian yogurt. In 1905, he described it as consisting of a spherical and a rod-like lactic acid-producing bacteria. In 1907, the rod-like bacterium was called Bacillus bulgaricus (now Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ). The Russian biologist and Nobel laureate Ilya Mechnikov , from

4558-542: The Committee of Union and Progress 's one party state from 1913–1918. The goal of Atatürk's reforms was to maintain the independence of Turkey from the direct rule of external forces (Western countries). The process was not utopian (in the sense that it is not one leader's idea of how a perfect society should be, but it is a unifying force of a nation), in that Atatürk united the Turkish Muslim majority from 1919 to 1922 in

4664-590: The First Constitutional Era in 1876, Abdul Hamid II 's authoritarian regime from 1878–1908 that introduced large reforms in education and the bureaucracy, as well as the Ottoman Empire's experience in prolonged political pluralism and rule of law by the Young Turks during the Second Constitutional Era from 1908 to 1913, and various efforts were made to secularize and modernize the empire in

4770-527: The Institut Pasteur in Paris, was influenced by Grigorov's work and hypothesized that regular consumption of yogurt was responsible for the unusually long lifespans of Bulgarian peasants. Believing Lactobacillus to be essential for good health, Mechnikov worked to popularize yogurt as a foodstuff throughout Europe. Industrialization of yogurt production is credited to Isaac Carasso , who, in 1919, started

4876-594: The Quran that had authority over the community. The Sheikh ul-Islam represented the law of shariah. This office was in the Evkaf Ministry . Sultan Mehmed VI's cousin Abdulmecid II continued on as Ottoman Caliph . Besides the political structure; as a part of civic independence, religious education system was replaced by a national education system on 3 March 1924, and The Islamic courts and Islamic canon law gave way to

4982-480: The Turkish War of Independence , and expelled foreign forces occupying what the Turkish National Movement considered to be the Turkish homeland . That fighting spirit became the unifying force which established the identity of a new state, and in 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed, ending the Ottoman Empire and internationally recognizing the newly founded Republic of Turkey . From 1923 to 1938,

5088-601: The "delicate and smooth structure" of "conventional yogurts". Since plant-based milks do not contain lactose (the food of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus ), plant-based products usually contain different bacterial strains than yogurt, such as Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus rhamnosus , and Bifidobacterium bifidum . Plant-based products also vary considerably in their nutrition and ingredients and may contain gums, stabilizers, high-intensity sweeteners, and artificial colors. In Europe, companies may not market their plant-based products using

5194-509: The 2000s, using soy milk , rice milk , and nut milks such as almond milk and coconut milk fermented with cultures. These products may be suitable for people with lactose intolerance or those who prefer plant-based foods such as vegetarians or vegans . Plant-based milks have different structures and components than dairy milk . Though they can be used to make many products similar to those made from dairy, there are differences in taste and texture, and some consumers may feel that they lack

5300-592: The American palate and in 1966 Colombo Yogurt sweetened the yogurt and added fruit preserves, creating "fruit on the bottom" style yogurt. This was successful and company sales soon exceeded $ 1 million per year. By the late 20th century, yogurt had become a common American food item and Colombo Yogurt was sold in 1993 to General Mills , which discontinued the brand in 2010. In 2017, the average American ate 13.7 pounds (6.2 kg) of yogurt. The average consumption of yogurt has been declining since 2014. Sale of yogurt

5406-488: The European model (French model) of secularization. In the European model of secularizing; states typically involves granting individual religious freedoms, disestablishing state religions, stopping public funds to be used for a religion, freeing the legal system from religious control, freeing up the education system, tolerating citizens who change religion or abstain from religion, and allowing political leadership to come to power regardless of religious beliefs. In establishing

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5512-531: The Ottoman Empire, the people of each millet had traditionally enjoyed a degree of autonomy, with their own leadership, collecting their own taxes and living according to their own system of religious/cultural law. The Ottoman Muslims had a strict hierarchy of ulama , with the Sheikh ul-Islam holding the highest rank. A Sheikh ul-Islam was chosen by a royal warrant among the qadis of important cities. The Sheikh ul-Islam issued fatwas, which were written interpretations of

