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48-635: Ordered built by Queen Maria I of Portugal as the fulfilment of a vow, the Basilica is not only a product of the Queen's particularly fervent devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus , but remains the most important architectural endeavour of her reign. The Estrela Basilica was the first church in the world dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus . Shortly after her wedding to her uncle Infante Peter of Braganza in 1760, Maria, Princess of Brazil vowed, before an image of

96-574: A different design of the pediment , of the façade , of the bell towers , and of the dome to which he added a roof lantern ). The huge church has a giant dome , and is located in a hill in what was at the time the western part of Lisbon and can be viewed from far away. The style is similar to the Mafra National Palace , in late baroque and neoclassical . The front has twin bell towers and includes statues of saints and some allegoric figures. A large quantity of grey, pink and yellow marble

144-550: A severe case of claustrophobia , and he was never again comfortable living within a walled building. Consequently, he moved the royal court to an extensive complex of tents in the hills of Ajuda . The Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique was an ambitious palatial complex planned for the Campo de Ourique neighborhood of Lisbon, but later abandoned due to a lack of impetus from

192-476: A stillborn boy in 1762. King José died on 24 February 1777. His daughter, Maria, then became the first undisputed queen regnant of Portugal . With Maria's accession, her husband became nominal king as Dom Pedro III, but the actual regal authority was vested solely in Maria, as she was the lineal heir of the crown. Also, as Pedro's kingship was jure uxoris only, his reign would cease in the event of Maria's death, and

240-569: A walled building ever again. Afterwards, Joseph moved his court into a series of tents. A new palace was built for him in Lisbon in the aftermath of the earthquake, but this was left uncompleted. Joseph died in 1777 and was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Queen Dona Maria I. Joseph was the third child of King John V of Portugal and his wife Maria Anna of Austria . He had an older brother Pedro, Prince of Brazil , an older sister Barbara and three younger brothers. When his brother Pedro died in 1714 at

288-675: Is admired as a key figure in the eventual independence of Brazil . It was during her reign, albeit through the government of her son's regency, that many of the national institutions and organizations in Brazil were created. These institutions were the precursors to their modern-day equivalents and granted large degree of power to the Brazilian colonials. While she is often called A Louca (the Mad) in Brazil, Brazilian and Portuguese historians hold her in high esteem. Maria married her uncle Pedro on 6 June 1760. At

336-480: Is celebrated as a strong female figure. Her legacy shines at Portugal's Queluz Palace, a baroque-roccoco masterpiece that she helped conceive. A large statue of her stands in front of the palace, and a pousada near the palace is named in her honour. A large marble statue of the queen was erected at the Portuguese National Library in Lisbon by the students of Joaquim Machado de Castro. In Brazil, Maria

384-401: Is made in charge of the works: it is under his direction that the construction of the conventual areas was carried out (from February 1778 to May 1781), as well as the beginning of the Basilica. Oliveira died in 1785, and was replaced with Reinaldo Manuel dos Santos , who saw to the conclusion of the works. Reinaldo Manuel made substantial alterations to the exterior design of the church (namely,

432-581: The Exchange of the Princesses . Mariana Victoria loved music and hunting, just like her husband, but she was also a serious woman who disapproved of Joseph's love affairs and did not hesitate to expose them to acquaintances. They had four daughters, all born before Joseph ascended the throne. Joseph succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1750, when he was 36 years old, and almost immediately placed effective power in

480-518: The Princess of Beira on the day of her birth. Maria's grandfather João V died on 31 July 1750. Her father, Prince José, then succeeded to the throne as Dom José I. As José's eldest child, Maria became his heir presumptive and was given the traditional titles of Princess of Brazil and Duchess of Braganza . King José's government was dominated completely by Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal . The Marquis of Pombal secured control of

528-657: The Sacred Heart of Jesus in the Convent of Carnide , to build a church and convent under the Rule of Saint Theresa if she was given the grace of bearing children that would assure the succession of the House of Braganza . Princess Maria was, at the time, the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of King Joseph I , whom she eventually succeeded after his death in 1777. She gave birth to her first child, Joseph, Prince of Beira , on 20 August 1761 (who died of smallpox in 1788, while construction of

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576-416: The Basilica was underway). Only after acceding to the throne could Queen Maria afford to see to the fulfilment of her vow. Construction began in 1779; the groundbreaking ceremony took place on 24 October: the Queen's husband, Peter III , laid the first cornerstone and Fr. António Pereira de Figueiredo  [ pt ] delivered the speech. Mateus Vicente de Oliveira , an important court architect,

