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59-540: The museum tracks the history, life and traditions of the Estonian people , presents the culture and history of other Finno-Ugric peoples , and the minorities in Estonia. It has a comprehensive display of the 19th century folk costumes from all regions of Estonia. The exhibition includes an extensive array of various handicrafts from hand-woven carpets and linen tablecloths to wood-carved beer tankards and other items illustrating

118-510: A glacial lake outburst flood in a narrow corridor in the region of Mount Billingen in present-day south-west Sweden; from the 1920's Quaternary geologists used to describe the break-through as a massive, single tap of Niagara -like force, but there is now evidence that it happened in several steps over a limited period, and along different local troughs and passages, with evidence for all three of ice marginal, supraglacial, or subglacial drainage at various times. It has been postulated that because

177-572: A high sharing of IBD ( identity-by-descent ) segments with other studied Balto-Finnic groups (Finns, Karelians and Vepsians ) and the Sami people, as well as with the Polish people. Baltic Ice Lake The Baltic Ice Lake is a name given by geologists to a freshwater lake that evolved in the Baltic Sea basin as glaciers retreated from that region at the end of the last ice age . The lake's existence

236-475: A poll done in 2013, about half of the young Estonians considered themselves Nordic , and about the same number viewed Baltic identity as important. The Nordic identity among Estonians can ovelap with other identities, as it is associated with being Finno-Ugric and their close relationship with the Finnish people and does not exclude being Baltic. In Estonian foreign ministry reports from the early 2000s Nordic identity

295-466: A short but cold regression phase about 8,100 cal.BP, that lasted through to 8300 BP, and through to much greater salinity after 8,500 years BP). The greater salinity is a characteristic of a part of the evolving Littorina Sea called the Mastogloia Sea (about 8,000–7,500 BP), associated with a net 5 m (16 ft) rise in sea level between 8,200 and 7,700 cal. years BP. in which

354-454: A well defined Baltic Ice Lake had come into existence. Beyond it only southern Sweden was potentially habitable. This area was referred to as an island in Greico-Roman literature as " Scandza " or less specifically as " Scandia ", which is generally assumed to be an inadvertent misrepresentation by ancient geographers. Southern Sweden was in early historic times, only reachable by water, or when

413-517: Is commonly carried by modern Uralic-speaking groups but also other North Eurasians, including Estonians' Baltic-speaking neighbors Latvians and Lithuanians . Compared to the Balts, Estonians have been noticed to have differences in allelic variances of N1c haplotypes, showing more similarity with other Finno-Ugric-speakers. When looking at maternal lineages , nearly half (45 %) of the Estonians have

472-466: Is found also in the Balts, Finns and Mordvins , for example. Uralic peoples typically carry a Siberian -related component, which is also present in Estonians and makes up about five percent of their ancestry on average. Although they have a smaller share of it than other Balto-Finns, it is one factor that distinguishes them from the Balts. Estonians can also be modelled to have considerably more Finnish-like ancestry than Baltic-speakers. Estonians have

531-681: Is found between 12,650 BP and 11,200 BP. Non-tree pollens increased, especially from heliophytes . Thse pollen record shifts of northern Europe due to colder climate in the Younger Dryas occurred later than in southern Europe being between 12,600–12,750 cal. BP. The end of the Baltic Ice Lake marks also the transition in Europe to Pre-Boreal forest. There is a marked increase in Pine and birch pollen from 11,500 BP. After this open pine-birch forest covered

590-465: Is spoken as the first language by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to other Finnic languages , e.g. Finnish , Karelian and Livonian . The Finnic languages are a subgroup of the larger Uralic family of languages , which also includes e.g. the Sami languages . These languages are markedly different from most other native languages spoken in Europe , most of which have been assigned to

649-466: Is the type of diatoms found in the sediment. Some species require salt water, while others require fresh. Other invertebrates serve as marker species as well. Also, periods of maximum supply from melt water are marked by low organic carbon in the sediment. Higher carbon content, as occurred after the lake reached sea level, causes greater deposition of iron sulfide , which appears as a black varve . This has been demonstrated well in sediment cores from

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708-453: Is usually now regarded as one transgression event. Then followed the essentially stable salty Littorina Sea (about 7,500–4,000 years BP), and finally the less salty Baltic Sea (about 4,000 years BP–present day). The lake's existence was first postulated by Alfred Gabriel Nathorst in 1894. At about 22,000 years ago the Weichselian ice sheet was at its maximum and sea level