5618-556: The Ottoman proponents of positivism during the Second Constitutional Era. The Ottoman Empire had a social system based on religious affiliation. Religious insignia extended to every social function. It was common to wear clothing that identified the person with their own particular religious grouping and accompanied headgear which distinguished rank and profession throughout the Ottoman Empire. The turbans , fezes , bonnets and head-dresses surmounting Ottoman styles showed

5724-558: The Republic is laïcité ( 2 ), social equality ( 2 ), equality before law ( 10 ), and the indivisibility of the Republic and of the Turkish Nation ( 3.1 )." Thus, it sets out to found a unitary nation-state (position in 1935) with separation of powers based on the principles of secular democracy . Historically, Atatürk's reforms follow the Tanzimât ("reorganization") period of the Ottoman Empire , that began in 1839 and ended with

5830-485: The Turkish Grand National Assembly. The Turkish Constitution of 1921 was the fundamental law of Turkey for a brief period. It was ratified by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in the middle of the Turkish War of Independence . It was a simple document consisting of only 23 short articles. The major driving force behind the preparation of the 1921 Constitution was that its sovereignty derived from

5936-598: The United States are not heat treated after culturing, and contain live cultures. Yogurt with live cultures is more beneficial than pasteurized yogurt for people with lactose malabsorption. Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have symptoms due to the decreased ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products. In 2010, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) determined that lactose intolerance can be alleviated by ingesting live yogurt cultures (lactobacilli) that are able to digest

6042-516: The administration, with a particular focus on the education system. This can be observed by looking at the literacy rate within the Republic of Turkey, which rose from 9% to 33% in only 10 years. The elements of the political system visioned by Atatürk's Reforms developed in stages, but by 1935, when the last part of the Atatürk's Reforms removed the reference to Islam in the Constitution; Turkey became

6148-527: The blueprint for the ideal society of the future. Until the proclamation of the republic, the Ottoman Empire was still in existence, with its heritage of religious and dynastic authority. The Ottoman monarchy was abolished by the Ankara Government, but its traditions and cultural symbols remained active among the people (though less so among the elite). On 1 November 1922, the Ottoman Sultanate

6254-402: The boundaries of superstition. The ulema, according to this classification, was not befit for 'civilized' life, as many argued that they were acting according to superstitions developed throughout centuries. On 25 February 1925, parliament passed a law stating that religion was not to be used as a tool in politics . Kemalist ideology waged a war against superstition by banning the practices of

6360-495: The constitution was amended to declare Turkey to be a republic. In April 1924, the constitution was replaced by an entirely new document, the Turkish Constitution of 1924 . The establishment of popular sovereignty involved confronting centuries-old traditions. The reform process was characterized by a struggle between progressives and conservatives. The changes were both conceptually radical and culturally significant. In

6466-415: The early 21st century, yogurt flavors inspired by desserts, such as chocolate or cheesecake, became common. There is concern about the health effects of sweetened yogurt due to its high sugar content, although research indicates that use of sugar in yogurt manufacturing has decreased since 2016 in response to WHO and government initiatives to combat obesity . Strained yogurt has been strained through

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6572-531: The five elixirs, or panchamrita , often used in Hindu ritual. Sweetened dahi ( mishti doi or meethi dahi ) is common in eastern parts of India, made by fermenting sweetened milk. While cow's milk is currently the primary ingredient for yogurt, goat and buffalo milk were widely used in the past, and valued for the fat content (see buffalo curd ). Dadiah or dadih is a traditional West Sumatran yogurt made from water buffalo milk, fermented in bamboo tubes. Yogurt

6678-524: The formation of yogurt, but inhibits pathogenic microorganisms. Once the yogurt has formed it can, if desired, be strained to reduce the whey content and thicken it. Two types of yogurt are supported by the Codex Alimentarius for import and export. Under US Food and Drug Administration regulations, milk must be pasteurized before it is cultured, and may optionally be heat treated after culturing to increase shelf life. Most commercial yogurts in

6784-486: The government and the religious sphere. Minority religions, like the Armenian or Greek Orthodoxy are guaranteed protection by the constitution as individual faiths (personal sphere), but this guarantee does not give any rights to any religious communities (social sphere). (This differentiation applies to Islam and Muslims as well. Atatürk's reforms, as of 1935, assume the social sphere is secular.) The Treaty of Lausanne ,