624-610: The Carmo Convent in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 81. After her death, the prince regent was acclaimed as King Dom João VI. In 1821, Maria's body was returned to Lisbon to be interred in a mausoleum in the Estrela Basilica ( Portuguese : Basílica da Estrela ), which she had helped found. Maria is a greatly admired figure in both Brazil and Portugal due to the tremendous changes and events that took place during her reign. In Portugal, she

672-728: The Portuguese minister, the Marquis of Pombal, refused, and with the assistance of Count Lippe and the English General Burgoyne broke the offensive of the Spanish invading army. D'Aranda , the Spanish General, was forced to retreat in disgrace. With the utter failure of the Spanish war machine everywhere, all the hopes which Choiseul [French Foreign Minister] had placed on the Spanish alliance vanished. 'Had I known', he wrote, 'what I now know, I should have been very careful to cause to enter

720-449: The Portuguese royal family and a prioritization of other reconstruction efforts. The capital was eventually rebuilt at great cost, and an equestrian statue of King Joseph still dominates the Praça do Comércio , Lisbon's main plaza. With Joseph's death on 24 February 1777, the throne passed to his daughter, Queen Dona Maria I, and his brother and son-in-law, King Dom Peter III. Pombal's iron rule

768-527: The Reformer (Portuguese: o Reformador ), was King of Portugal from 31 July 1750 until his death in 1777. Among other activities, Joseph was devoted to hunting and the opera. His government was controlled by Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal . The third child and second son of King John V , Joseph became his father's heir as an infant when his older brother, Pedro, Prince of Brazil , died. In 1729 he married Infanta Mariana Victoria ,

816-402: The Spanish army during the undeclared war of 1763-1777. The powerful Marquis of Pombal sought to overhaul all aspects of economic, social and colonial policy to make Portugal a more efficient contender with the other great powers of Europe, and thus enhance his own political stature. A supposed conspiracy of nobles aimed at murdering King Joseph and Pombal gave him the opportunity (some say

864-407: The age of two, Joseph became heir apparent with the titles of Prince of Brazil and Duke of Braganza . On 19 January 1729, Joseph married Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain , daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese , and his elder sister Barbara married King Philip's son and heir, Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias (later King Ferdinand VI of Spain ). The ceremony became known as

912-539: The carriage. The queen's dementia was so great that she feared that she was going to be tortured or robbed during her movement by her servants. In January 1808 Prince Regent João and his court arrived in Salvador da Bahia . Under pressure by local aristocracy and the British, the prince regent signed a commercial regulation after his arrival that opened commerce between Brazil and friendly nations, which in this case represented

960-621: The country officially considers those territories still to be Portuguese possessions.) On 29 September 1801 Prince Dom João signed the Treaty of Madrid (1801) , ceding half of Portuguese Guyana to France, which became French Guiana . The refusal of the Portuguese government to join the French-sponsored Continental Blockade against Britain culminated in the late 1807 Franco-Spanish invasion of Portugal led by General Jean-Andoche Junot . The ultimate Napoleonic plan for Portugal

1008-545: The crown would pass to Maria's descendants. However, Pedro predeceased his wife in 1786. Maria is considered to have been a good ruler in the period prior to her madness. Her first act as queen was to dismiss the autocratic minister , the Marquis of Pombal . Noteworthy events of this period include Portugal's membership in the League of Armed Neutrality (July 1782) and the 1781 cession of Delagoa Bay from Austria to Portugal. However,

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1056-544: The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain . Joseph and Mariana Victoria had four daughters: Maria , Mariana , Doroteia , and Benedita . With the death of his father in 1750, Joseph became king of Portugal. His reign witnessed, among other things, a deadly earthquake in Lisbon in 1755 and a Spanish-French invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Lisbon earthquake allowed the Marquis of Pombal to consolidate power and also caused King Joseph to develop claustrophobia , refusing to live in

1104-539: The end of the Seven Years' War (5 May-24 November 1762). France and Spain sent an ultimatum in order to force Portugal to abandon its alliance with Great Britain and close her ports to British ships. King Joseph refused to submit and asked for British help since both Portugal and its army were in a very poor condition, mainly because of the great 1755 Lisbon earthquake . England sent a force of 7,104 men led by John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun , and John Burgoyne , and also

1152-424: The exceptional military leader William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe , which reformed the Portuguese army and led the allied army of 14–15,000 men in a victorious war. The Bourbon invaders first led by Nicolás de Carvajal, Marquis of Sarriá , and then by Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda , were thrice defeated by a combination of popular uprising, scorched earth strategy/famine and encircling movements by

1200-503: The government after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake , in which around 100,000 people lost their lives. The palace of Maria's birth was also destroyed in the disaster. After the earthquake, King José was often uncomfortable at the thought of staying in enclosed spaces, and later experienced claustrophobia . The king had a palace built in Ajuda, away from the city centre. This palace became known as Real Barraca de Ajuda (Royal Hut at Ajuda) because it