767-643: The Finns as a successful model of national movement and, to some extent, toward the neighbouring Latvian national movement . By the end of 1860 the Estonians became unwilling to reconcile with German cultural and political hegemony. Before the attempts at Russification in the 1880s, their view of Imperial Russia remained positive. Estonians have strong ties to the Nordic countries stemming from important cultural and religious influences gained over centuries during Scandinavian and German rule and settlement. According to

826-561: The Holocene is close in time to the end of the ice lake. The timings, but not sequence of these events has changed in the literature with refinement of dating techniques. After the Baltic Ice Lake came the Yoldia Sea (about 11,700–10,700 years BP), which has been defined as starting when the Baltic Ice Lake reached sea level so saline water could ingress since Henrik Munthe 's work as summarised by him in 1910. In geological time scales this

885-565: The Indo-European family of languages . Estonians can also be classified into subgroups according to dialects (e.g. Võros , Setos ), although such divisions have become less pronounced due to internal migration and rapid urbanisation in Estonia in the 20th century. There are approximately 1 million ethnic Estonians worldwide, with the vast majority of them residing in their native Estonia. Estonian diaspora communities formed primarily in Finland,

944-428: The 1750s to 54 in the 1790s. By the end of the century more than a half of adult peasants could read. The first university-educated intellectuals identifying themselves as Estonians, including Friedrich Robert Faehlmann (1798–1850), Kristjan Jaak Peterson (1801–1822) and Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald (1803–1882), appeared in the 1820s. The ruling elites had remained predominantly German in language and culture since

1003-794: The Baltic Sea considerably later, perhaps during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1800 BCE). It has also been argued that Western Uralic tribes reached Fennoscandia first, leading into the development of the Sámi peoples , and arrived in the Baltic region later in the Bronze Age or the transition to the Iron Age at the latest. This lead into the formation of Baltic Finnic peoples , who would later become such groups as Estonians and Finns . The oldest known endonym of

1062-493: The Bølling–Allerød Interstadial when the ice lake formed, has data from multiple northern European studies that may be relevant. The algae Chara spp. are reportedly common in water environments at 13,500 BP with a steep fall by 13,300 and all but disappear by 12,400 BP. Pine and birch pollen is found from 13,200 to 12,500 BP. The Younger Dryas was predominantly tundra , with areas of taiga . Juniper pollen

1121-605: The Estonian farmers' traditional lifestyle, fests and holidays. The museum opened at Raadi Manor in 1922 with the Finnish ethnographer Ilmari Manninen as its director. Manninen had been working for Tartu University since 1919. The manor had previously been home to a Baltic German art collector Karl Eduard von Liphart and his son Ernst Friedrich von Liphart . Although the Liphart family moved away from Raadi in 1860, most of their collections remained there until 1920s, despite some of

1180-463: The Estonians is maarahvas , literally meaning "land people" or "country folk". It was used until the mid-19th century, when it was gradually replaced by Eesti rahvas "Estonian people" during the Estonian national awakening . Eesti , the modern endonym of Estonia, is thought to have similar origins to Aesti , the name used by the Germanic peoples for the neighbouring people living northeast of

1239-572: The United States, Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Estonia was first inhabited about 10,000 years ago, soon after the ice from the Baltic Ice Lake had melted. Living in the same area for more than 5,000 years would put Estonians' ancestors among Europe's oldest permanent inhabitants. On the other hand, some recent linguistic estimations suggest that Finno-Ugric speakers arrived around

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1298-409: The area can be assumed to have been greater at times of the massive ice cap melting with earlier seas, but even now there is a marked gradient west to northeast. Seasonal ice cover also is relevant, and forms easier the lower the salt content of the water. Surface waters will tend to have lower salinity than deeper waters and high organic content with oxygenation is more likely closer to the connection to

1357-543: The borders of the Baltic Basin between 50,000 and 44,000 years ago. Several carbon-dated sites in Estonia indicate that human habitation of the shores of the Baltic Basin was present in the Boreal period , in the time window 11,200-10,200  years BP. No sites have been identified related directly to the Baltic Ice Lake. The earliest site so far dated is near Pärnu with a timing of about 100 years before 10,700  years BP on

1416-431: The conquest of the early 13th century. Garlieb Merkel (1769–1850), a Baltic-German Estophile , became the first author to treat the Estonians as a nationality equal to others; he became a source of inspiration for the Estonian national movement, modelled on Baltic German cultural world before the middle of the 19th century. However, in the middle of the century, the Estonians became more ambitious and started leaning toward