6890-903: The grocery store are set-style yogurt and Swiss-style yogurt. Set-style yogurt is poured into individual containers to set, while Swiss-style yogurt is stirred prior to packaging. Either may have fruit added to increase sweetness. Lassi is a common Indian beverage made from stirred liquified yogurt that is either salted or sweetened with sugar commonly, less commonly honey and combined with fruit pulp to create flavored lassi. Consistency can vary widely, with urban and commercial lassis having uniform texture through being processed, whereas rural and rustic lassi has discernible curds or fruit pulp. Large amounts of sugar – or other sweeteners for low-energy yogurts – are often used in commercial yogurt. Some yogurts contain added modified starch , pectin (found naturally in fruit) or gelatin to create thickness and creaminess. This type of yogurt may be marketed under

6996-408: The highest religious-political position. This act left Muslim associations who were institutionalized under the convents and the dervish lodges without higher organizing structure. The reformers assumed that the original sources, now available in Turkish, would render the orthodox religious establishment (the ‘ulamā’) and the Ṣūfī ṭarīqas obsolete, and thus help to privatize religion as well as produce

7102-458: The internationally binding agreement of the establishment of the Republic, does not specify any nationality or ethnicity. Treaty of Lausanne simply identifies non-Muslims in general and provides the legal framework which gives certain explicit religious rights to Jews , Greeks , and Armenians without naming them. The Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) was an official state institution established in 1924 under article 136, which received

7208-692: The issuing of the Hat Law, images in school text books that had shown men with fezzes, were exchanged with images which showed men with hats. Another control on the dress was passed in 1934 with the law relating to the wearing of 'Prohibited Garments' . It banned religion-based clothing, such as the veil and turban, outside of places of worship, and gave the government the power to assign only one person per religion or sect to wear religious clothes outside of places of worship. All printed Qurans in Turkey were in Classical Arabic (the sacred language of Islam) at

7314-535: The lactose in other dairy products. The scientific review by EFSA enabled yogurt manufacturers to use a health claim on product labels, provided that the "yogurt should contain at least 10 CFU live starter microorganisms ( Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus ) per gram. The target population is individuals with lactose maldigestion". A 2021 review found that yogurt consumption could improve lactose tolerance and digestion. A variety of plant-based yogurt alternatives appeared in

7420-479: The latter as well if manufacturing and packaging practices are suboptimal. When mold forms on yogurt it can not be scraped away. The consistency of yogurt allows the mold to penetrate deeply under the surface where it spreads. Dahi is a yogurt from the Indian subcontinent , known for its characteristic taste and consistency. The word dahi seems to be derived from the Sanskrit word dadhi ("sour milk"), one of

7526-473: The letter "ğ" in 1929, thus "yoghurt" spelled with a "gh" is first attested in sources from 1615 to 1625. In English, spelling variations include yogurt , yoghurt , and to a lesser extent yoghourt or yogourt . In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa the word is usually spelled yoghurt , while in the United States the spelling is yogurt . Canada has its own spelling, yogourt ,

7632-532: The milk into yogurt, inoculating certain bacteria ( starter culture ), usually Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus , into the milk, and finally keeping it warm for several hours (4–12 hours). Milk with a higher concentration of solids than normal milk may be used; the higher solids content produces a firmer yogurt. Solids can be increased by adding dried milk. The yogurt-making process provides two significant barriers to pathogen growth, heat and acidity (low pH). Both are necessary to ensure

7738-399: The name Swiss-style, although it is unrelated to conventional Swiss yogurt. Some yogurts, often called "cream line", are made with whole milk which has not been homogenized so the cream rises to the top. In many countries, sweetened, flavored yogurt is common, typically sold in single-serving plastic cups . Common flavors may include vanilla , honey , and toffee , and various fruits. In

7844-640: The nation and not from the Sultan, the absolute monarch of the Ottoman Empire. The 1921 Constitution also served as the legal basis for the Turkish War of Independence during 1919–1923, since it refuted the principles of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1918 signed by the Ottoman Empire, by which a great majority of the Empire's territory would have to be ceded to the Entente powers that had won the First World War. In October 1923