1248-461: The hands of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (in 1770, the king made him Marquis of Pombal ). Indeed, the history of Joseph's reign is really that of the Marquis of Pombal himself. The king's eldest daughter, Maria Francisca , became heir presumptive with the title of Princess of Brazil . One of the most difficult situations faced by the king was the Franco-Spanish invasion of Portugal, in

1296-506: The hands-on care of King George III, Willis deemed the queen incurable. Maria's second son, Dom João (John), now Prince of Brazil, took over the government in her name, even though he only took the title of Prince Regent in 1799. When the Real Barraca de Ajuda burnt down in 1794, the court was forced to move to Queluz, where the ill queen would lie in her apartments all day. Visitors would complain of terrible screams that would echo throughout

1344-474: The inauguration of the Palace of Ajuda and other new monuments. The death of her husband in 1786, followed by the deaths in 1788 of her eldest son, José, and her confessor Inácio de São Caetano , caused the queen to develop clinical depression . Her second son, João, then served as prince regent . With Napoleon 's European conquests, Maria and her court moved to the Portuguese colony of Brazil in 1807. After Brazil

1392-399: The industry of coarse cloth for the use of slaves and workers; since the Portuguese colonial administration did not look favorably on the development of industrial activities in Brazil for fear of economic and, perhaps, political independence. During her reign, the trial, conviction and execution of ensign Joaquim José da Silva Xavier , known as Tiradentes, took place in 1789. Maria's madness

1440-529: The interests of Great Britain above all. This law broke an important colonial pact that had previously allowed Brazil to maintain direct commercial relations only with Portugal. On 1 August 1808 British General Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington ) landed a British army in Lisbon to initiate the Peninsular War . The impact of Wellesley's initial victory over Junot at the Battle of Vimeiro (21 August 1808)

1488-548: The palace. In 1801 Spanish Prime Minister Manuel de Godoy sent an army to invade Portugal with backing from the French leader Napoleon , resulting in the War of the Oranges . Though the Spanish ended their invasion, the Treaty of Badajoz on 6 June 1801 forced Portugal to cede Olivença and other border towns to Spain. (This cession is not recognized by the present Portuguese government, and

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1536-740: The pretext) to neutralize the Távora family in the Távora affair and to expel the Jesuits in September 1759, thus gaining control of public education and a wealth of church lands and ushering Portugal into the Age of the Enlightenment . Joseph's reign is also noteworthy for the Lisbon earthquake , firestorm and tsunami of 1 November 1755, in which between 30,000 and 40,000 people died. The earthquake caused Joseph to develop

1584-402: The queen suffering from melancholia and declining mental health (perhaps due to porphyria ) made her incapable of handling state affairs after 1792. On 5 January 1785 the queen issued a charter imposing heavy restrictions on industrial activity in Brazil; how, for example, it prohibited the manufacture of fabrics and other products, extinguishing all textile manufactures in the colony, except

1632-529: The regular Anglo-Portuguese troops, which like the militia, skilfully used the mountainous terrain to their advantage. The Spanish and French troops suffered staggering losses when they were driven out from Portugal and chased into Spain. As synthesized by historian Walter Dorn: … Effort of the Bourbon powers to set up the beginnings of a 'continental system' by sending a summons to Portugal to close her ports to British ships and exclude Englishmen from Brazil trade. But

1680-517: The subsequent invasion of Spain and France. In 1815 Prince João's government elevated Brazil to the status of a kingdom, and Maria was proclaimed Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves . When Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815, Maria and her family remained in Brazil. Maria lived in Brazil for a total of eight years, always in a state of incapacitation. In 1816, she died at

1728-472: The throne. Her husband Pedro was nominally king alongside her as Dom Pedro III. Upon ascending the throne, Maria dismissed her father's powerful chief minister, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal . The early part of Maria's reign witnessed growth in Portugal's economy. Maria had a number of national buildings constructed and renovated, leading to the completion of the Palace of Queluz and

1776-444: The time of their marriage, Maria was 25 and Pedro was 42. Despite the age gap, the couple had a happy marriage. Upon Maria's accession in 1777, her husband became the nominal King Dom Pedro III of Portugal. They had the following children: Jos%C3%A9 I Dom Joseph I ( Portuguese : José Francisco António Inácio Norberto Agostinho , Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈzɛ] ; 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777), known as

1824-467: The urging of the British government, the entire House of Braganza decided to flee on 29 November 1807 to establish a government in exile in the Portuguese Viceroyalty of Brazil . Along with the royal family, Maria was transported aboard the carrack Príncipe Real . During her move from the royal palace to the docks she was heard screaming throughout the trip, in the middle of the crowd and in