1475-459: The course of the 19th century during the Estonian national awakening , some degree of ethnic awareness preceded this development. By the 18th century the self-denomination eestlane spread among Estonians along with the older maarahvas . Anton thor Helle 's translation of the Bible into Estonian appeared in 1739, and the number of books and brochures published in Estonian increased from 18 in

1534-431: The depths of the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Ice Lake is one of a number of water stages that eventually resulted in the modern Baltic Sea, and is the first stage after the last ice age. The lake occupied part of the Baltic Basin that had seen many large lakes periodically form during the period between 64,000 to 16,000 years BP in the last ice age. The lake from the first evidence to the last has been dated historically in

1593-655: The edge of the glacier was at a line across southern Sweden to the northern shore of the Baltic countries. A connected body of water, the Ramsay Sea, stretched from the Danish islands region to the shores of Estonia . The gulfs of Bothnia and Finland were still glaciated, as well as nearly all of Sweden north of Scania . In the Allerød warm-period, rising land in the Denmark region ponded

1652-472: The end of the 19th century, with a flurry of consolidation work in the early 20th century. These processes happen at different rates, often over periods of tens to thousands of years. Timing of such events can have uncertainty and for example the onset of the Younger Dryas is apparently 180 years later in Northern Europe than Greenland. Melting of the ice cap provides a massive source of fresh water. This

1711-477: The end of the Allerød warming event at about 12,900 cal. years BP drained at an unknown location by between 10 and 20 m (33 and 66 ft) before rising again. Other authors have this draining event as sometime between 13,500 to 13,000 years ago. By its final drainage it had extended to much of the present southern Baltic shore line and extended east incorporating the area around the present Lake Ladoga . At

1770-629: The haplogroup H . About one in four (24.2 %) carry the haplogroup U , and the majority of them belong to its subclade U5 . Autosomally Estonians are close with Latvians and Lithuanians. However, they are shifted towards the Finns , who are isolated from most European populations. Northeastern Estonians are particularly close to Finns, while Southeastern Estonians are close to the Balts; other Estonians plot between these two extremes. Estonians have high steppe -like admixture, and less farmer -related and more hunter-gatherer -related admixture than Western and Central Europeans. The same pattern

1829-525: The ice cap had extended southwards during the Younger Dryas in south-west Sweden, a factor in the break through at Mount Billingen was that rebound was delayed there. At the start of drainage into the sea here the land was just a bit more than 25 m (82 ft) above the local sea level, and the drainage was both along the ice margin on the east side of Billingen and subglacially near present Timmersdala where recent interpretations are consistent with an ice tunnel existing. Other drainage later took place on

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1888-480: The ice retreated northward. These were about 40 m (130 ft) above the current sea level. The formation of the Baltic Ice Lake in the deepest part of today's Baltic Sea, at Landsort Deep which is 459 m (1,506 ft) below present sea level took place about 13,600 years ago, in the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial. The Baltic Ice Lake covered a large area by 13,000 BC between present southern Sweden , Lithuania and up to Estonia . By 12,000 years BP,

1947-482: The lakes in the Baltic basin which may have egressed through a small channel in the Strait of Øresund or perhaps southern Sweden. The lake was higher than sea level (which itself was lower than the present-day sea level) by some tens of metres. Sediment at the bottom of the lake was organic–material-poor glacial clay. Emergence of the land and rebound then closed any channel through the Strait of Øresund. The lake rose and at

2006-482: The most valuable items having been sold in the meantime. Raadi Airfield was built on the manor's land in 1940. Raadi Manor, the main building of the museum, was destroyed in the Tartu Offensive during World War II . The airfield became a Soviet military airbase and there was no space left for the museum's collection. In any case, from 1940 until 1991, during the period of Nazi German and Soviet occupations most of

2065-545: The mouth of the Vistula . The Roman historian Tacitus in 98 CE was the first to mention the " Aesti " in writing. In Old Norse , the land south of the Gulf of Finland was called Eistland and the people eistr . The Wanradt–Koell Catechism , the first known book in Estonian, was printed in 1525, while the oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in 13th-century chronicles. Although Estonian national consciousness spread in