7950-434: The new customs by decrees, while banning the traditional customs. The view of their social change proposed that if the permanence of secularism was to be assured by removal of persistence of traditional cultural values (the religious insignia), a considerable degree of cultural receptivity by the public to the further social change could be achieved. Atatürk's Reforms defined a non-civilized person as one who functioned within

8056-638: The one-party rule and Kemalist style reforms until the CHP lost to the Democrat Party in Turkey's second multi-party election in 1950. Central to the reforms was the belief that Turkish society had to modernize, which meant implementing widespread reform affecting not only politics, but the economic, social, educational and legal spheres of Turkish society. The reforms involved a number of fundamental institutional changes that brought an end to many traditions, and followed

8162-861: The only owners of Estrella Azul. During 2021, Estrella Azul's workers went on strike. Troubles loomed for the brand again in 2022 when more than 1,000 Industrias Lácteas S.A. workers threatened to go on strike again; this time, the strike was, however, averted when negotiations between the company's workers' union (SITEFA) and the company's negotiators team were successful, after mediation by Panama's Work and Labor Development Ministry (MITRADEL). During 2023, Estrella Azul announced that their dairy plants were at full capacity, and that due to that, their Chiriqui plant would not be able to receive any more milks. Yogurt Yogurt ( UK : / ˈ j ɒ ɡ ə t / ; US : / ˈ j oʊ ɡ ər t / , from Ottoman Turkish : یوغورت , romanized :  yoğurt ; also spelled yoghurt , yogourt or yoghourt )

8268-593: The organizational structure (added some of his closest friends) to turn the Anadolu Agency into a western news agency. This new administrative structure declared the "Anadolu Agency Corporation" on 1 March 1925. Anadolu Agency Corporation acquired an autonomous status with an unexampled organizational chart not existed even in the western countries in those days. Ottomans had censuses ( 1831 census , 1881–82 census , 1905–06 census , and 1914 census ) performed, and financial information collected under Ottoman Bank for

8374-503: The parliament. They also removed the "references to religion" from the decorum. The only Friday sermon ( khutba ) ever delivered by a Turkish head of state was given by Atatürk; this took place at a mosque in Balıkesir during the election campaign. The reformers said that "to repeat the sermons [by a politician in the parliament] of a thousand years ago was to preserve backwardness and promote nescience." The abolishment of Caliphate removed

8480-574: The powers of the Shaykh al-Islam. As specified by law, the duties of the Diyanet are “to execute the works concerning the beliefs, worship, and ethics of Islam, enlighten the public about their religion, and administer the sacred worshiping places”. The Diyanet exercised state oversight over religious affairs and ensuring that people and communities did not challenge the Republic's "secular identity". The reform movement chose Ankara as its new capital in 1923, as

8586-408: The practice was continued for a period of 18 years. Following the victory of the Democrat Party in the country's first multi-party elections in 1950 , a new government was sworn in, led by Adnan Menderes , which restored Arabic as the liturgical language . The reformers dismissed the imam assigned to the Turkish Grand National Assembly, saying that prayer should be performed in a mosque, not in

8692-556: The promotion and maintenance of Atatürk's Reforms, with its espousal of secular values and equality for all, including women. In Ottoman society, women had no political rights, even after the Second Constitutional Era in 1908. During the early years of the Turkish Republic educated women struggled for political rights. One notable female political activist was Nezihe Muhittin who founded the first women's party in June 1923, which however

8798-480: The public. These Turkish Qurans were fiercely opposed by religious conservatives. This incident impelled many leading Muslim modernists to call upon the Turkish Parliament to sponsor a Quran translation of suitable quality. The Parliament approved the project and the Directorate of Religious Affairs enlisted Mehmet Akif Ersoy to compose a Quran translation and an Islamic scholar Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır to author

8904-422: The purpose of payments on Ottoman public debt . One of the Atatürk's major achievement is the establishment of a principal government institution in charge of statistics (economic and financial statistical data) and census data. Modern statistical services began with the establishment of The Central Statistical Department in 1926. It was established as a partially centralized system. Turkish Statistical Institute