1872-542: The war a power which by its feebleness can only ruin and destroy France'. In South America, the war ended in a draw; the Portuguese took territory from Spain (most of the Rio Negro Valley ) and defeated a Spanish invasion of Mato Grosso , while Spain conquered Colónia do Sacramento and the vast territory of Rio Grande do Sul (1763). The Treaty of Paris (1763) restored the status quo ante bellum . The rich and huge territory of Rio Grande do Sul would be retaken from

1920-754: Was Queen of Portugal from 24 February 1777 until her death in 1816. Known as Maria the Pious in Portugal and Maria the Mad in Brazil, she was the first undisputed queen regnant of Portugal and the first monarch of Brazil . Maria was the eldest daughter of King Dom José I (Joseph I) of Portugal and Queen Mariana Victoria . As the heir to the throne, she held the titles of Princess of Brazil and Duchess of Braganza . She married her uncle Infante Pedro (Peter) in 1760. They had six children, of whom three survived infancy: José , João (John), and Mariana Vitória . The death of King José in 1777 placed Maria, then 42 years old, on

1968-545: Was elevated to a kingdom in 1815, Maria became Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves . Upon her death in 1816, her son succeeded her as King Dom João VI. Maria was born at the Ribeira Palace in Lisbon and baptized Maria Francisca Isabel Josefa Antónia Gertrudes Rita Joana. She was the eldest of four daughters born to Dom José (Joseph), Prince of Brazil (later King Dom José I of Portugal ), and Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain . Her father José

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2016-785: Was first officially noticed in 1786, when she had to be carried back to her apartments in a state of delirium. Afterward, the queen's mental state became increasingly worse. On 25 May 1786, her husband died; Maria was devastated and forbade any court entertainments. According to a contemporary account, state festivities began to resemble religious ceremonies. The queen's eldest son and heir, Prince Dom José, died aged 27 from smallpox on 11 September 1788, and her confessor Inácio de São Caetano , Titular Archbishop of Salonica , died in November that year. These deaths may have resulted in Queen Maria developing major depressive disorder . Another potential cause

2064-419: Was her incestuous ancestry; this is substantiated by two of her sisters having had similar conditions. In February 1792, Maria was deemed insane and was treated by Francis Willis , the same physician who attended the British king George III . Willis wanted to take her to England, but the plan was refused by the Portuguese court. Potentially as a result of Willis' more advisory role in Maria's care, rather than

2112-583: Was made of wood. The family spent much time at the large palace. (The palace was the birthplace of Maria's first child, José , English: Dom Joseph .) In 1794 the palace burned to the ground and the Palace of Ajuda was built in its place. On 6 June 1760 Maria married the king's younger brother, her uncle Pedro (later King Dom Pedro III of Portugal). Maria and Pedro had six children: José, João Francisco, João (later King Dom João VI ), Mariana Vitória , Maria Clementina, and Maria Isabel. Only José, João, and Mariana Vitória survived to adulthood. Maria also delivered

2160-417: Was the eldest surviving son of the reigning King Dom João V (John V) of Portugal and his wife Maria Anna of Austria . Her mother, Mariana Victoria, was the eldest daughter of King Don Felipe V (Philip V) of Spain and Queen Elisabeth Farnese . This made her the eldest grandchild of King Dom João V (John V) of Portugal and King Don Felipe (Philip) V of Spain. King João appointed his granddaughter Maria as

2208-695: Was to split it into three sections. The northern parts of Portugal, from the Douro to the Minho, would become the Kingdom of Northern Lusitania , and its throne was promised to King Louis II of Etruria . The Alentejo Province and Kingdom of the Algarve would be merged to form the Principality of the Algarves , of which Manuel de Godoy would be sovereign. The remaining portion of Portugal would have been directly ruled by France. At

2256-624: Was used in the floor and walls, in intricate geometric patterns, one of the most beautiful in European churches. Several paintings by Pompeo Batoni also contribute to a balanced design. The tomb of the Queen Maria I is in the right transept . A famous nativity scene made by sculptor Joaquim Machado de Castro , with more than 500 figures in cork and terra cotta is a major attraction to visitors. [REDACTED] Media related to Estrela Basilica at Wikimedia Commons Maria I of Portugal Dona Maria I (17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816)

2304-500: Was wiped out by his superiors in the Convention of Cintra (30 August 1808), which allowed the defeated French troops to evacuate peacefully from Portugal. Wellesley (soon to be made Lord Wellington) returned to Portugal on 22 April 1809 to recommence the campaign. Portuguese forces under British command distinguished themselves in the defence of the Lines of Torres Vedras (1809–1810) and in

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