2124-631: The museums's cultural artifacts were hidden from the authorities. The museum's artefacts were secretly stored in churches and spare spaces of people's homes and offices in and around Tartu. In 2005, the Estonian Ministry of Culture and the Union of Estonian Architects announced together with the museum an international competition for the Estonian National Museum's new building. The project was won by an international collaboration of architects for

2183-538: The northeast side of Billingen. The flood through the Lảngen valley was over glacier ice. Currently accepted durations for the discharge range between about half a year to 1.5 years, but some have postulated decades. The peak discharge is therefore moderate for a outburst flood . Flow velocities for the first few months peaked at 10–12 m/s (22–27 mph), with a peak discharge rate of 200,000–400,000 m /s (7,100,000–14,100,000 cu ft/s). The ecology of

2242-479: The peak of this high-water phase, most of Finland was under water, including present-day Helsinki at a depth of 115 m (377 ft); only southern Sweden was both free of ice and above the waterline. The Danish Islands were all connected west of the Strait of Øresund. Emergence of the land through rebound after the loss of ice cover then closed the channel through the Strait of Øresund. The lake rose until at about 11,620 cal. years BP it broke through as

2301-631: The period of Tsarist rule of Estonia (1710-1917), over 100,000 Estonians migrated to the neighbouring areas of the Russian Empire , especially to the then capital city Saint Petersburg . According to the 1897 census, 6,852 native Estonian-speakers also lived in the Russian Partition of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , in what is now Poland , Lithuania , Belarus , Latvia and western Ukraine , of which over 4,360 lived in territories of today's Poland. During World War II , when Estonia

2360-540: The range 16,000 to 10,500 years BP, but there is now a defined end point at 11,620 cal. years BP, with sea water entry shortly after, which will be used in this article. The period of the lakes well defined existence from a continuous core sedimentary record extends from the warming of the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial to the end of the period of cooling called the Younger Dryas . The beginning of

2419-471: The region and this is reflected in pollen levels much higher than in the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial. The distribution of species such as the fresh water crustacean Limnocalanus macrurus in high Swedish fresh water lakes has long been potentially explained by seeding when these lakes were part of the Baltic Ice Lake high stand or very close to it. Similarly layers of clay that contained cod fossils or marine diatoms were long recognised as being related to

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2478-546: The return of Estonians who have particular skills needed in Estonia. One of the largest permanent Estonian communities outside Estonia is in Canada, with about 24,000 people (according to some sources up to 50,000 people). In the late 1940s and early 1950s, about 17,000 arrived in Canada, initially in Montreal . Toronto is currently the city with the largest population of Estonians outside of Estonia. The first Estonian World Festival

2537-650: The same on the second, with a sea level passage in the Billingen region of southern Sweden , it became the Yoldia Sea . The term lake is used to mean a body of primarily fresh water. A sea is filled with brackish or salt water. In the history of the Baltic Sea, the distinction is not always clear. Salinity has varied with location, depth and time. Currently the Baltic Sea has different salinity in layers, seasons and distance from its North Sea connection, as well as mixing events separated by decades. The saline gradients across

2596-462: The sea shore of the Yoldia Sea, so is just before the occupiers were forced to retreat inland by Ancylus Lake expansion. The earliest stationary fishing equipment is dated to 9,000 cal BP so is well after the ice lake stage. At about 16,000  years BP the retreating ice had reached the southern shores of the present Baltic. Melt water formed extensive lacustrine systems still visible today in north Russia, Poland and Germany. By 14,600 years BP

2655-409: The sills are substantially above sea level. The release of fresh water from the glaciers depends on climate; the presence or absence of entrances to the ocean depends on land rise and oceanic water level; the latter is also affected by the amount of ice held in glaciers worldwide. Several methods are used to determine the quality (temperature, salinity, solids content) of ancient sea water. The main one

2714-416: The then head of the museum, Alar Karis , was elected President of Estonia . 58°23′44″N 26°44′44″E  /  58.395645°N 26.745595°E  / 58.395645; 26.745595 Estonian people Estonians or Estonian people ( Estonian : eestlased ) are a Baltic Finnic ethnic group who speak the Estonian language . Their nation state is Estonia . The Estonian language

2773-526: The transition from fresh water to sea water and later raised by sea floor rebound. The significance of the distribution of fresh and salt water species in working out the history of the Holocene Baltic lakes and seas was well understood by 1910. The Riadino-5 archaeological site on the lower Šešupė river in the Kaliningrad Oblast shows intraglacial human habitation with flint artefacts existed on