9010-460: The relatively better educated civil servants adopted the hat with their own he gradually moved further. On the 25 November 1925 the parliament passed the Hat Law which introduced the use of Western style hats instead of the fez. Legislation did not explicitly prohibit veils or headscarves and focused instead on banning fezzes and turbans for men. The law had also influence of school text books. Following

9116-540: The sex, rank, and profession (both civil and military) of the wearer. These styles were accompanied with strict regulation beginning with the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent . Sultan Mahmud II followed on the example of Peter the Great in Russia in modernizing the Empire and used the dress code of 1826 which developed the symbols (classifications) of feudalism among the public. These reforms were achieved through introduction of

9222-434: The society, some were established within the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire . The Kemalist reforms brought effective social change on women's suffrage. In the Ottoman public sphere religious groups exerted their power. The public sphere , can be defined an area in social life where individuals come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action. It

9328-500: The subsequent marginalization of religion in European societies. To them, a reformed religion had only a temporary role to play as an instrument for the modernization of society, after which it would be cast aside from public life and limited to personal life. The Young Turks and other Ottoman intellectuals asked the question of the position of the empire regarding the West (primarily taken to mean Christian Europe). The West represented intellectual and scientific ascendancy, and provided

9434-452: The time. Translated Qurans existed in private settings. A major point of Atatürk's Reform was, according to his understanding; "...teaching religion in Turkish to Turkish people who had been practicing Islam without understanding it for centuries" Turkish translations published in Istanbul created controversy in 1924. Several renderings of the Quran in the Turkish language were read in front of

9540-455: The ulema and promoting the 'civilized' way ("westernization"). The ban on the ulema's social existence came in the form of dress code. The strategic goal was to change the large influence of the ulema over politics by removing them from the social arena. However, there was the danger of being perceived as anti-religious. Kemalists defended themselves by stating "Islam viewed all forms of superstition (non-scientific) nonreligious". The ulema's power

9646-516: The ulema. They excoriated those who used herbal medicine, potions, and balms, and instituted penalties against the religious men who claimed they have a say in health and medicine. On 1 September 1925, the first Turkish Medical Congress was assembled, which was only four days after Mustafa Kemal was seen on 27 August at Inebolu wearing a modern hat and one day after the Kastamonu speech on 30 August. Official measures were gradually introduced to eliminate

9752-547: The usual form in Europe (including the UK) and the US, containing fruit and added sweeteners. These are typically called "drinkable yogurt". Also available are "yogurt smoothies", which contain a higher proportion of fruit and are more like smoothies . Yogurt production involves preparing warm milk to a temperature (30–45 °C (86–113 °F)) that will not kill the live microorganisms that turn

9858-600: The view that social progress in Europe had followed the Protestant reformation, as expressed in François Guizot 's Histoire de la civilisation en Europe (1828). The reform-minded Muslim thinkers concluded from the Lutheran experience that the reform of Islam was imperative. Abdullah Cevdet , İsmail Fenni Ertuğrul and Kılıçzâde İsmail Hakkı (İsmail Hakkı Kılıçoğlu), who were westernist thinkers, took their inspiration rather from

9964-414: The wearing of religious clothing and other overt signs of religious affiliation. Beginning in 1923, a series of laws progressively limited the wearing of selected items of traditional clothing. Mustafa Kemal first made the hat compulsory to the civil servants. The guidelines for the proper dressing of students and state employees (public space controlled by state) was passed during his lifetime. After most of

10070-713: The word yogurt since that term is reserved for products of animal origin only – per European Union regulation 1308/2013 and a 2017 ruling in the Court of Justice of the European Union . Reaffirmed in 2021, per the US FDA 's Standard of Identity regulations, the word yogurt has been reserved for a product made from lactation and is a product of "milk-derived ingredients". Atat%C3%BCrk%27s reforms#New alphabet Reforms Kemalism Atatürk's reforms ( Turkish : Atatürk İnkılâpları or Atatürk Devrimleri ) were