2832-427: The water froze over. The area surrounding the ice lake was relatively barren and human interaction has not been proved but is not impossible. As the sediments deposited in the lake were relatively poor in organic matter it is likely that the area of the shore of the lake was less attractive as a food source compared to later bodies of water and did not attract settlements detected later in time by archaeologists. There

2891-462: The work Memory Field : Dan Dorell (Paris, France), Lina Ghotmeh (Paris, France), and Tsuyoshi Tane  [ ja ] (Paris, France). The grand opening took place in Autumn 2016. The new single storey building houses the museum as well as supplying conference space and a cinema. The building design incorporates the history of the site including the manor, the war and the airfield. In August 2021,

2950-516: The world seas, if one exists. The main factors relevant were the advance or recession of the Weichselian glaciation responsible for the Fenno-Scandian ice sheet and the isostatic sinking of the landforms due to the weight of ice or rebound when it melts (springing back, post-glacial rebound, glacial isostatic adjustment ), and this was known by geologists to be relevant to the Baltic area by

3009-549: The years of independence, many Estonians have chosen to work abroad, primarily in Finland , but also in the UK, Benelux , Sweden , and Germany . Recognising the problems arising from low birth rate and emigration, the Estonian government has launched various measures to increase the birth rate and to lure migrant Estonians back to Estonia. For example, a campaign Talendid koju! ("Bringing talents home!") has aimed to coordinate and promote

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3068-594: Was invaded by the Soviet Army in 1944, large numbers of Estonians fled their homeland on ships or smaller boats over the Baltic Sea . Many refugees who survived the risky sea voyage to Sweden or Germany later moved from there to Canada , the United Kingdom , the United States or Australia . Some of these refugees and their descendants returned to Estonia after the nation regained its independence in 1991. Over

3127-407: Was a drainage event, at an unknown location, by 12,900 cal. years BP. at the latest. Around 11,620 cal. years BP, the ice lake discharged as an outburst flood through channels that opened near Billingen in central Sweden until it reached the raising world ocean level. There is evidence to back all the possibilities of ice marginal, supraglacial, or subglacial drainage. Peak discharge rate

3186-619: Was also the transition from the Younger Dryas to the Pre-Boreal . After the Yoldia Sea the Ancylus Lake formed and this existed from about 10,700 to 9,800 years BP. The Ancylus Lake was 13 to 15 m (43 to 49 ft) above later sea levels, and was first described by Munthe in 1887. This was followed by a transitional phase called the initial Littorina Sea with partial salt water ingression commencing 9,800 cal. years BP, with in Sweden

3245-540: Was associated with the formation of various glacial lakes and influenced sea levels worldwide, which have risen since 22,000 years ago about 120 m (390 ft). Locally salt water entered from the North Sea through straits when the sea level was high enough to allow reverse flow over the sill. When the straits are above sea level or close to sea level, fresh water will accumulate and a lake forms. Fresh water will accumulate to levels substantially higher than sea level when

3304-463: Was at the recent low of 120 m (390 ft) below present sea level. In the thousand year period from 16,000  years BP the edge of the retreating Weichselian glacier departed from the Lake Gardno end- moraines of Pomerania (in present-day northern Poland ) and reached the southern shore of the Baltic Sea where closed fresh-water pools formed in the southern Baltic region from melt water as

3363-401: Was first understood in 1894. The lake existed between about 16,000 and 11,700 years ago with well defined evidence from the warming of the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial to the period of cooling called the Younger Dryas before the Holocene , the onset of which is close in time to the end of the ice lake. The lake drained into the raising world ocean on two occasions and when water levels became

3422-663: Was held in Toronto in 1972. Y-chromosome haplogroups among Estonians include N1c (35.7%), R1a (33.5%) and I1 (15%). R1a, common in Eastern Europe, was the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup among the pre-Uralic inhabitants of Estonia, as it is the only one found in the local samples from the time of the Corded Ware culture and Bronze Age. Appearance of N1c is linked to the arrival of Uralic-speakers. It originated in East Eurasia and

3481-534: Was preferred over Baltic one. After the Treaty of Tartu (1920) recognised Estonia's 1918 independence from Russia, ethnic Estonians residing in Russia gained the option of opting for Estonian citizenship (those who opted were called optandid – 'optants') and returning to their fatherland. An estimated 40,000 Estonians lived in Russia in 1920. In sum, 37,578 people moved from Soviet Russia to Estonia (1920–1923). During

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