10176-455: Was a form of yogurt. Galen (AD 129 – c. 200/c. 216) mentioned that oxygala was consumed with honey , similar to the way thickened Greek yogurt is eaten today. The oldest writings mentioning yogurt are attributed to Pliny the Elder , who remarked that certain "barbarous nations" knew how "to thicken the milk into a substance with an agreeable acidity". The use of yogurt by medieval Turks

10282-495: Was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly and Sultan Mehmed VI departed the country. This allowed the Turkish nationalist government in Ankara to become the sole governing entity in the nation. The most fundamental reforms allowed the Turkish nation to exercise popular sovereignty through representative democracy . The Republic of Turkey ("Türkiye Cumhuriyeti") was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, by

10388-538: Was available in tablet form for those with digestive intolerance and for home culturing. It was popularized by John Harvey Kellogg at the Battle Creek Sanitarium , where it was used both orally and in enemas , and later by Armenian immigrants Sarkis and Rose Colombosian, who started "Colombo and Sons Creamery" in Andover, Massachusetts , in 1929. Colombo Yogurt was originally delivered around New England in

10494-751: Was confined to activities related to some of the relevant functions of the government with population censuses every five years, and with agriculture and industry censuses every ten years. Gradually the activities of the GDS widened in accordance with the increasing demand for new statistical data and statistics. In addition to those censuses and surveys, many continuous publications on economic, social and cultural subjects were published by this institute to provide necessary information. Some social institutions had religious overtones, and held considerable influence over public life. Social change also included centuries old religious social structures that has been deeply rooted within

10600-505: Was down 3.4 percent over the 12 months ending in February 2019. The decline of Greek-style yogurt has allowed Icelandic skyr to gain a foothold in the United States with sales of the latter increasing 24 percent in 2018 to $ 173 million. Yogurt (plain yogurt from whole milk) is 81% water, 9% protein , 5% fat, and 4% carbohydrates , including 4% sugars (table). A 100-gram amount provides 406 kilojoules (97 kcal) of dietary energy. As

10706-503: Was established during the Ottoman Empire with the conception that secular institutions were all subordinate to religion; the ulema were emblems of religious piety, and therefore rendering them powerful over state affairs. Kemalists claimed: The state will be ruled by positivism not superstition . An example was the practice of medicine. Kemalists wanted to get rid of superstition extending to herbal medicine, potion, and religious therapy for mental illness, all of which were practiced by

10812-400: Was from Sunday to Thursday and the weekend was Friday and Saturday. A law enacted in 1935 changed the weekend, which now began Friday afternoon (not Thursday afternoon) and ended on Sunday. During a meeting in the early days of the new republic, Atatürk proclaimed: To the women : Win for us the battle of education and you will do yet more for your country than we have been able to do. It

10918-443: Was not legalized because the Republic was not officially declared. With intense struggle, Turkish women achieved voting rights in local elections by the act of 1580 on 3 April 1930. Four years later, through legislation enacted on 5 December 1934, they gained full universal suffrage, earlier than most other countries. The reforms in the Turkish civil code, including those affecting women's suffrage, were "breakthroughs not only within

11024-492: Was probably discovered first by Neolithic people in Central Asia and Mesopotamia around 5000 BC, when the first milk-producing animals were domesticated. They most likely found out how to ferment milk by chance and in all likelihood, yogurt was discovered independently in this way in many different places at different times. The cuisine of ancient Greece included a dairy product known as oxygala ( οξύγαλα ) which

11130-578: Was replaced by the Presidency of Religious Affairs. The abolishing of the position of Caliphate and Sheikh ul-Islam was followed by a common, secular authority. Many of the religious communities failed to adjust to the new regime. This was exacerbated by emigration or impoverishment, due to deteriorating economic conditions. Families that hitherto had financially supported religious community institutions such as hospitals and schools stop doing so. Atatürk's reforms define laïcité (as of 1935) as permeating both

11236-402: Was replaced with the following: Tanrı uludur Şüphesiz bilirim, bildiririm Tanrı'dan başka yoktur tapacak. Şüphesiz bilirim, bildiririm; Tanrı'nın elçisidir Muhammed. Haydin namaza, haydin felaha, Namaz uykudan hayırlıdır. Following the conclusion of said debates, the Diyanet released an official mandate on 18 July 1932 announcing the decision to all the mosques across Turkey, and

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